Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Clinical Neuroscience

by Joseph, Rhawn

• ISBN13: 9780683044850
• ISBN10: 0683044850
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-04-01
• Publisher: Williams & Wilkins

Summary

Second edition of a multidisciplinary text on neuroanatomy of the brain, for clinicians, neuroscientists, and behavioral neurologists. DNLM: Neuropsychology.

Table of Contents

Preface	v	(1)
Acknowledgments	vi
Brain Plates	P1
NEURODYNAMICS
SECTION I Evolution	3	(72)
1 The Evolution of the Brain: The Neuron, Nerve Net, Limbic System, Brainstem, Midbrain, Basal Ganglia, and Telencephalon	3	(28)
Oxygen and Single-Cell Diversification	4	(1)
SINGLE AND MULTICELLULAR LIFE: NEURONS AND MICROTUBULES	4	(1)
Sex, DNA, and Microtubules	5	(1)
THE NEURONAL KINGDOM OF LIFE	5	(2)
Pheromones and Chemical Messengers	6	(1)
Sponges and Neuronal Evolution	6	(1)
THE NERVE NET AND THE EVOLUTION OF NEURAL GANGLIA	7	(2)
Hydra	7	(1)
Photosensitivity and Activation	7	(1)
The Nerve Net	8	(1)
Arthropod Versus Vertebrate Patterns of Neural Organization	9	(1)
The Olfactory Limbic System (Rhinencephalon) and Memory	9	(1)
THE BRAINSTEM AND MIDBRAIN	9	(4)
The Dorsal Visual Thalamus	11	(2)
JAWLESS AND CARTILAGINOUS FISH	13	(3)
Sharks	13	(3)
THE FOREBRAIN/TELENCEPHALON	16	(1)
Neocortex	16	(1)
TELEOSTS	17	(1)
LOBED-FINNED (SARCOPTERYGIAN) FISH	17	(1)
LUNG FISH	18	(1)
EUSTHENOPTERONS, ICHTHYOSTEGA, AND AMPHIBIANS	19	(2)
Social-Emotional and Motivational Motor Programs and the Striatum	21	(1)
REPTILES	21	(1)
Forebrain and Midbrain	21	(1)
Cortex and Thalamus	22	(1)
Motor Cortex and Striatum	22	(1)
THE EVOLUTION OF AUDITORY COMMUNICATION	22	(1)
Middle Ear/Midbrain Evolution	23	(1)
The Evolution of Emotional-Vocal Perception and Communication	24	(1)
THE REPTO-MAMMALS (THERAPSIDS)	24	(1)
THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE, MATERNAL BEHAVIOR, AND THE SEPARATION CRY	25	(3)
Limbic Language	26	(1)
The Evolution of Social and Group Attachments	27	(1)
THE NEOCORTEX	28	(2)
The Evolution of the Lobes	28	(1)
Neocortex	29	(1)
Cortical Receiving Areas	30	(1)
THE ASCENDANCY OF MAMMALS	30	(1)
2 Paleo-Neurology and the Evolution of the Human Mind and Brain: The Frontal and Inferior Parietal Lobes, Sex Differences, Language, Tool Technology, and the Cro-Magnon/Neanderthal Wars	31	(44)
PRIMATE EVOLUTION	31	(1)
AUSTRALOPITHECUS AND HOMO HABILIS	32	(2)
HOMO ERECTUS	34	(1)
MULTIREGIONAL EVOLUTION AND REPLACEMENT	35	(3)
"Replacement"	35	(1)
"Multiregional Replacement"	36	(2)
"REPLACEMENT" AND THE NEANDERTHAL FRONTAL LOBE	38	(5)
Neanderthal Brain Development	40	(2)
Paleoneurology and the Paleolithic Cultural Transition	42	(1)
EVOLUTION OF "MODERN" AND NEANDERTHAL HOMO SAPIENS: THE FRONTAL LOBES	43	(1)
Frontal Cranial Evolution	43	(1)
THE FRONTAL LOBES	44	(1)
THE FRONTAL LOBES AND THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE-TO-UPPER PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION	45	(2)
ARCHAIC, "EARLY MODERN," AND NEANDERTHAL MORTUARY PRACTICES AND SYMBOLISM	47	(2)
THE INFERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE:	49	(1)
Visual-Shape, Face, and "Cross" Neurons	49	(1)
THE INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE AND TEMPORAL-SEQUENTIAL MOTOR CONTROL	49	(8)
Handedness	50	(1)
The Parietal Lobe	50	(2)
Apraxia and Temporal Sequencing	52	(1)
Tool Making and the Inferior Parietal Lobe	52	(1)
The Inferior Parietal Lobule and the Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition	53	(1)
Tool Technology	54	(3)
TRANSITIONAL HUMAN FORMS	57	(1)
An Intermediate Stage of Frontal and Inferior Parietal Development	57	(1)
SEX ROLES, TOOL MAKING, GATHERING, AND LANGUAGE	58	(1)
Limbic Language and Temporal Sequencing	59	(1)
PRIMATES, HOMO SAPIENS, AND APHASIA	59	(2)
Laterality, Language, and Functional Specialization in Primates	60	(1)
LANGUAGE, GATHERING, AND HUNTING SILENCE	61	(1)
HUNTING, GATHERING, LANGUAGE, AND THE MIDDLE/UPPER PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION	62	(1)
LANGUAGE AND ENDOCAST CAVEATS	63	(2)
CONCLUSION: THE CRO-MAGNON-NEANDERTHAL WARS	65	(1)
THE EVOLUTION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE AND COGNITION	66	(3)
Gathering, and Why Women Like to Talk and Share Their Feelings	67	(1)
Female Language Superiorities	67	(1)
Overview: Sex Differences, the Parietal Lobe, Corpus Callosum, and Language	68	(1)
OVERVIEW: UPPER PALEOLITHIC HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE	69	(1)
LINGUISTIC COMPETITION FOR NEOCORTICAL SPACE	70	(5)
SECTION II The Cerebral Hemispheres	75	(86)
3 The Right Cerebral Hemisphere: Emotion, Language, Music, Visual-Spatial Skills, Confabulation, Body Image, Dreams, and Social-Emotional Intelligence	75	(43)
LEFT HEMISPHERE OVERVIEW	75	(3)
Broca's Aphasia	76	(1)
Wernicke's Aphasia	76	(2)
THE RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE	78	(1)
COMPREHENSION AND EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONAL SPEECH	79	(4)
Right Hemisphere Emotional-Melodic Language Axis	80	(2)
Sex Differences in Emotional Sound Production and Perception	82	(1)
CONFABULATION	83	(1)
Gap Filling	84	(1)
MUSIC AND NONVERBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS	84	(3)
Environmental Sounds	85	(1)
Music and Emotion	86	(1)
MUSIC, MATH, AND GEOMETRIC SPACE	87	(1)
CONSTRUCTIONAL AND SPATIAL PERCEPTUAL SKILLS	88	(4)
Sex Differences in Spatial Ability	89	(1)
Visual-Perceptual Abnormalities	89	(1)
Drawing and Constructional Deficits	90	(2)
INATTENTION AND VISUAL-SPATIAL NEGLECT	92	(2)
The Right Frontal Lobe: Arousal and Neglect	93	(1)
DISTURBANCES OF BODY IMAGE	94	(3)
Pain and Hysteria	96	(1)
FACIAL-EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION AND PROSOPAGNOSIA	97	(2)
Delusions and Facial Recognition	98	(1)
"POSITIVE" EMOTIONS AND THE LEFT HALF OF THE BRAIN	99	(1)
DISTURBANCES OF EMOTION AND PERSONALITY OVERVIEW	99	(2)
Mania and Emotional Incontinence	100	(1)
CONSCIOUSNESS, AWARENESS, MEMORY, AND DREAMING	101	(4)
Right Hemisphere Mental Functioning	101	(1)
Right Brain Perversity	102	(3)
Lateralized Goals and Attitudes	105	(1)
LATERALIZED MEMORY FUNCTIONING	105	(3)
Unilateral Memory Storage	106	(2)
DREAMING AND HEMISPHERIC OSCILLATION	108	(5)
Day Dreams, Night Dreams, and Hemispheric Oscillation	108	(1)
Hallucination	109	(1)
Imagery	110	(1)
Dream Stimulants	110	(2)
Dreams and Emotional Trauma	112	(1)
LONG, LOST CHILDHOOD MEMORIES	113	(3)
Emotion and Right Brain Functioning in Children	113	(1)
Functional Commissurotomies and Limited Interhemispheric Transfer	114	(1)
Split-Brain Functioning in Children: The Ontology of Emotional Conflict	115	(1)
OVERVIEW AND CONCLUDING COMMENTS	116	(2)
4 The Left Cerebral Hemisphere: Language, Aphasia, Apraxia, Alexia Agraphia, Psychosis, the Evolution of Reading and Writing, and the Origin of Thought	118	(43)
Overview	118	(1)
Left Hemisphere Dominance for Language	118	(2)
Language and Motor Control	120	(1)
Evolution of Handedness, Language, and Left Hemisphere Specialization	121	(2)
Limbic Language and the Inferior Parietal Lobule	123	(1)
Multimodal Properties	124	(1)
THE ORGANIZATION OF LINGUISTIC THOUGHT ASSIMILATION AND ASSOCIATION WITHIN THE INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBE	124	(3)
Stimulus Anchors and the Train of Thought	125	(1)
Confabulation and Gap Filling	126	(1)
THE ORIGIN OF EGOCENTRIC AND LINGUISTIC THOUGHT	127	(1)
Thought	127	(1)
The Purpose of Verbal Thought	127	(1)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT	128	(5)
Three Linguistic Stages	128	(1)
Limbic and Brainstem Cognitions	128	(1)
Early and Late Babbling and Probable Speech	129	(1)
Late Babbling and Temporal-Sequential Speech	130	(1)
Egocentric Speech	130	(1)
The Internalization of Egocentric Speech	131	(1)
Self-Explanation and Interhemispheric Communication	132	(1)
DISORDERS OF LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT	133	(5)
The Language Axis	133	(1)
Conduction Aphasia	133	(1)
Broca's Aphasia	134	(1)
Anomia or Word Finding Difficulty	134	(1)
Expressive Aphasia	135	(2)
Depression and Broca's Aphasia	137	(1)
Apathetic States	137	(1)
Psychosis and Blunted (Negative) Schizophrenia	137	(1)
LEFT TEMPORAL LOBE: SOUND PERCEPTION, LANGUAGE, AND APHASIA	138	(5)
Pure Word Deafness	138	(1)
Wernicke's Aphasia	139	(1)
Receptive Aphasia	139	(1)
Anosognosia	140	(1)
Aphasia and Emotion	140	(1)
"Schizophrenia"	141	(1)
Global Aphasia	141	(1)
Isolation of the Speech Area (or Transcortical Aphasia)	141	(2)
LANGUAGE AND TEMPORAL-SEQUENTIAL MOTOR CONTROL	143	(1)
NAMING, KNOWING, COUNTING, FINGER RECOGNITION, AND HAND CONTROL	143	(1)
AGNOSIA, APRAXIA, ACALCULIA, AND ORIENTATION IN SPACE	144	(4)
Finger Agnosia	144	(1)
Visual Agnosia	145	(1)
Simultanagnosia	146	(1)
Right-Left Disorientation	146	(1)
Acalculia	147	(1)
Apraxia	147	(1)
Pantomime Recognition	148	(1)
ALEXIA AND AGRAPHIA	148	(6)
The Evolution of Reading and Writing	148	(2)
The Evolution of Visual Symbols and Written Signs	150	(4)
ALEXIA	154	(2)
Reading Abnormalities	154	(1)
Pure Word Blindness: Alexia Without Agraphia	154	(1)
Alexia for Sentences	155	(1)
Verbal Alexia	155	(1)
Literal/Frontal Alexia	155	(1)
Spatial Alexia	155	(1)
AGRAPHIA	156	(5)
Exner's Writing Area	156	(1)
Pure Agraphia	157	(1)
Alexic Agraphia	157	(1)
Apraxis Agraphia	157	(1)
Spatial Agraphia	158	(1)
Aphasia and Agraphia	158	(1)
Sex Differences	158	(3)
SECTION III The Limbic System	161	(162)
5 The Limbic System: Sex, Emotion, Emotional Intelligence, Pheromones, Sexual Differentiation, Attention, Memory, the Pleasure Principle, and Primary Process	161	(45)
The Rational and Irrational Mind	161	(1)
AFFECTIVE ORIGINS: OLFACTION AND PHEROMONAL COMMUNICATION	162	(2)
Olfaction and Memory	163	(1)
PHEROMONES	164	(5)
Olfactory Blends: A Symphony of Smells	165	(1)
Pheromonal-Olfactory Evolution/Involution	165	(1)
Sex and Pheromones	166	(2)
Somesthesis and Emotion	168	(1)
HYPOTHALAMUS	169	(9)
Sexual Dimorphism in the Hypothalamus	169	(2)
Lateral and Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei	171	(1)
Hunger and Thirst	171	(1)
Pleasure and Reward	171	(1)
Aversion	172	(1)
Hypothalamic Damage and Emotional Incontinence: Laughter and Rage	172	(1)
Uncontrolled Laughter	173	(1)
Hypothalamic Rage	173	(1)
Circadian Rhythm Generation and Seasonal Affective Disorder	174	(1)
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis	175	(2)
Psychic Manifestations of Hypothalamic Activity: The Id	177	(1)
The Pleasure Principle	178	(1)
AMYGDALA	178	(15)
Medial and Lateral Amygdaloid Nuclei	179	(2)
Lateral Amygdala	181	(1)
Attention	181	(1)
Fear, Rage, and Aggression	182	(1)
Docility and Amygdaloid Destruction	183	(1)
Social-Emotional Agnosia	184	(1)
Emotional Language and the Amygdala	185	(1)
Emotional and Temporal Lobe Seizures	185	(2)
Crying Seizures	187	(1)
Sexual Seizures	187	(1)
Frontal Lobe Sexual Seizures	187	(1)
The Amygdala, the Anterior Commissure, Sexuality, and Emotion	187	(2)
Male Aggression is a Source of Male Pleasure	189	(1)
The Limbic System and Testosterone	190	(1)
Sexual Orientation and Heterosexual Desire	191	(1)
Overview: The Amygdala	192	(1)
HIPPOCAMPUS	193	(7)
Hippocampal Arousal, Attention, and Inhibitory Influences	194	(1)
Arousal	194	(3)
Attention and Inhibition	197	(1)
Learning and Memory: The Hippocampus	197	(1)
Hippocampal and Amygdaloid Interactions: Memory	198	(2)
THE PRIMARY PROCESS	200	(6)
Dreams, Hallucinations, and The Amygdala and Pleasure	200	(1)
Amygdala and Hippocampal Interactions During Infancy	200	(3)
The Primary Process	203	(1)
Primary Imagery	204	(2)
6 The Hippocampus, Amygdala, Memory, and Amnesia: Synaptic Potentiation and Cognitive and Emotional Neural Networks	206	(29)
AMNESIA	206	(3)
Anesthesia and Unconscious Learning	208	(1)
Unconscious Knowledge: Verbal and Source Amnesia	208	(1)
ANTEROGRADE AND RETROGRADE AMNESIA	209	(3)
Post-Traumatic/Anterograde Amnesia	210	(1)
Retrograde Amnesia	210	(2)
NEURAL NETWORKS	212	(1)
NEURAL CIRCUITS AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION	213	(4)
Parallel, Sequential, and Isolated Neural Networks	214	(1)
The Amygdala and Hippocampus: Monitoring, Inhibition, Activation	215	(2)
SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MEMORY: THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS	217	(3)
Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory Loss, Retrieval, and Hippocampal Damage	218	(1)
Bilateral Hippocampal Destruction and Amnesia	218	(1)
Learning and Memory in the Absence of Hippocampal Participation	219	(1)
THE FRONTAL LOBES, GLOBAL AMNESIA, AND THE DORSAL MEDIAL AND ANTERIOR THALAMUS	220	(4)
The Dorsal Medial Thalamus	221	(1)
The Dorsal Medial Thalamus, Frontal Lobes, Korsakoff's Syndrome, Search and Retrieval	222	(2)
THE HIPPOCAMPUS, DORSAL MEDIAL THALAMUS, AND NEOCORTEX	224	(2)
Hippocampal Arousal and Memory Loss	225	(1)
THE AMYGDALA AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY	226	(9)
Fear, Anxiety, Startle, and Traumatic Stress	227	(1)
Fear, Anticipation, and Repression	228	(1)
Fear and Hippocampal Deactivation	229	(2)
Memory Loss and Amygdala Dysfunction	231	(1)
The Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Dorsal Medial Nucleus	232	(1)
Overview: The Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Memory	233	(2)
7 Limbic Language, Social-Emotional Intelligence, Development, and Attachment: Amygdala, Septal Nuclei, Cingulate Gyrus, Maternal Language, Sex Differences, Emotional Deprivation, Contact Comfort, and Limbic Love	235	(33)
Infant Vocalizations and the Innate Languages of the Limbic System	235	(2)
Languages of the Limbic System	237	(1)
Hierarchical Vocal Organization	237	(2)
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY AND VOCALIZATION	239	(1)
AMYGDALA SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LIMBIC LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIOR	239	(3)
THE CINGULATE GYRUS	242	(4)
The Posterior Cingulate	242	(1)
The Anterior Cingulate Gyrus	243	(1)
The Cingulate Gyrus and Emotional Free Will	244	(2)
The Cingulate and the Evolution of Maternal Language	246	(1)
MATERNAL BEHAVIOR AND THE EVOLUTION OF INFANT SEPARATION CRIES	246	(5)
Evolution of Maternal-Infantile Vocalizations	246	(1)
Mother-Infant Vocalization	247	(1)
Female Superiorities in Limbic Language	248	(1)
Maternal Behavior, Attachment, and the Female Limbic System	249	(2)
The Male Limbic System and Infant Care	251	(1)
EMOTIONAL PROSODY AND HEMISPHERIC LANGUAGE SYSTEMS	251	(2)
TEMPORAL SEQUENCING, GRAMMAR, AND THE LEFT HEMISPHERE	253	(4)
Evolution of Broca's Area, Superior Temporal and Inferior Parietal Lobes	253	(1)
Disconnection: Expressive Aphasia Versus Mutism	253	(1)
The Amygdala, Inferior Parietal Lobe, and Neocortical-Limbic Language Yoke	254	(1)
Temporal Sequencing	255	(1)
Overview	256	(1)
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: LIMBIC LOVE AND SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT	257	(9)
Septal Nuclei	257	(1)
Aversion and Internal Inhibition	258	(1)
Septal Social Functioning	259	(1)
Socialization and Contact Comfort	259	(1)
Attachment and Amygdaloid-Septal Developmental Interactions	260	(1)
Attachment	261	(1)
Contact Comfort	261	(1)
Social-Emotional Deprivation in Humans	262	(2)
Deprivation and Amygdala, Septal, and Cingulate Functioning	264	(1)
Temporary Separation and Progressive Deterioration	265	(1)
Deprivation and Abuse	266	(1)
IMPLICATIONS: LOVE, HATE, AND RELATIONSHIPS	266	(2)
8 The Limbic System and the Soul: Evolution and the Neuroanatomy of Religious Experience	268	(55)
PART I: OBSERVATIONS AND SPECULATIONS	268	(1)
THE ANTIQUITY OF THE SOUL: MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC SPIRITUALITY	269	(9)
The Amygdala, Temporal Lobe, and Religious Experience	273	(4)
The Twilight of the Gods: Cro-Magnon and Upper Paleolithic Spiritual Evolution	277	(1)
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM AND THE SOUL	278	(8)
The Hypothalamus, Sex, and Emotion	278	(1)
The Amygdala and Emotion	279	(1)
The Out-of-Body and "Near Death" Experience	280	(2)
Fear and Out-of-Body Experiences	282	(1)
Limbic Hyperactivation and Astral Projection	283	(1)
Limbic System Hyperactivation, Hallucinations, and Near Death	283	(1)
Out-of-Body, Heavenly, and "Otherworldly" Limbic Experiences	284	(1)
Embraced By the Light: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, "Death," and Astral Projection	284	(2)
THE FRONTAL LOBE, LIMBIC SYSTEM, MURDER, AND RELIGIOUS-SEXUAL EXPERIENCE	286	(8)
Modern Religious Murderers	292	(1)
Sex, God, and Religion	292	(2)
ETIOLOGICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC SPECULATIONS: SEXUALITY, RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND TEMPORAL LOBE HYPERACTIVATION	294	(4)
Religion, Limbic System Hyperactivation, and Temporal Lobe Seizures	296	(1)
Isolation, Limbic Hyperactivation, and Hallucinations	297	(1)
THE BIRTH OF GOD AND LIMBIC HYPERACTIVATION	298	(3)
The Limbic System and the Transmitter to God	300	(1)
Souls, Spirits, and Poltergeists	300	(1)
DREAMS AND THE ROYAL ROAD TO THE SPIRIT WORLD	301	(4)
Animal Spirits and Lost Souls	301	(1)
Soulful Dreams	301	(1)
Dreams, Spirits, and Reality	302	(2)
Right Hemisphere, Temporal Lobe Hyperactivation, and Dreaming	304	(1)
Day Dreams and Foreseeing the Future	305	(1)
PART II: THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS AND SPECULATIONS	305	(10)
In Search of the God Neuron: The God Within	305	(3)
Evolution or the Guiding Hand of Planned Metamorphosis	308	(1)
The Origins of Life	309	(1)
Complexity and Evolutionary Metamorphosis	310	(1)
Genetic Stability Versus "Random" Mutation and the Evolution of New Species	311	(1)
God and Evolutionary Metamorphosis	312	(2)
Exo-Biological Cerebral Organization: The Neocortex of the Gods?	314	(1)
EVOLUTIONARY METAMORPHOSIS	315	(1)
IN THE BEGINNING THERE WAS LIFE	316	(2)
Death and the Body	317	(1)
PART III: ALPHA AND OMEGA	318	(5)
SECTION IV The Brainstem and Basal Ganglia	323	(70)
9 Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Amygdala, and Limbic Striatum: Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Psychosis, Catatonia, Obsessive-Compulsions, and Disorders of Movement	323	(31)
The Amygdala, Emotion, Memory, Psychosis, and Basal Ganglia	324	(4)
THE CORPUS STRIATUM	328	(5)
The Caudate: Mania, Apathy, and Catatonia	330	(3)
CATATONIA AND THE FRONTAL-CAUDATE-AMYGDALA NEURAL NETWORK	333	(3)
The Amygdala, Striatum, SMA, and Life-Threatening Fear and Arousal	333	(2)
Implications Regarding Parkinson's Disease	335	(1)
PARKINSON'S DISEASE	336	(3)
Striatal Imbalance and Parkinson's Disease	337	(1)
The Supplementary Motor Areas and Parkinson's Disease	338	(1)
The Hippocampus and Supplementary Motor Areas	338	(1)
Dopamine, Acetylcholine, and Striatal Imbalance	339	(1)
PSYCHOSIS	339	(3)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders	340	(2)
THE LIMBIC STRIATUM, MEMORY, AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	342	(3)
The Limbic Striatum, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Memory	342	(2)
Memory and Alzheimer's Disease	344	(1)
Widespread Neuronal Death and Alzheimer's Disease	345	(1)
NEOCORTICAL, THALAMIC, AND STRIATAL MOVEMENT FEEDBACK LOOPS	345	(3)
The Supplementary Motor Areas, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus	345	(1)
The Putamen and Medial and Lateral Globus Pallidus	346	(1)
The Medial and Lateral Globus Pallidus	347	(1)
THE MOTOR THALAMUS	348	(1)
THE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS	349	(2)
DOPAMINE AND GABA STRIATAL INTERACTIONS AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS	351	(1)
HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA	352	(1)
CONCLUDING STATEMENT: THE AMYGDALA	353	(1)
10 The Brainstem, Midbrain, DA, 5HT, NE, Cranial Nerves, and Cerebellum: Motor Programming, Arousal, Psychosis, Coma, Sleep and Dreaming, Sleep Disorders, Vocalization, and Emotion	354	(39)
Reflexive Motor Actions and Hierarchical Functional Representation	356	(1)
Sex and the Brainstem	357	(1)
Multisensory-Motor Brainstem Neurons	358	(1)
THE MIDBRAIN	358	(2)
The Midbrain, Brainstem and Speech	359	(1)
Cries and Laughter	359	(1)
THE MIDBRAIN SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR COLLICULI	360	(2)
The Superior Colliculus	361	(1)
The Inferior Colliculus	361	(1)
BRAINSTEM AUDITORY PERCEPTION	362	(1)
Auditory Transmission from the Cochlea to the Temporal Lobe	363	(1)
THE BRAINSTEM RETICULAR FORMATION	363	(2)
Coma, Lethargy, and the Brainstem	364	(1)
DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE AND SEROTONIN	365	(4)
Dopamine	366	(1)
Norepinephrine	366	(1)
Serotonin	367	(2)
NOREPINEPHRINE AND SEROTONIN INTERACTIONS: FEAR, PAIN, AND STRESS	369	(2)
Pain and Stress	369	(1)
Stress and Psychosis	369	(1)
Depression, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine	370	(1)
DREAMING, SLEEPING, AND RHYTHMIC AND OSCILLATING BRAINSTEM ACTIVITY	371	(3)
REM-Off and REM-On Neurons	371	(1)
PGO Waves	372	(1)
Synchronized, Slow-Wave Sleep	373	(1)
Thalamic Contributions	374	(1)
Motor Inhibition During Sleep	374	(1)
BRAINSTEM SLEEP DISORDERS: NARCOLEPSY AND CATAPLEXY	374	(2)
Narcolepsy	374	(2)
CRANIAL NERVES OF THE MEDULLA: SHOULDER, HEAD, JAW, TONGUE MOVEMENT, BREATHING, PHONATING, HEART RATE	376	(1)
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal	376	(1)
Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory	376	(1)
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus	376	(1)
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal	377	(1)
Lateral Medullary Syndrome	377	(1)
THE CRANIAL NERVES OF THE PONS	377	(2)
Cranial Nerve VIII and the Cochlear System: Tinnitus, Deafness, Dizziness, Vertigo	377	(1)
The Eighth (Vestibular) Nerve	378	(1)
ORAL-FACIAL MOVEMENT, OLFACTION AND SENSATION	379	(1)
The First Cranial Nerve: Olfactory	379	(1)
The Seventh Cranial (Facial) Nerve	379	(1)
The Fifth Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal	380	(1)
EYE MOVEMENT	380	(1)
The Sixth Cranial Nerve: Abducens	380	(1)
CRANIAL NERVES OF THE MIDBRAIN	380	(3)
The Second Nerve: Optic	380	(2)
The Fourth Nerve: Trochlear	382	(1)
The Third Nerve: Oculomotor	382	(1)
Disturbances of Eye Movement	382	(1)
THE CEREBELLUM	383	(2)
Evolution	383	(2)
Structure and Cytoarchitecture	385	(1)
CEREBELLAR MOTOR CONTROL	385	(1)
Movement and Learning	385	(1)
CEREBELLAR DISTURBANCES OF GAIT AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT	386	(1)
THE CEREBELLUM AND VISION	387	(1)
EMOTION, COGNITION, PSYCHOSIS AND THE CEREBELLUM	387	(6)
The Paleo-Cerebellum and Emotion	387	(6)
SECTION V The Lobes of the Brain	393	(128)
11 The Frontal Lobes: Arousal, Attention, Perseveration, Personality, Catatonia, Memory, Aphasia, Melodic Speech, Confabulation, Schizophrenia, Movement Disorders, and the Alien Hand	393	(48)
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW	393	(2)
MOTOR REGIONS OF THE FRONTAL LOBES	395	(1)
Cellular Organization	395	(1)
CORTICOSPINAL PYRAMIDAL TRACT	396	(4)
Primary Motor Area	396	(2)
Premotor Neocortex	398	(1)
The SMA and the Medial Frontal Lobes	399	(1)
CATATONIA AND THE MEDIAL FRONTAL LOBES	400	(6)
Functional Anatomy of the Medial Walls	400	(1)
Gegenhalten and Waxy Flexibility	401	(1)
Catatonia	402	(1)
Will and Apathy	402	(1)
Forced Grasping, Compulsive Utilization, and the Alien Hand	402	(2)
A Cytoarchitectural Continuum of Related Symptoms	404	(1)
Anterior Cingulate	405	(1)
POSTERIOR FRONTAL CONVEXITY	406	(4)
Frontal Eye Fields	406	(1)
Visual Scanning Deficits and Neglect	407	(1)
Exner's Writing Area	408	(1)
Broca's Speech Area	409	(1)
CONFABULATION AND RIGHT FRONTAL EMOTIONAL AND PROSODIC SPEECH	410	(3)
Emotional and Prosodic Speech	410	(1)
Tangential and Circumlocutory Speech	411	(1)
Confabulation	412	(1)
ORBITAL FRONTAL LOBES AND INFERIOR CONVEXITY	413	(6)
Orbital Frontal Lobes	413	(1)
Orbital Mediation of Limbic Arousal	413	(1)
Autonomic Influences	414	(1)
Emotional Unresponsiveness	415	(1)
Emotional Disinhibition	415	(1)
Attention	416	(1)
Perseveration	416	(3)
LATERAL FRONTAL NEOCORTICAL REGULATION	419	(2)
Frontal-Thalamic Control of Cortical Activity	420	(1)
Lateral Frontal-Thalamic Arousal and Perceptual Steering	421	(1)
THE INFERIOR AND LATERAL FRONTAL LOBES AND ATTENTION	421	(2)
Disinhibition and Response Suppression	421	(1)
Attention	422	(1)
THE FRONTAL LOBES, THE DORSAL MEDIAL THALAMUS, AND MEMORY	423	(3)
Memory Search and Retrieval	423	(3)
OVERVIEW	426	(1)
PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS	427	(5)
The Frontal Lobe Personality	427	(1)
Urinary Incontinence	428	(1)
Alterations in Appetite	428	(1)
Disinhibition and Impulsiveness	429	(1)
Uncontrolled Laughter and Mirth	430	(1)
Disinhibited Sexuality	431	(1)
Apathy and Depression	431	(1)
Overview	432	(1)
RIGHT AND LEFT FRONTAL LOBES	432	(7)
Neuropsychiatric Disorders	432	(4)
Intellectual and Conceptual Alterations	436	(2)
Right Frontal Dominance for Arousal	438	(1)
CONCLUSIONS	439	(2)
12 The Parietal Lobes: The Body Image and Hand in Visual Space, Apraxia, Gerstmann's Syndrome, Neglect, Denial, and the Evolution of Geometry and Math	441	(30)
PARIETAL TOPOGRAPHY	441	(1)
PRIMARY SOMESTHETIC RECEIVING AREAS	441	(4)
Functional Laterality	443	(1)
Somesthetic Agnosias	444	(1)
SOMESTHETIC ASSOCIATION AREA	445	(3)
Hand Manipulation Cells	446	(1)
The Body In Space	446	(1)
Tactile Discrimination Deficits and Stereognosis	446	(1)
Pain: Areas 5 and 7 and the Supramarginal Gyrus	447	(1)
Pain and Hysteria	448	(1)
AREA 7 AND THE SUPERIOR-POSTERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE	448	(3)
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Body-Spatial Interaction	448	(1)
Visual-Spatial Properties	449	(1)
Visual Attention	450	(1)
Motivational and Grasping Functions	450	(1)
RIGHT AND LEFT PARIETAL LOBES: LESIONS AND LATERALITY	451	(1)
Attention and Visual Space	451	(1)
INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE	452	(2)
Multi-Modal Assimilation Area	452	(1)
Language Capabilities	453	(1)
Agraphia	453	(1)
Lateralized Temporal-Sequential Functions	453	(1)
APRAXIA	454	(5)
Sensory Guidance Of Movement	454	(1)
Apraxia	455	(1)
Ideomotor Apraxia	455	(1)
Ideational Apraxia	456	(1)
Left-Sided or Unilateral Apraxia (also called Callosal and Frontal Apraxia)	456	(1)
Pantomime Recognition	457	(1)
Constructional Apraxia	458	(1)
GERSTMANN'S SYNDROME: FINGER AGNOSIA, ACALCULIA, AGRAPHIA, LEFT-RIGHT CONFUSION	459	(2)
The Knowing Hand	459	(1)
Finger Agnosia	459	(2)
THE EVOLUTION OF GEOMETRY AND MATH	461	(2)
ACALCULIA	463	(1)
ATTENTION AND NEGLECT	464	(6)
Left Hemisphere Neglect	466	(1)
Delusional Denial	467	(1)
Disconnection, Confabulation, and Gap Filling	468	(1)
Delusional Playmates and Egocentric Speech	469	(1)
SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW	470	(1)
13 The Occipital Lobes: Vision, Blind Sight, Hallucinations, Visual Agnosias	471	(12)
PRIMARY AND ASSOCIATION VISUAL CORTEX	471	(1)
PRECORTICAL VISUAL ANALYSIS	471	(3)
Neocortical Columnar Organization	472	(1)
Simple, Complex, Lower-and Higher-Order Hypercomplex Feature Detectors	472	(2)
STRIATE CORTEX: AREA 17	474	(2)
Hallucinations	476	(1)
ASSOCIATION AREAS 18 AND 19	476	(2)
Homonymous Hemianopsia and Quadrantanopsia	477	(1)
Hallucinations	478	(1)
CORTICAL BLINDNESS	478	(1)
"Blind Sight"	478	(1)
Denial of Blindness	479	(1)
VISUAL AGNOSIA	479	(1)
PROSOPAGNOSIA	480	(1)
SIMULTANAGNOSIA	481	(1)
IMPAIRED COLOR RECOGNITION	481	(1)
OVERVIEW	482	(1)
14 The Temporal Lobes: Language, Auditory, Visual, Emotional, and Memory Functioning, Form and Face Recognition, Aphasia, Epilepsy, and Psychosis	483	(38)
TEMPORAL TOPOGRAPHY	483	(1)
Functional and Evolutionary Considerations: Overview	483	(1)
AUDITORY NEOCORTEX	483	(1)
Cortical Organization	484	(1)
AUDITORY TRANSMISSION FROM THE COCHLEA TO THE TEMPORAL LOBE	484	(2)
FILTERING, FEEDBACK, AND TEMPORAL-SEQUENTIAL REORGANIZATION	486	(2)
Sustained Auditory Activity	486	(2)
PHONETICS, CONSONANTS, VOWELS, LANGUAGE	488	(1)
Phonemes	488	(1)
Consonants and Vowels	489	(1)
GRAMMAR AND AUDITORY CLOSURE	489	(1)
Universal Grammars	490	(1)
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: FINE TUNING THE AUDITORY SYSTEM	490	(3)
LANGUAGE AND REALITY	492	(1)
SPATIAL LOCALIZATION, ATTENTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS	493	(2)
Hallucinations	495	(1)
NEOCORTICAL DEAFNESS	495	(2)
Pure Word Deafness	496	(1)
Auditory Agnosia	496	(1)
THE AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREAS	497	(3)
Wernicke's Area	497	(2)
Receptive Aphasia	499	(1)
THE MELODIC-INTONATIONAL AXIS	500	(1)
The Amygdala	501	(1)
THE MIDDLE AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBES	501	(2)
The "Auditory" Middle Temporal Lobe	502	(1)
Left AMT Language Capabilities	502	(1)
Hallucinations	502	(1)
THE "VISUAL" MIDDLE TEMPORAL LOBE	503	(1)
MTL Visual Functioning	503	(1)
INFERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE	504	(3)
Visual Capabilities and Form Recognition	504	(1)
Form and Facial Recognition	505	(1)
Visual Attention	505	(1)
Prosopagnosia and Visual Discrimination Deficits	506	(1)
MEMORY AND THE INFERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE	507	(2)
Memory, the Hippocampus, and the ITL	507	(1)
Temporal Lobe Injuries and Memory Loss	508	(1)
HALLUCINATIONS AND THE ITL	509	(2)
Hallucinations and the Interpretation of Neural "Noise"	509	(1)
Dreaming	510	(1)
TEMPORAL LOBE (PARTIAL COMPLEX) SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY	511	(2)
Auras and Automatisms	512	(1)
Running, Laughing, and Crying Seizures	512	(1)
Emotional Disturbances	513	(1)
TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE	513	(1)
Out-Of-Body, Heavenly, and "Otherworldly Experiences"	513	(1)
SEIZURES, PERSONALITY, AND PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES	514	(1)
Schizophrenia and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	514	(1)
PSYCHOSIS, SPEECH, AND THE TEMPORAL LOBE	515	(1)
APHASIA AND PSYCHOSIS	516	(5)
Temporal Lobe Seizures, Psychosis, and Aphasia	516	(1)
Between-Seizure Psychoses	517	(4)
SECTION VI The Neuroanatomy of Psychotic and Emotional Disorders	521	(104)
15 The Neuropsychology of Repression: Hemispheric Laterality, Positive versus Negative Emotions, Corpus Callosum Immaturity, The Frontal Lobes, Trauma, Contextual Cues, and Recovered Memories	521	(43)
VERBAL AMNESIA AND INFANT MEMORY	522	(1)
REPRESSION VERSUS AMNESIA FOR INFANT MEMORY	523	(3)
Corpus Callosum Immaturity and Interhemispheric Transfer	524	(2)
EMOTION, HEMISPHERIC LATERALITY, AND SPECIALIZATION	526	(4)
Right Cerebral Specialization and Emotion	527	(1)
Sex, Tactual Sensation, Pain, and the Body Image	528	(2)
POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND THE LEFT HALF OF THE BRAIN	530	(2)
VERBAL VERSUS EMOTIONAL MEMORY STORAGE	532	(1)
Verbal Memory and the Left Temporal Lobe	532	(1)
Right Temporal Lobe Emotional Memory	532	(1)
AMYGDALA HYPERACTIVATION AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY	533	(1)
Abuse and Amygdala Hyperactivation	533	(1)
Right Hemisphere Activation, Left Hemisphere Deactivation	534	(1)
CORPUS CALLOSUM AND UNILATERAL MEMORY STORAGE	534	(2)
EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND REPRESSION IN CHILDREN	536	(1)
Childhood Amnesia versus Repression	536	(1)
MEMORY ISOLATION, NEOCORTICAL MATURATION, AND SYNAPTIC OVERLAY	536	(2)
CONTEXTUAL CUES AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR	538	(1)
AMNESIA AND RECOGNITION MEMORY	539	(1)
FUNCTIONAL AMNESIA	539	(2)
REPRESSION, RECALL, AND RECOGNITION MEMORY	541	(1)
DREAM RECOVERY	542	(1)
CONTEXT AND VISUAL RECOGNITION	543	(3)
Carol's Recall of Her Childhood Molestation	545	(1)
Speculations on Differential Memory Storage in Carol's Brain	545	(1)
AROUSAL, EMOTIONAL STRESS, AND MEMORY LOSS	546	(3)
MEMORY RECOVERY	549	(1)
THE FRONTAL LOBES: AROUSAL, ATTENTION, INHIBITION, AND REPRESSION	550	(3)
Orbital Frontal Mediation of Arousal	551	(1)
Arousal, Cortical Inhibition, and the Lateral Frontal-Thalamic System	551	(2)
Repression and the Right Frontal Lobe	553	(1)
REPRESSION AND PSYCHIC CONFLICTS	553	(2)
Disconnection and the Failure to Integrate Emotional Experience	554	(1)
Disconnection, Repression, and Differential Emotional Memory Storage	554	(1)
FUNCTIONAL OVERLAP, COPING STYLES, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES	555	(1)
Sex Differences	556	(1)
CAVEATS AND CAUTIONS	556	(1)
SUGGESTIBILITY, FALSE MEMORIES, AND CONFABULATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN	556	(3)
Competing Memories	557	(1)
Authoritative and Peer Pressure to Change Verbal Reports	558	(1)
Verbal versus Visual Memory Distortion in Young versus Older Children	559	(1)
CONFABULATION	559	(1)
MEMORY CONFABULATIONS	560	(1)
MEMORY GAPS AND SUGGESTIBILITY	561	(1)
OPINION: REPRESSION AND THE REALITY OF FALSE EXPERTS	562	(1)
CONCLUSION	562	(2)
16 The Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of Dissociation, Repression, and Traumatic Stress: The Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Disconnection	564	(31)
THE CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND	564	(1)
DISCONNECTION SYNDROMES	565	(3)
Blind Sight	566	(1)
Disconnection and Dissociation	566	(2)
DISCONNECTION, DISSOCIATION, AND RIGHT CEREBRAL INJURIES	568	(2)
EMOTIONAL TRAUMA, DISSOCIATION, AND REPRESSION	570	(1)
TRAUMATIC STRESS, REPRESSION, DISSOCIATION	571	(1)
FUGUES, LOSS OF PERSONAL IDENTITY, AND AMNESIA	572	(1)
THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, TEMPORAL LOBES, AND FUGUE	573	(1)
DISSOCIATION AND MULTIPLE PERSONALITY	574	(6)
Multiple Personalities	574	(2)
Fear and Splitting of the Ego: Out-of-Body Experiences	576	(1)
The Hippocampus and Dissociation	577	(1)
Sex Abuse, Dissociation, and Multiple Personalities	577	(2)
Hypnosis and Multiple Personality Disorder	579	(1)
Predisposing Factors: Sex, Age, Previous Trauma	580	(1)
SEX, FEAR, AND AMYGDALA HYPERACTIVATION	580	(3)
The Amygdala and Emotional Memory	581	(1)
Repression, Sex Abuse, and Amygdala Hyperactivation	581	(1)
Sex, Satan, Alien Abductions, and Amygdaloid Hyperactivation	582	(1)
EMOTION, MEMORY, AROUSAL, AND REPRESSION	583	(8)
Emotional Arousal and Memory Loss	583	(2)
The Amygdala, Intense Fear, Stress, and Hippocampal Amnesia	585	(2)
Opiates, Cortisone, and Hippocampal Amnesia	587	(1)
Abnormal Neural Networks	588	(1)
The Amygdala, Serotonin, Neural Plasticity, and Traumatic Stress Disorder	589	(1)
Serotonin: Pain, Stress, Memory, Flashbacks, Startle, and Neural Circuits	590	(1)
NE, ABUSE, AND PSYCHOSIS	591	(2)
Dopamine, Psychosis, and Kindling	592	(1)
SUMMARY	593	(2)
17 Neuroanatomy of Psychosis: Depression, Mania, Hysteria, Obsessive-Compulsions, Hallucinations, Schizophrenia	595	(30)
FUNCTIONAL LOCALIZATION AND PSYCHOSIS	595	(1)
DEPRESSION	596	(1)
FRONTAL LOBE DEPRESSION	596	(1)
Sex Differences	597	(1)
THE TEMPORAL LOBES AND DEPRESSION	597	(1)
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND DEPRESSION	598	(1)
THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS AND DEPRESSION	599	(1)
THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS	600	(1)
DEPRESSION, SEROTONIN, AND NOREPINEPHRINE	600	(1)
MANIA	601	(2)
The Right Frontal and Right Temporal Lobes	601	(2)
HYSTERIA	603	(6)
The Parietal Lobes and Hysteria	603	(1)
Sex Differences, the Amygdala, and Hysteria	603	(1)
Sex Differences and Collective, Socially Sanctioned Hysteria	604	(1)
Mass "Female" Hysteria	605	(3)
Sex Differences, Hysteria, and the Limbic System	608	(1)
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS	609	(1)
The Caudate and Frontal Lobes	609	(1)
HALLUCINATIONS	610	(2)
Hallucinations and Hemispheric Laterality	611	(1)
SCHIZOPHRENIA	612	(2)
The Frontal Lobes and Schizophrenia	612	(1)
Lateral Frontal Psychosis and Neocortical Information Processing	613	(1)
THE CAUDATE AND PSYCHOSIS	614	(1)
Catatonic Schizophrenia	614	(1)
Dopamine and the Caudate	614	(1)
TEMPORAL LOBES AND PSYCHOSIS	615	(1)
THE AMYGDALA, ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE, HALLUCINATIONS, AND PSYCHOSIS	616	(2)
The Amygdala, DA, and Psychosis	616	(1)
Aphasic and Psychotic Speech	617	(1)
Between-Seizure Psychoses	617	(1)
SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL AGNOSIA	618	(1)
CONGENITAL AND EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PSYCHOSIS	619	(3)
Abuse and Cerebral Development	621	(1)
Schizophrenia, Early-Onset Frontal Lobe Injury, and Symptom Formation	621	(1)
CONCLUSIONS	622	(3)
SECTION VII Neuroanatomy and Pathophysiology of Head Injury, Stroke, Neoplasm, and Abnormal Development	625	(128)
18 Neuroanatomy of Normal and Abnormal Cerebral Development: Neuronal Migration Errors, Congenital Defects, Neural Plasticity, Environmental Influences, Trauma, Abuse, Psychosis	625	(50)
ONTOGENY OF CEREBRAL AND CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT	626	(1)
OVERVIEW	626	(1)
Ontogeny of Cerebral and Cortical Development	626	(1)
CORTICAL FORMATION	627	(3)
Ontogeny and Evolution	627	(2)
The Limbic System, Striatum, Neocortex	629	(1)
BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, AND LIMBIC SYSTEM FETAL DEVELOPMENT	630	(2)
Brainstem	630	(1)
Midbrain	630	(1)
Cerebellum	631	(1)
Hypothalamus	631	(1)
Amygdala	631	(1)
Limbic Striatum	631	(1)
Corpus Striatum	631	(1)
Septal Nuclei	631	(1)
Hippocampus	631	(1)
THE TELENCEPHALON	632	(1)
ORIGIN AND ONTOGENESIS OF THE NEOCORTEX	632	(5)
Neural Migration and Cortical Layers I and VII: The Preplate	633	(1)
Layer I and Neocortical Genesis	633	(1)
Neural Migration and Cortical Layer VII	634	(1)
Neural Migration: Axons and Dendrites	635	(1)
Dendrites	635	(1)
Neural Networks: Local and Long-Distance Projecting Neurons	636	(1)
Fissures, Sulci, and Gyri	636	(1)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT	637	(3)
Norepinephrine	638	(1)
NE Influences on Neocortical Development	638	(1)
NE and 5-HT	639	(1)
Vascularization	639	(1)
Myelination	639	(1)
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM	640	(4)
Disturbances of Neuronal Migration: Migration Failure and Heterotopias	641	(1)
Neurodevelopmental Psychosis	641	(1)
Heterotopias	642	(1)
Heterotopias, Trophic Influences, and Neural Grafts	642	(1)
Heterotopias: Epilepsy and Psychosis	643	(1)
Late-Onset Symptoms	644	(1)
DEFECTS OF BRAINSTEM, SPINAL, AND FOREBRAIN DEVELOPMENT	644	(8)
Anencephaly	644	(1)
Encephalocele	645	(1)
Spina Bifida	645	(1)
Forebrain Growth Failure	646	(3)
Hemorrhage	649	(1)
Necrosis	650	(1)
Cysts	650	(1)
White Matter Tears	651	(1)
Hydrocephalus	651	(1)
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES	652	(2)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	652	(1)
Maternal Malnutrition	652	(1)
Maternal Drug Abuse	653	(1)
Cocaine	653	(1)
Heroin	653	(1)
Maternal Alcohol Abuse	654	(1)
Maternal Trauma	654	(1)
Birth Trauma	654	(1)
EARLY COGNITIVE AND INFANT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT	654	(1)
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN NEOCORTICAL GROWTH AND MATURATION	655	(6)
The Corpus Callosum	655	(1)
The Lobes of the Brain	656	(1)
The Right and Left Hemispheres	656	(2)
Disconnection, Neocortical Immaturity, and Cross-Modal Cognitions	658	(1)
Cross-Modal Processing	659	(1)
Neocortical Maturation: Language	660	(1)
Neocortical Maturation: Memory	661	(1)
ABUSE AND EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL AND POSTNATAL DISTURBANCES OF NEUROANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT, RECOVERY, AND NEURAL PLASTICITY	661	(4)
Abnormal Environmental Experience and Neural Plasticity	664	(1)
FALLS, HEAD INJURIES, AND ABUSE	665	(4)
The Battered Infant	665	(2)
The Shaken Baby	667	(2)
Repetitive Trauma and Aberrant Synaptic Recovery	669	(1)
GLIA, NE, FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND REORGANIZATION	669	(2)
Glia, Amino Acids, Repetitive Injuries, and Limitations on Recovery	670	(1)
NOREPINEPHRINE, ABUSE, NEURAL RECOVERY, AND REORGANIZATION	671	(4)
Stress, Emotional Abuse, and Limbic System Reorganization	672	(1)
Neocortical Forebrain Plasticity and Susceptibility to Permanent Injury	673	(2)
19 Cerebral and Cranial Trauma: Neuroanatomy and Pathophysiology of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Brain Injury	675	(32)
THE MENINGES	675	(1)
THE SKULL	675	(7)
Skull Injuries	676	(6)
HEMATOMAS	682	(3)
Intradural Hematomas	683	(2)
HERNIATION	685	(1)
CONTUSIONS	686	(1)
Coup and Contre Coup Contusions	687	(1)
ROTATION AND SHEARING FORCES	687	(1)
DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY	688	(1)
HYPOXIA AND BLOOD FLOW	689	(1)
Respiratory Distress	689	(1)
COMA AND CONSCIOUSNESS	690	(1)
Reticular Damage and Immediate Cessation of Consciousness	690	(1)
Levels of Consciousness	691	(1)
COMA	691	(3)
The Glasgow Coma Scale	692	(1)
Mortality	692	(1)
Vegetative States	693	(1)
MEMORY LOSS	694	(2)
Retrograde Amnesia	695	(1)
Post-Traumatic/Anterograde Amnesia	695	(1)
Caveats: PTA and Long-Term Disorders	696	(1)
PERSONALITY AND EMOTIONAL ALTERATIONS	696	(2)
RECOVERY	698	(1)
Age	699	(1)
EPILEPSY	699	(1)
CONCUSSION AND MILD HEAD INJURIES	700	(3)
Concussion	700	(1)
Mild and Classic Concussion	701	(1)
Mild Head Injury	701	(1)
Neuropsychological Deficits	702	(1)
POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME	703	(3)
Emotional Sequela	703	(3)
PREMORBID CHARACTERISTICS	706	(1)
20 Stroke and Cerebral-Vascular Disease	707	(29)
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART AND ARTERIAL DISTRIBUTION	707	(2)
Arterial Cerebral Pathways	708	(1)
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN	709	(2)
The Carotid System	709	(1)
Vertebral System	710	(1)
CEREBRAL-VASCULAR DISEASE	711	(5)
Atherosclerosis	713	(3)
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA	716	(1)
THROMBOSIS	717	(1)
EMBOLISM	718	(1)
Cardiac Embolic Origins	718	(1)
The Carotid and Left Middle Cerebral Arteries	718	(1)
Focal Influences	719	(1)
Vertebral Basilar Artery	719	(1)
Onset	719	(1)
Embolic Hemorrhage	719	(1)
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS	719	(2)
TIA and Stroke	720	(1)
LACUNAR STROKES	721	(1)
Multi-Infarct Dementia	721	(1)
HEART DISEASE, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AND CARDIAC SURGERY	722	(2)
Ischemia and Heart Disease	722	(1)
Myocardial Infarction	722	(1)
Global Ischemia	722	(2)
HEMORRHAGE	724	(2)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	725	(1)
Cerebral/Intracerebral Hemorrhage	725	(1)
HYPERTENSION	726	(1)
ANEURYSMS, AVMS, TUMORS, AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY	727	(2)
Ischemia and Hemorrhagic Infarcts	727	(1)
Aneurysm	727	(1)
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy	728	(1)
Arteriovenous Malformations	728	(1)
Drug-Induced Hemorrhages	729	(1)
LOCALIZED HEMORRHAGIC SYMPTOMS	729	(5)
Hemorrhages and Strokes: Arterial syndromes	730	(4)
RECOVERY AND MORTALITY	734	(1)
SUMMARY	735	(1)
21 Cerebral Neoplasms	736	(17)
TUMOR DEVELOPMENT: ONCOGENES AND DEFECTIVE DNA EXCISION REPAIR	736	(1)
TELOMERASE, TELOMERES, "IMMORTAL CELLS," AND TUMOR GROWTH	737	(1)
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF A TUMOR	737	(3)
Vascularization and Necrosis	737	(1)
Invasion and Dissemination	738	(1)
Metastasis	738	(1)
Malignancy	738	(1)
Tumor Grading	739	(1)
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Tumors	739	(1)
NEOPLASMS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR FORMATION	740	(1)
Fast- Versus Slow-Growing Tumors	740	(1)
GENERALIZED NEOPLASTIC SYMPTOMS	740	(1)
FOCAL SYNDROMES AND NEOPLASMS	741	(5)
Tumors of the Ventricles	743	(1)
Tumors of the Pineal Gland: Pinealomas	744	(1)
Tumors of the Meninges: Meningioma	745	(1)
Acoustic Neuromas and Schwannomas	745	(1)
ASTROCYTOMA, GLIOMA, GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME, AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMA	746	(2)
Abnormal Glia Development	746	(1)
Astrocytomas	746	(1)
Gliomas	747	(1)
Glioblastoma Multiforme	747	(1)
Oligodendroglioma	748	(1)
LYMPHOMAS, SARCOMAS, NEUROBLASTOMAS, AND CYSTS	748	(1)
Lymphomas	748	(1)
Sarcomas	749	(1)
Neuroblastomas	749	(1)
Cysts	749	(1)
UNILATERAL TUMORS AND BILATERAL DYSFUNCTION	749	(1)
HERNIATION	749	(2)
PROGNOSIS	751	(2)
References	753	(82)
Index	835