Neuropsychological Assessment

by Lezak, Muriel Deutsch

• ISBN13: 9780195090314
• ISBN10: 0195090314
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-03-02
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Significant new insights and research findings about brain-behavior relationships, neurological disorders, neurodiagnostic issues, and neuropsychological assessment procedures are incorporated into the third edition of Neuropsychological Assessment . Preliminary chapters present the principles necessary for a patient-oriented, personalized, hypothesis-testing approach to neuropsychological assessment. The subsequent chapters contain nearly all of the tests and assessment techniques covered in the previous editions plus many additional ones, including newly developed neuropsychological tests, tests from other branches of psychology, research techniques that have only recently been introduced into clinical neuropsychology, tests originating in Europe and elsewhere, and a few measures as yet untried by neuropsychologists. In a reorganization designed to meet current thinking and assessment procedures, tests originally offered in prepackaged batteries are now presented within their appropriate functional domains. For example, individual memory tests -- whether developed singly or for use in a commercial battery -- are discussed in the chapter on memory tests, while a new chapter deals with memory batteries, questionnaires, and inventories. A separate chapter reviews prepackaged and commercial test batteries used for general-purpose neuropsychological assessment, but the individual tests from these batteries are treated elsewhere according to the salient functions they examine. Following chapters on observational measurement techniques and on measures of personality and emotional status, the concluding chapter presents an array of techniques that have been used to identify motivational problems and malingering.

Table of Contents

I THEORY AND PRACTICE OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT	I
Introduction	3	(4)
The Practice of Neuropsychological Assessment,	7	(10)
Basic Concepts	17	(28)
Examining the Brain	17	(1)
Brain Damage and Organicity	18	(1)
Concerning Terminology	19	(1)
Dimensions of Behavior	20	(2)
Cognitive Functions	22	(3)
Neuropsychology and the Concept of Intelligence	23	(2)
Classes of Cognitive Functions	25	(15)
Receptive Functions	25	(2)
Memory	27	(7)
Thinking	34	(1)
Expressive Functions	35	(3)
Mental Activity Variables	38	(2)
Personality/Emotionality Variables	40	(2)
Executive Functions	42	(3)
The Behavioral Geography of the Brain	45	(52)
Brain Pathology and Psychological Functions	45	(1)
The Cellular Substrate	46	(1)
The Structure of the Brain	47	(9)
The Hindbrain	48	(1)
The Midbrain	49	(1)
The Forebrain: Diencephalic Structures	50	(3)
The Forebrain: The Cerebrum	53	(3)
The Cerebral Cortex and Behavior	56	(15)
Lateral Organization	56	(13)
Longitudinal Organization	69	(2)
Functional Organization of the Posterior Cortex	71	(16)
The Occipital Lobes and Their Disorders	71	(3)
The Posterior Association Cortex and Its Disorders	74	(7)
The Temporal Lobes and Their Disorders	81	(6)
The Precentral (Anterior) Cortex: Frontal Lobe Disorders	87	(8)
Precentral Division	87	(1)
Premotor Division	87	(2)
Prefrontal Division	89	(6)
Clinical Limitations of Functional Localization	95	(2)
The Rationale of Deficit Measurement	97	(13)
Comparison Standards for Deficit Measurement	98	(4)
Normative Comparison Standards	99	(2)
Individual Comparison Standards	101	(1)
The Measurement of Deficit	102	(6)
Direct Measurement of Deficit	102	(1)
Indirect Measurement of Deficit	102	(6)
The Deficit Measurement Paradigm	108	(2)
The Neuropsychological Examination: Procedures	110	(34)
Conceptual Framework of the Examination	110	(3)
Purposes of the Examination	110	(1)
Examination Questions	111	(1)
Hypotheses as Examination Guidelines	112	(1)
Conduct of the Examination	113	(14)
Foundations	113	(3)
Procedures	116	(11)
Procedural Considerations in Neuropsychological Assessment	127	(12)
Testing Issues	127	(4)
Examining Special Populations	131	(5)
Common Assessment Problems with Brain Damage	136	(3)
Maximizing the Patient's Performance Level	139	(4)
Optimal versus Standard Conditions	140	(2)
When Optimal Conditions Are Not Best	142	(1)
Talking to Patients	142	(1)
Constructive Assessment	143	(1)
The Neuropsychological Examination: Interpretation	144	(26)
The Nature of Psychological Examination Data	144	(8)
The Different Kinds of Examination Data	144	(2)
Quantitative and Qualitative Data	146	(5)
Common Interpretation Errors	151	(1)
Evaluation of Neuropsychological Examination Data	152	(8)
Qualitative Aspects of Examination Behavior	152	(2)
Test Scores	154	(4)
Reporting Scores	158	(2)
Interpreting the Examination Data	160	(10)
Screening Techniques	160	(5)
Pattern Analysis	165	(3)
Integrated Interpretation	168	(2)
Neuropathology for Neuropsychologists	170	(107)
Head Trauma	171	(22)
Severity Classifications and Outcome Prediction	173	(2)
Penetrating Head Injuries	175	(1)
Closed Head Injuries	176	(6)
Closed Head Injury: Nature Course and Outcome	182	(9)
Neuropsychological Assessment of Traumatically Brain Injured Patients	191	(1)
Moderator Variables Affecting Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury	192	(1)
Uncommon Sources of Traumatic Brain Injury	193	(1)
Vascular Disorders	193	(10)
Stroke and Related Disorders	194	(6)
Multi-infarct Dementia	200	(2)
Hypertension	202	(1)
Migraine	203	(1)
Degenerative Disorders	203	(1)
Cortical Dementias	204	(17)
Alzheimer's Disease	204	(14)
Frontal Lobe Degenerations: Pick's Disease and Frontal Lobe Dementia	218	(3)
Subcortical Dementias	221	(20)
Parkinson's Disease	223	(8)
Huntington's Disease	231	(7)
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)	238	(3)
Other Progressive Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Which Neuropsychological Effects May Be Prominent	241	(9)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)	241	(8)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)	249	(1)
Toxic Conditions	250	(17)
Alcohol-Related Disorders	250	(8)
Street Drugs	258	(3)
Social Drugs	261	(1)
Environmental and Industrial Neurotoxins	262	(5)
Infectious Processes	267	(3)
HIV Infection and AIDS	268	(2)
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis	270	(1)
Neoplasms	270	(2)
Oxygen Deprivation	272	(2)
Acute Oxygen Deprivation	272	(1)
Chronic Oxygen Deprivation	273	(1)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	273	(1)
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders	274	(1)
Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)	274	(1)
Uremia	274	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	275	(1)
Nutritional Deficiency	275	(2)
Neurobehavioral Variables and Diagnostic Issues	277	(56)
Lesion Characteristics	277	(5)
Diffuse and Focal Effects	277	(1)
Site and Size of Focal Lesions	278	(1)
Depth of Lesion	279	(1)
Distance Effects	279	(1)
Nature of Lesion	280	(2)
Time	282	(6)
Nonprogressive Brain Disorders	282	(5)
Progressive Brain Diseases	287	(1)
Subject Variables	288	(31)
Age	288	(9)
Gender	297	(3)
Lateral Asymmetry	300	(8)
Race	308	(1)
Premorbid Psychological Status	308	(2)
Social and Cultural Variables	310	(1)
Medication	311	(1)
Epilepsy	312	(7)
Problems of Differential Diagnosis	319	(14)
Neurotic and Personality Disorders	320	(3)
Psychotic Disturbances	323	(2)
Depression	325	(5)
Malingering	330	(3)
II A COMPENDIUM OF TESTS AND ASSESSMENT TECHIQUES	333	(474)
Orientation and Attention	335	(50)
Orientation	335	(17)
Place	336	(1)
Time	336	(3)
Body Orientation	339	(2)
Directional (Right-Left) Orientation	341	(3)
Space	344	(8)
Attention Concentration, and Tracking	352	(33)
Vigilance	353	(3)
Short-Term Storage Capacity	356	(10)
Mental Tracking	366	(10)
Complex Attention	376	(9)
Perception	385	(44)
Visual Perception	385	(32)
Visual Inattention	385	(12)
Visual Scanning	397	(1)
Color Perception	398	(1)
Visual Recognition	399	(6)
Visual Organization	405	(8)
Visual Interference	413	(4)
Auditory Perception	417	(6)
Auditory Acuity	418	(1)
Auditory Discrimination	418	(2)
Aphasia	420	(1)
Auditory Inattention	420	(1)
Auditory-Verbal Perception	420	(1)
Noverbal Auditory Perception	421	(2)
Tactile Perception	423	(4)
Tactile Sensation	424	(1)
Tactile Inattention	424	(1)
Tactile Recognition and Discrimination Tests	425	(2)
Olfaction	427	(2)
Memory I: Tests	429	(70)
A General Review of Memory Functions	429	(2)
Verbal Memory	431	(34)
Verbal Automatisms	432	(1)
Letters and Digits	432	(2)
Increasing the Tested Span	434	(1)
Syllables	435	(1)
Words	435	(21)
Sentence Recall	456	(1)
Story Recall	456	(7)
Incidental Learning Using Digit Symbol or Symbol Digit Pairs	463	(2)
Nonverbal Auditory Memory	465	(25)
Visual Memory	465	(1)
Visual Recognition	465	(5)
Visual Recall: Paired Associates	470	(1)
Visual Recall: Design Reproduction	471	(15)
Visual Learning	486	(4)
Tactile Memory	490	(4)
Incidental Learning	494	(1)
Remote Memory	494	(3)
Recall of Public Events and Famous Persons	495	(1)
Autobiographical Memory	496	(1)
Forgetting	497	(2)
Memory II: Batteries Paired Memory Tests, and Questionnaires	499	(24)
Memory Batteries	499	(15)
Paired Memory Tests	514	(3)
Memory Questionnaires	517	(6)
Verbal Functions and Language Skills	523	(36)
Aphasia	523	(13)
Aphasia Tests and Batteries	524	(6)
Aphasia Screening	530	(6)
Verbal Expression	536	(14)
Naming	536	(3)
Vocabulary	539	(4)
Discourse	543	(1)
Verbal Fluency	544	(6)
Verbal Academic Skills	550	(9)
Reading	550	(3)
Writing	553	(1)
Spelling	554	(1)
Knowledge Acquisition and Retention	555	(4)
Construction	559	(43)
Drawing	560	(27)
Copying	561	(20)
Free Drawing	581	(6)
Building and Assembling	587	(15)
Two-Dimensional Construction	587	(11)
Three-Dimensional Construction	598	(4)
Concept Formation and Reasoning	602	(48)
Concept Formation	603	(25)
Concept Formation Tests in Verbal Formats	603	(5)
Concept Formation Tests in Visual Formats	608	(8)
Symbol Patterns	616	(1)
Sorting	617	(2)
Sort and Shift	619	(9)
Reasoning	628	(13)
Verbal Reasoning	628	(6)
Reasoning about Visually Presented Material	634	(7)
Mathematical Procedures	641	(9)
Arithmetic Reasoning Problems	641	(6)
Calculations	647	(3)
Executive Functions and Motor Performance	650	(36)
The Executive Functions	650	(26)
Volition	651	(2)
Planning	653	(5)
Purposive Action	658	(16)
Effective Performance	674	(1)
Executive Functions: Wide Range Assessment	675	(1)
Motor Performance	676	(10)
Neuropsychological Assessment of Motor Functions	676	(2)
Examining for Apraxia	678	(2)
Manual Dexterity and Strength	680	(6)
Batteries for Assessment of Brain Damage	686	(50)
Ability and Achievement	687	(22)
Individual Administration	688	(19)
Paper and Pencil Administration	707	(2)
Batteries Developed for Neuropsychological Assessment	709	(14)
Batteries for General Use	709	(13)
Batteries Composed of Preexisting Tests	722	(1)
Batteries for Assessing Specific Conditions	723	(8)
HIV+	723	(1)
Neurotoxicity	724	(1)
Dementia: Batteries Incorporating Preexisting Tests	725	(2)
Dementia: Constructed Batteries	727	(3)
Traumatic Brain Injury	730	(1)
Right Hemisphere Disease	730	(1)
Screening Batteries for General Use	731	(5)
Observational Methods Rating Scales, and Inventories	736	(31)
The Mental Status Examination	736	(2)
Rating Scales and Inventories	738	(1)
Dementia Evaluation	738	(13)
Mental Status Scales for Dementia Screening and Rating	739	(6)
Mental Status and Observer Rating Scale Combinations	745	(3)
Scales for Rating Observations	748	(2)
Rating Relative Reports	750	(1)
Epilepsy Patient Evaluations	751	(2)
Psychiatric Symptoms	753	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury	754	(13)
Evaluating Severity	754	(5)
Outcome Evaluation	759	(1)
Evaluating the Psychosocial Consequences of Head Injury	759	(8)
Tests of Personal Adjustment	767	(24)
Projective Personality Tests	767	(9)
Story Telling Techniques	774	(1)
Drawing Tasks	775	(1)
Objective Tests of Personality and Emotional Status	776	(15)
Testing for Functional Complaints	791	(16)
Examining for Functional Complaints with Tests in General Use	792	(7)
Individually Administered Tests Sensitive to Functional Complaints	792	(2)
Battery Tests Sensitive to Functional Complaints	794	(1)
Memory Tests Sensitive to Functional Complaints	795	(2)
Personality and Emotional Status Tests for Examining Functional Complaints	797	(2)
Examining Functional Complaints with Special Techniques	799	(8)
Techniques for Examining Suspected Nonmemory Functional Complaints	799	(3)
Techniques for Examining Suspected Functional Memory Complaints	802	(5)
Appendix: Test Publishers and Distributors	807	(1)
References	808	(177)
Test Index	985	(10)
Subject Index	995