Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders

by Bhatnagar, Subhash C.

• ISBN13: 9780781723466
• ISBN10: 0781723469
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-11-01
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary

This revised, updated Second Edition continues to give students a strong foundation in neuroanatomy as it applies to speech-language pathology and audiology. New features include: additional and revised color illustrations and tables to reinforce technical details; an expanded clinical discussion section with more case studies; and a technical glossary in the appendix. This concise, yet comprehensive, user-friendly book is the only neuroscience text that meets the educational needs of students who study communication disorders. For more information, visithttp://connection.LWW.com/go/bhatnager.

Table of Contents

Foreword	vii
Preface to the Second Edition	viii
Preface to the First Edition	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Scope, Principles, and Elements of Neuroscience	1	(20)
Relationship Between Neuroscience and Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology	1	(2)
Domain of Neuroscience	1	(1)
Domain of Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology	2	(1)
Need for Training in Neuroscience	2	(1)
Nature of Training in Neuroscience	2	(1)
Benefits of Training in Neuroscience	2	(1)
Scope of Neuroscience	3	(2)
Neurology	3	(1)
Neurosurgery	4	(1)
Neuroanatomy	4	(1)
Neuroadiology	4	(1)
Neuroembryology	4	(1)
Neurophysiology	4	(1)
Neuropathology	5	(1)
Principles Governing Functional Organization of the Human Brain	5	(2)
Interconnectivity in the Brain	5	(1)
Centrality of the Central Nervous System	5	(1)
Hierarchy of Neuraxial Organization	5	(1)
Laterality of Brain Organization	5	(1)
Bilateral Anatomical Symmetry	5	(1)
Unilateral Functional Differences	6	(1)
Contralateral Sensorimotor Control	6	(1)
Structural and Functional Specialization	6	(1)
Topographical Organization in Cortical Pathways	6	(1)
Plasticity in the Brain	7	(1)
Nonmythical Brain	7	(1)
Orientation to Basic Terminology	7	(7)
Directional Brain Orientation	7	(1)
Planes of Brain Section	7	(1)
Terms Relating to Movement	8	(1)
Terms Relating to Muscles	9	(1)
Additional Terms	9	(2)
Gross Structures of the Central Nervous System	11	(1)
Functional Classification of Nervous System	12	(1)
Cellular Organization (Cytoarchitecture) and Brodmann Areas	13	(1)
Techniques for Solving Problems When Learning Neuroscience	14	(3)
Simplification of Technical Terminology	14	(1)
Visual Approach to Neuroscience	15	(1)
Functional Context for Learning Neuroanatomy	16	(1)
Deductive Reasoning and Problem Solving	16	(1)
Rules for Lesion Localization	16	(1)
Summary	17	(1)
Technical Terms	18	(1)
Review Questions	18	(3)
Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous Systems	21	(55)
Structures of Centeral and Peripheral Nervous Systems	21	(2)
Primary Divisions of the Brain	23	(1)
Gross Structures of the Brain	23	(32)
Telencephalon	23	(1)
Cerebral Hemispheres	23	(1)
Cortical Surfaces	24	(11)
Additional Structures	35	(3)
Limbic Lobe	38	(1)
Basal Ganglia	38	(4)
Diencephalon	42	(1)
Thalamus	42	(1)
Hypothalamus	42	(1)
Brainstem	42	(2)
Midbrain	44	(1)
Pons	45	(2)
Medulla Oblongata	47	(1)
Cerebellum	47	(1)
Cerebellar Peduncles	48	(1)
Input to Cerebellum	48	(1)
Output From Cerebellum	48	(1)
Spinal Cord	48	(7)
Ventricles	55	(3)
Lateral Ventricles	56	(1)
Third Ventricle	56	(2)
Fourth Ventricle	58	(1)
Medullary Centers in the Brain	58	(4)
Projection Fibers	58	(1)
Association Fibers	59	(2)
Commissural Fibers	61	(1)
Meninges of the Brain	62	(5)
Dura Mater	62	(2)
Falx Cerebri	64	(1)
Tentorium Cerebelli	64	(1)
Falx Cerebelli	64	(1)
Arachnoid Membrane	64	(1)
Pia Mater	64	(3)
Meninges of the Spinal Cord	67	(1)
Spinal Dura Mater	67	(1)
Spinal Arachnoid Membrane	67	(1)
Spinal Pia Mater	68	(1)
Cranial Nerves	68	(3)
Nomenclature	68	(1)
Functions	68	(3)
Autonomic Nervous Systems	71	(1)
Lesion Localization	71	(2)
Cortical Lesion	71	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	71	(1)
Rationale	72	(1)
Subcortical Lesion	72	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	72	(1)
Rationale	72	(1)
Clinical Considerations	73	(1)
Summary	73	(1)
Technical Terms	73	(1)
Review Questions	74	(2)
Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System	76	(35)
Anatomical Orientation Landmarks	76	(2)
Shapes of Corticospinal Fibers	76	(2)
Shapes of Ventricular Cavity	78	(1)
Spinal Cord in Cross-Sections	78	(3)
Sacral Section	78	(1)
Lumbar Section	79	(1)
Thoracic Section	79	(1)
Cervical Section	79	(2)
Brainstem in Transeverse Sections	81	(15)
Medulla Oblongata	81	(1)
Caudal Medulla	82	(1)
Lower (Caudal) Third of Medulla	83	(1)
Middle Third of Medulla	84	(2)
Rostral Third of Medulla	86	(1)
Pons	87	(1)
Lower Pons	87	(1)
Middle Pons	87	(2)
Pontomidbrain Junction	89	(2)
Midbrain	91	(1)
Caudal Midbrain	91	(1)
Rostral Midbrain	91	(2)
High Rostral Midbrain	93	(1)
Midbrain-Diencephalon Junction	94	(2)
Forebrain in Coronal Sections	96	(10)
Coronal Section Through Posterior Thalamus	98	(1)
Coronal Section Through Midthalamus	98	(3)
Coronal Section Through Anterior Thalamus	101	(1)
Coronal Section Through Anterior Commissure	101	(1)
Coronal Section Through Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule and Caudate Head	101	(5)
Coronal Section Through Anterior Horn	106	(1)
Forebrain in Horizontal Sections	106	(3)
Summary	109	(1)
Technical Terms	109	(1)
Review Questions	109	(2)
Embryological Development of the Central Nervous System	111	(14)
Human Chromosomes, Genes, and Cell Division	111	(1)
Early Human Development	112	(4)
Gametogenesis	112	(2)
Fertilization and First Week of Development	114	(1)
Second Week of Development	114	(2)
Third Week of Development	116	(1)
Development of the Central Nervous System	116	(4)
Neural, Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest	116	(1)
Brain	116	(3)
Prosencephalon, or Forebrain	119	(1)
Mesencephalon, or Midbrain	120	(1)
Rhombencephalon, or Hindbrain	120	(1)
Spinal Cord	120	(1)
Clinical Considerations	120	(3)
Abnormal Development of the Central Nervous System	120	(1)
Anencephaly	121	(1)
Cranium Bifidum	122	(1)
Spina Bifida	122	(1)
Hydrocephalus	122	(1)
Microcephaly	122	(1)
Peripheral Nervous System	122	(1)
Normal Develoment	122	(1)
Abnormal Development	123	(1)
Summary	123	(1)
Technical Terms	123	(1)
Review Questions	123	(2)
Nerve Cells	125	(17)
Neuron	125	(5)
Nerve Cell Structure	125	(1)
Cell Body	125	(1)
Dendritic and Axonal Processes	126	(1)
Myelin Sheath	127	(1)
Synapse	127	(1)
Nerve Cell Types	127	(1)
Neuronal Circuits	128	(1)
Neuroglial Cells	128	(2)
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	130	(1)
Nerve Impulse	130	(2)
Nerve Excitability	131	(1)
Impulse Conduction	132	(1)
Neuronal Responses to Brain Injuries	132	(3)
Axonal Reaction	133	(1)
Wallerian Degeneration	134	(1)
Neuroglial Responses	134	(1)
Axonal Regeneration in Peripheral Nervous System	135	(1)
Axonal Regeneration in Central Nervous System	135	(1)
Neurotransmitters	135	(3)
Acetylcholine	135	(2)
Monoamines	137	(1)
Dopamine	137	(1)
Norepinephrine	137	(1)
Serotonin	138	(1)
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)	138	(1)
Peptides	138	(1)
Drug Treatment Principles	138	(1)
Clinical Considerations	138	(2)
Multiple Sclerosis	138	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	139	(1)
Summary	140	(1)
Technical Terms	140	(1)
Review Questions	141	(1)
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures	142	(11)
Gross Anatomy of Diencephalon	142	(1)
Thalamus	142	(7)
Thalamic Structure	143	(2)
Projections and Functions of Thalamic Nuclei	145	(1)
Anterior Nucleus	145	(1)
Medial Nuclear Complex	146	(1)
Lateral Nuclear Complex	147	(1)
Ventral Nuclear Complex	148	(1)
Additional Nuclei in the Thalamus	149	(1)
Reticular Nucleus	149	(1)
Intralaminar Nuclei	149	(1)
Functional Classification of Thalamic Nuclei	149	(1)
Specific Thalamic Nuclei	149	(1)
Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei	150	(1)
Epithalamus	150	(1)
Subthalamus	150	(1)
Hypothalamus	150	(1)
Cognitive Functions of Thalamus	150	(1)
Thalamic Syndrome	151	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Technical Terms	151	(1)
Review Questions	152	(1)
Somatosensory System	153	(20)
Somatosensation	153	(2)
Types of Sensation	153	(1)
Specialized Receptors	154	(1)
Encapsulated Endings	154	(1)
Free Nerve Endings	155	(1)
Expanded Tip Endings	155	(1)
Three-Neuron Organization of Somatosensory System	155	(1)
Innervation Pattern	155	(1)
Anatomical Division of Somatosensory System	156	(9)
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System	156	(1)
Receptors	157	(1)
Neural Pathways	157	(2)
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	159	(1)
Anterolateral System	160	(1)
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract	160	(3)
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract	163	(2)
Trigeminal Nerve	165	(3)
Three-Neuron Organization of Trigeminal System	165	(1)
Fine Discriminative Touch From Face	165	(1)
Receptors	165	(1)
Neural Pathway	165	(2)
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	167	(1)
Pain and Temperature From Face	167	(1)
Receptors	167	(1)
Neural Pathway	167	(1)
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	167	(1)
Diffuse Touch From Face	168	(1)
Receptors	168	(1)
Neural Pathway	168	(1)
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	168	(1)
Unconscious Proprioception	168	(2)
Innervation Pattern	168	(1)
Receptors	168	(1)
Neural Pathways	168	(2)
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	170	(1)
Lesion Localization	170	(1)
Spinal Central Gray Lesion	170	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	170	(1)
Rationale	170	(1)
Summary	171	(1)
Technical Terms	171	(1)
Review Questions	171	(2)
Visual System	173	(22)
Eyeball	173	(5)
Anatomy of the Eyeball	173	(3)
Anatomy of Retina	176	(1)
Distribution of Photosensors	177	(1)
Functions of Photosensors	178	(1)
Photochemistry of Retina	178	(2)
Spectral Sensitivity	179	(1)
Color Vision	179	(1)
Dark Adaptation	180	(1)
Optical Mechanism	180	(2)
Refraction	180	(1)
Lens Types	180	(1)
Optics of the Eye	181	(1)
Retinal Image Formation	182	(1)
Lens Shape	182	(1)
Pupillary Aperture	182	(1)
Convergence	182	(1)
Centeral Visual Pathways	182	(3)
Retinal Representation of Visual Fields	182	(2)
Retinal Representation to Optic Chiasm	184	(1)
Retinal Representation to Lateral Geniculate Body	184	(1)
Retinal Representation to Visual Cortex	184	(1)
Visual Cortex	185	(1)
Visual Reflexes	185	(3)
Pupillary Light Reflex	185	(1)
Accommodation Reflex	185	(3)
Clinical Information	188	(2)
Errors of Refraction	188	(1)
Hypermetropia	188	(1)
Myopia	188	(1)
Astigmatism	189	(1)
Disorders of Color Vision	189	(1)
Visual Acuity Assessment	190	(1)
Visual Field Defects	190	(2)
Monocular Blindness	190	(1)
Bitemporal, or Heteronymous Hemianopsia	190	(1)
Nasal Hemianopsia	191	(1)
Homonymous Hemianopsia	191	(1)
Homonymous Left Superior Quadrantanopsia	191	(1)
Homonymous Left Inferior Quadrantanopsia	192	(1)
Other Common Disorders of the Visual Mechanism	192	(1)
Presbyopia	192	(1)
Cataract	192	(1)
Glaucoma	192	(1)
Inflammatory Infections	192	(1)
Retinitis Pigmentosa	192	(1)
Lesion Localization	192	(1)
Visual Pathway Lesion	192	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (A)	192	(1)
Rationale	192	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (B)	192	(1)
Rationale	192	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (C)	192	(1)
Rationale	192	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (D)	193	(1)
Rationale	193	(1)
Summary	193	(1)
Technical Terms	193	(1)
Review Questions	193	(2)
Auditory System	195	(15)
Sound, Properties, and Measurements	195	(2)
Anatomy and Physiology	197	(8)
External Ear	197	(1)
Middle Ear	197	(1)
Transmission of Sound Pressure Variations	197	(1)
Pressure Equalization	198	(1)
Reflexive Control of Ossicle Movement	198	(1)
Inner Ear	198	(1)
Cochlear Structure	198	(1)
Cochlear Function	199	(1)
Electrical Transduction	200	(1)
Retrocochlear Auditory Mechanism	200	(1)
Central Auditory Pathways	200	(1)
Cochlear Nucleus	201	(1)
Cochlear Projections	202	(1)
Superior Olivary Nucleus	202	(1)
Lateral Lemniscus	202	(1)
Inferior Colliculus	202	(1)
Medial Geniculate Body	203	(1)
Primary and Auditory Association Cortex	203	(2)
Auditory Reflexes	205	(1)
Distinctive Properties of Auditory System	205	(1)
Bilateral Auditory Representation	205	(1)
Sound Source Localization	205	(1)
Tonotopic Representation	205	(1)
Descending Auditory Projections	205	(1)
Clinical Information	205	(3)
Hearing Impairments	205	(1)
Conductive Hearing Loss	206	(1)
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	206	(1)
Mixed Hearing Loss	206	(1)
Effects of Cortical Lesion	206	(1)
Evaluation of Hearing Disorders	206	(1)
Tuning Fork	207	(1)
Rinne Test	207	(1)
Weber Test	207	(1)
Tympanometry	207	(1)
Pure Tone Audiometry	207	(1)
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials	208	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Technical Terms	209	(1)
Review Questions	209	(1)
Vestibular System	210	(9)
Anatomy of Vestibular System	210	(4)
Semicircular Ducts and Vestibular Sacs	210	(1)
Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei	211	(1)
Primary Vestibular Projections	211	(2)
Projections to Cerebellum	213	(1)
Projections to Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus	213	(1)
Projections to Spinal Cord	214	(1)
Additional Vestibular Projections	214	(1)
Physiology of Equilibrium	214	(3)
Dynamic Equilibrium	215	(1)
Sensation of Rotation	215	(1)
Stage 1	215	(1)
Stage 2	215	(1)
Stage 3	215	(1)
Static Equilibrium	215	(1)
Nystagmus	216	(1)
Induced Vestibular Eye Movements, or Nystagmus	216	(1)
Clinical Information	217	(1)
Disturbances of Vestibular System	217	(1)
Motion Sickness	217	(1)
Vertigo	217	(1)
Labyrinth Dysfunction	217	(1)
Clinical Diagnostic Tests	217	(1)
Acceleration-Rotation Chair	217	(1)
Caloric Stimulation	217	(1)
Summary	218	(1)
Technical Terms	218	(1)
Review Questions	218	(1)
Motor System 1: Spinal Cord	219	(22)
Spinal Preparation	219	(1)
Innervation Pattern	220	(1)
Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord	220	(3)
Internal Anatomy	220	(3)
Segmental Organization	223	(1)
Motor Unit	223	(1)
Tracts of Spinal Cord	223	(3)
Descending Tracts	224	(1)
Corticospinal Tracts	224	(1)
Extrapyramidal Tracts	225	(1)
Autonomic Pathways	226	(1)
Ascending Tracts	226	(1)
Fasciculus Gracilis	226	(1)
Fasciculus Cuneatus	226	(1)
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract	226	(1)
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract	226	(1)
Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract	226	(1)
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract	226	(1)
Cuneocerebellar Tract	226	(1)
Motor Nuclei of Spinal Cord	226	(1)
α-Motor Neurons	227	(1)
γ-Motor Neurons	227	(1)
Interneurons	227	(1)
Motor Functions of Spinal Cord	227	(3)
Muscle Spindles and Their Role in Motor Activity	228	(1)
Muscle Spindles	228	(2)
Dynamic Responses	230	(1)
Static Responses	230	(1)
Golgi Tendon Organs	230	(1)
Movement Initiation	230	(1)
Spinal Reflexes	230	(3)
Stretch, or Myotatic, Reflex	230	(2)
Withdrawal, or Flexor, Reflex	232	(1)
Crossed, or Intrasegmental, Extensor Reflex	232	(1)
Neurotransmitters	233	(1)
Clinical Considerations	234	(5)
Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome	234	(1)
Common Spinal Syndromes	235	(1)
Complete Spinal Transection	235	(1)
Brown-Sequard's Syndrome: Spinal Hemisection	236	(1)
Syringomyelia	237	(1)
Subacute Combined Degeneration	238	(1)
Lesion Localization	239	(1)
Complete Spinal Cord Lesion	239	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	239	(1)
Rationale	239	(1)
Spinal Hemisection: Brown-Sequard's Syndrome	239	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	239	(1)
Rationale	239	(1)
Peripheral or Central Lesion	239	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	239	(1)
Rationale	239	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Technical Terms	240	(1)
Review Questions	240	(1)
Motor System 2: Cerebellum	241	(11)
Innervation Pattern	242	(1)
Cerebellar Anatomy	242	(6)
Transverse and Longitudinal Cerebellar Regions	242	(1)
Cerebellar Connections	243	(2)
Afferent Pathways	245	(1)
Efferent Pathways	246	(2)
Cerebellar Cortex	248	(1)
Structure	248	(1)
Neuronal Circuitry of a Cerebellar Functional Unite	248	(1)
Clinical Considerations	249	(2)
Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunctions	249	(1)
Ataxia	249	(1)
Dysdiadochokinesia	249	(1)
Dysarthria	249	(1)
Dysmetria	249	(1)
Intention Tremor	250	(1)
Hypotonia	250	(1)
Rebounding	250	(1)
Disequilibrium	250	(1)
Common Cerebellar Pathologies	250	(1)
Cerebrovascular Accident	250	(1)
Toxicity	250	(1)
Progressive Cerebellar Degeneration	250	(1)
Summary	251	(1)
Technical Terms	251	(1)
Review Questions	251	(1)
Motor System 3: Brainstem and Basal Ganglia	252	(13)
Brainstem Motor Mechanism	252	(3)
Brainstem Anatomy	252	(2)
Reticular Motor Functions	254	(1)
Muscle Tone Regulation	254	(1)
Reciprocal Excitation and Inhibition	255	(1)
Summary of Brainstem Reticular Motor Mechanism	255	(1)
Basal Ganglia	255	(9)
Innervation Pattern	255	(1)
Anatomy	255	(1)
Basal Ganglia Circuitry	256	(1)
Physiology of Basal Ganglia Circuitry	257	(1)
Anatomy of Basal Ganglia Circuitry	258	(1)
Striatum	258	(1)
Globus Pallidus	259	(1)
Subthalamus	259	(1)
Substantia Nigra	260	(1)
Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters	260	(1)
Clinical Consideration of Basal Ganglia	261	(1)
Athetosis	261	(1)
Ballism	261	(1)
Chorea	261	(1)
Tremors	261	(1)
Associated Movement Disorders	262	(1)
Basal Ganglia Diseases	262	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	262	(1)
Huntington's Chorea	262	(1)
Wilson's Disease: Hepatolenticular Degeneration	263	(1)
Basal Ganglia and Psychiatric Disorders	263	(1)
Summary of Basal Ganglia	263	(1)
Summary	264	(1)
Technical Terms	264	(1)
Review Questions	264	(1)
Motor System 4: Motor Cortex	265	(10)
Anatomy of Motor Cortex	265	(2)
Innervation Pattern	267	(1)
Descending Pathways	267	(2)
Corticospinal Tract	268	(1)
Corticobulbar Tract	269	(1)
Clinical Considerations	269	(3)
Spastic Hemiplegia	269	(1)
Pseudobulbar Palsy	269	(1)
Alternating Hemiplegia	270	(1)
Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome	271	(1)
Lesion Localization	272	(1)
Upper or Lower Motor Neuron Lesion	272	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	272	(1)
Rationale	272	(1)
Brainstem Lesion	272	(1)
Presenting Symptoms	272	(1)
Rationale	272	(1)
Summary	273	(1)
Technical Terms	273	(1)
Review Questions	273	(2)
Cranial Nerves	275	(41)
Functional Classification of Cranial Nerves	276	(1)
Efferent	276	(1)
Afferent	277	(1)
Branchial Origin of Speech-Related Muscles	277	(2)
Cranial Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System	279	(1)
Cranial Nerve Nuclei	280	(2)
Midbrain	280	(1)
Pons	280	(1)
Medulla	281	(1)
Pathways	282	(1)
Motor, or Efferent, Pathways	282	(1)
Sensory, or Afferent, Pathways	283	(1)
Pattern of Innervation	283	(1)
Cranial Nerves and Their Sensorimotor Functions	284	(25)
Olfactory Nerve	284	(1)
Special Visceral Afferent	284	(1)
Clinical Information	285	(1)
Optice Nerve	285	(1)
Special Somatic Afferent	286	(1)
Clinical Information	287	(1)
Oculomotor Nerve	287	(1)
General Somatic Efferent	287	(1)
General Visceral Efferent	287	(2)
Clinical Information	289	(1)
Trochlear Nerve	289	(1)
General Somatic Efferent	289	(1)
Clinical Information	289	(1)
Abducens Nerve	290	(1)
General Somatic Efferent	290	(1)
Clinical Information	290	(1)
Trigeminal Nerve	291	(1)
General Somatic Afferent	291	(2)
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	293	(1)
Clinical Information	293	(2)
Facial Nerve	295	(1)
General Visceral Efferent	296	(1)
Special Visceral Afferent	296	(1)
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	296	(1)
Clinical Information	296	(4)
Vestibuloacoustic Nerve	300	(1)
Special Somatic Afferent	300	(1)
Clinical Information	300	(1)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve	300	(1)
General Visceral Afferent	301	(1)
General Visceral Efferent	301	(1)
Special Visceral Afferent	302	(1)
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	302	(1)
Clinical Information	302	(1)
Vagus Nerve	303	(1)
General Visceral Afferent	303	(1)
General Visceral Efferent	303	(1)
Special Visceral Afferent	303	(1)
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	303	(1)
Clinical Information	304	(2)
Spinal Accessory Nerve	306	(1)
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	306	(1)
Clinical Information	307	(1)
Hypoglossal Nerve	307	(1)
General Somatic Efferent	307	(1)
Clinical Information	308	(1)
Function-Based Cranial Nerve Combinations	309	(2)
Motor Control of Eye Muscles	309	(1)
Sensory Nerve Supply to Tongue	310	(1)
Motor Nerve Supply to Soft Palate and Pharynx	310	(1)
Sensory Innervation of Soft Palate and Pharynx	311	(1)
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes	311	(3)
Summary	314	(1)
Technical Terms	314	(1)
Review Questions	314	(2)
Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation	316	(21)
Autonomic Nervous System	316	(5)
Anatomical Organization	317	(1)
Visceral Efferent System	317	(1)
Sympathetic System	317	(1)
Parasympathetic System	318	(1)
Visceral Afferent System	318	(1)
Neurotransmitters	319	(1)
Central autonomic Pathways	320	(1)
Clinical Information	320	(1)
Summary of Autonomic Nervous System	320	(1)
Limbic System	321	(3)
Anatomical Structures	322	(1)
Amygdala	323	(1)
Hippocampus	324	(1)
Cingulate Gyrus	324	(1)
Septum	324	(1)
Clinical Information	324	(1)
Summary of Limbic System	324	(1)
Hypothalamus	324	(5)
Anatomical Structures	324	(1)
Afferents	325	(1)
Efferents	325	(1)
Hypothalamic Functions	326	(1)
Autonomic Innervation	326	(1)
Body Temperature Regulation	326	(1)
Water Intake Regulation	327	(1)
Feeding	327	(1)
Punishment	327	(1)
Hypothalamic Regulation of Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)	327	(1)
Neurotransmitters and Behaviors	328	(1)
Clinical Information	329	(1)
Summary of Hypothalamus	329	(1)
Reticular Formation	329	(6)
Anatomical Structures	329	(1)
Afferents	330	(1)
Efferents	330	(1)
Functional Considerations	330	(1)
Regulation of Cortical Arousal	330	(1)
Regulation of Sensory Functions	330	(1)
Integrated Motor Functions	331	(1)
Cardiovascular Activity	331	(1)
Respiration	331	(2)
Swallowing	333	(1)
Vomiting	333	(1)
Coughing	333	(1)
Autonomic Functions	333	(1)
Biological Rhythms	333	(1)
Self-Awareness	333	(1)
Head and Eye Movements	333	(1)
Reticular Neurotransmitters	334	(1)
Clinical Information	334	(1)
Summary of Reticular Formation	334	(1)
Summary	335	(1)
Technical Terms	336	(1)
Review Questions	336	(1)
Vascular System	337	(17)
Vascular Network	337	(11)
Cerebrovascular Supply	338	(1)
Carotid System	338	(1)
Vertebral Basilar System	339	(1)
Circle of Willis	340	(1)
Cortical Arteries	340	(2)
Central Arteries	342	(2)
Blood Supply to Spinal Cord	344	(1)
Collateral Circulation	345	(1)
Vascular Pathology	345	(1)
Occlusive Vascular Pathology	345	(1)
Hemorrhage	346	(1)
Arteriovenous Malformations	347	(1)
Selective Vulnerability to Anoxia	348	(1)
Risk Factors	348	(1)
Venous Sinus System	348	(1)
Dural Sinuses	348	(1)
Cerebral Veins	349	(1)
Veins of the Spinal Cord	349	(1)
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow	349	(2)
Treatment of Vascular Diseases	351	(1)
Blood-Brain Barrier	351	(1)
Lesion Localization	352	(1)
Vascular System Disorder	352	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (A)	352	(1)
Rationale	352	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (B)	352	(1)
Rationale	352	(1)
Presenting Symptoms (C)	352	(1)
Rationale	352	(1)
Summary	353	(1)
Technical Terms	353	(1)
Review Questions	353	(1)
Cerebrospinal Fluid	354	(5)
Choroid Plexus	354	(1)
Cerebrospinal Fliuid Circulation	354	(1)
Absorption of the Cerebrospinal Fluid	355	(1)
Clinical Considerations	355	(2)
Circulatory Disorders	355	(2)
Treatment	357	(1)
Diagnostic Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid	357	(1)
Summary	357	(1)
Technical Terms	358	(1)
Review Questions	358	(1)
Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions	359	(12)
Methods of Study	359	(1)
Functional Localization in the Brain	359	(2)
Frontal Lobe	360	(1)
Parietal Lobe	360	(1)
Temporal Lobe	361	(1)
Occipital Lobe	361	(1)
Disorders of Cortical Functions	361	(9)
Cerebral Dominance and Functional Specialization	361	(1)
Speech and Language Disorders	362	(1)
Motor Speech Disorders	362	(1)
Apraxia of Speech	362	(1)
Aphasia	362	(3)
Alexias: Neurology of Reading	365	(1)
Agraphia: Neurology of Writing	366	(1)
Apraxias: Neurology of Learned Movement	366	(1)
Agnosias: Neurology of Recognition	367	(1)
Dementias: Neurology of Cognition	368	(2)
Traumatic Brain Injury	370	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
Technical Terms	370	(1)
Review Questions	370	(1)
Diagnostic Techniques and Neurological Concepts	371	(25)
Brain Imaging	371	(9)
Cerebral Angiography	372	(1)
Computed Tomography	373	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	375	(1)
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow	376	(1)
Position Emission Tomography	376	(1)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography	377	(3)
Sodium Amytal Infusion for Assessing Cerebral Dominance	380	(1)
Electroencephalography	380	(1)
Electromyography	381	(1)
Evoked Potentials	382	(1)
Visual Evoked Potential	382	(1)
Somatosensory Evoked Potential	382	(1)
Auditory Evoked Potential	383	(1)
Dichotic Listening	383	(1)
Lumbar Puncture	383	(2)
Neurosurgical Procedures	385	(2)
Craniotomy, or Cortical Mapping	385	(1)
Stereotactic Surgery, or Subcortical Maping	386	(1)
Cordotomy	387	(1)
Internal Carotid-External Carotid Anastomosis	387	(1)
Carotid Endarterectomy	387	(1)
Aneurysm Clipping	387	(1)
Genetic Inheritance	387	(2)
Dominant Inharitance	388	(1)
Recessive Inheritance	388	(1)
X-Linked Inheritance	389	(1)
Specific Neurological Disorders	389	(5)
Seizures and Epilepsy	389	(1)
Partial/Focal, or Simple, Epilepsy	390	(1)
Partial Complex, or Psychomotor, Seizures	391	(1)
Petit Mal, or Absence, Seizures	391	(1)
Grand Mal, or Tonic-Clonic, Seizures	391	(1)
Antiepileptic Drugs	391	(1)
Sleep and Altered Consciousness	391	(2)
Toxic Encephalopathies	393	(1)
Myopathies	393	(1)
Peripheral Neuropathies	393	(1)
Neoplastic Growth	394	(1)
Cerebral Infections	394	(1)
Summary	394	(1)
Technical Terms	394	(1)
Review Questions	394	(2)
Appendices	396	(10)
Glossary	406	(15)
References	421	(2)
Figure and Table Credits	423	(4)
Index	427