The New American Democracy

by Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E.; Johnson, Bertram

• ISBN13: 9780321100368
• ISBN10: 0321100360
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-11-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

With an emphasis on elections and their importance in our political system, Morris Fiorina and Paul Peterson' s groundbreaking text offers a stimulating, analytical approach to American government that engages students as it gives them a unique understanding of their political system as it exists and functions today.

Table of Contents

Contents of Boxes	xxxi
To the Students	xxxv
To Our Colleagues	xli
Acknowledgments	xlv
About the Authors	xlvii
PART 1 The Foundations of a New American Democracy
1 Democracy in the United States	1	(25)
Elections in America	3	(3)
Half a Million Elected Officials	3	(1)
Election Connection: The Broad Meaning of Electoral Influence	4	(1)
Nominating Candidates and Deciding Issues	4	(5)
Election Connection: Americans Vote Directly	5	(1)
International Comparison: Elections in Other Democracies	6	(1)
Government and Politics	6	(3)
International Comparison: The Fearsome Power of Government	8	(1)
Types of Government	9	(3)
Government by One Person	9	(1)
Government by the Few	9	(1)
Government by the Many	9	(2)
Popular and Responsible Democracy in the United States	11	(1)
The New American Democracy	12	(9)
The Permanent Campaign	12	(6)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Seven Key Developments	13	(1)
Window on the Past: Why Are Democrats Called Left Wingers and Republicans Right Wingers by Their Critics?	14	(4)
Minorities and Elections	18	(2)
Majorities and Elections	20	(1)
Reform	21	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Do Frequent Elections Guarantee Effective Government?	22	(1)
Benefits of an Electoral Democracy: A Pretty Good Government	22	(4)
Chapter Summary	24	(1)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Suggested Readings	25	(1)
On the Web	25	(1)
2 Establishing a Constitutional Democracy	26	(32)
The Colonial and Revolutionary Era	29	(6)
The Colonial Experience with Democracy	29	(2)
Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War	31	(2)
Theory of Rights and Representation	33	(2)
Government After Independence	35	(4)
Broadening Participation	35	(1)
The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)	36	(3)
Drafting and Adopting a New Constitution	39	(10)
The Constitutional Convention	39	(3)
A Government of Separated Powers	42	(4)
Democratic Dilemma: Should the Electoral College Be Reformed?	45	(1)
The Bill of Rights	46	(1)
The Anti-Federalist--Federalist Debate	47	(4)
Window on the Past: "Federalist IO"	48	(1)
Amendments to the Constitution	49	(2)
Election Connection: Amendments to the Constitution Have Extended Liberties and Tightened the Election Connection	50	(1)
The Constitution: An Assessment	51	(7)
A Step Backward?	51	(1)
Achievements	52	(1)
The Constitution Today	52	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Power Changes Hands Peace fully After the Disputed Election of 1800	53	(1)
International Comparison: Constitution Making in Russia	54	(1)
Chapter Summary	55	(1)
Key Terms	56	(1)
On the Web	56	(1)
Suggested Readings	57	(1)
3 Federalism: Division of Power Among National, State, and Local Governments	58	(30)
The Federalism Debate: It's New But It's Old	60	(4)
International Comparison: Great Britain and the United States: Unitary and Federal Governments	61	(1)
The Contemporary Debate	62	(1)
Federalism and the Ratification of the Constitution	63	(1)
Window on the Past: Dividing a State	64	(1)
The Evolution of Federal Theory	64	(3)
Dual Sovereignty	65	(1)
The Doctrine of Nullification	66	(1)
Court Interpretations of the Meaning of Dual Sovereignty	67	(4)
Necessary and Proper Clause	67	(1)
Commerce Clause	68	(2)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Roosevelt's Court-Packing Plan: Power Shifts to the National Government	69	(1)
Spending Clause	70	(1)
State Sovereign Immunity	71	(1)
Cooperative Federalism	71	(8)
Categorical Grants	73	(1)
Problems of Implementation	74	(1)
Block Grants	75	(4)
Election Connection: Federalism and the U.S. Public Health System	76	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Categorical or Block Grant: Which Is Better?	78	(1)
Local Government	79	(3)
The Number and Types of Local Governments	80	(1)
Local Elections	80	(1)
Popularity of Local Government	81	(1)
Limits on Local Government	82	(1)
State Government	82	(6)
State Elections	83	(1)
Variation in State Government Responsibilities	83	(1)
Recent Developments at the State Level	84	(2)
Chapter Summary	86	(1)
Key Terms	86	(1)
On the Web	87	(1)
Suggested Readings	87	(1)
4 America: Unity Amid Diversity	88	(36)
International Comparison: Citizenship in the United States and Germany	91	(1)
Americans: A Contradictory People?	91	(1)
Social Diversity	92	(11)
Window on the Past: Diverse from the Start: The American Revolution	93	(1)
A Nation of Immigrants Then	94	(6)
Election Connection: The Mormons and Illinois Elections	95	(4)
Window on the Past: Why Is the United States Called "The Melting Pot"?	99	(1)
A Nation of Immigrants Now	100	(1)
Immigration as a Contemporary Issue	100	(3)
Philosophical Unity	103	(7)
Window on the Past: How Classical Liberalism Became Modern Liberalism	104	(1)
American Individualism	105	(3)
The Tension Between Individualism and Equality	108	(2)
Religion and American Individualism: Contradiction or Complement?	110	(2)
Why a Liberal Political Culture?	112	(8)
Traditional Explanations of American Individualism	112	(2)
Newer Explanations	114	(4)
Election Connection: Bush Courts the Latino Vote	116	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Should Public Policy Support Multiculturalism?	118	(1)
Chapter Summary	118	(1)
Key Terms	118	(1)
Suggested Readings	119	(1)
On the Web	119	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of Affirmative Action	120	(4)
PART 2 The Ingredients of the New American Democracy
5 Public Opinion	124	(32)
What Is Public Opinion?	127	(1)
Sources of Public Opinion	127	(3)
Socialization	127	(1)
Interests	128	(1)
Education	128	(1)
The Media	129	(1)
Measuring Public Opinion	130	(4)
Survey Research	130	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Birth of Modern Political Polling	131	(1)
Election Connection: Exit Polls: The 2000 Florida Debacle	132	(1)
Alternatives to Survey Research	133	(1)
International Comparison: Polling in Other Countries	133	(1)
Mismeasuring Public Opinion	134	(3)
The Holocaust Poll Fiasco	134	(1)
The Importance of Wording	135	(2)
Characteristics of Public Opinion	137	(7)
Public Opinion Often Is Uninformed	137	(3)
Public Opinion Is Not Ideological	140	(2)
Public Opinion Often Is Inconsistent	142	(2)
The Perils of Polling: Public Opinion on Abortion	144	(3)
Governing by Public Opinion?	147	(5)
A Disconnect Between Public Opinion and Public Policy: Gun Control	148	(4)
Democratic Dilemma: The "Intensity Problem"	152	(1)
Does Public Opinion Matter?	152	(4)
Chapter Summary	153	(1)
Key Terms	154	(1)
Suggested Readings	154	(1)
On the Web	155	(1)
6 Individual Participation	156	(28)
A Brief History of the Franchise in the United States	158	(5)
Window on the Past: The Voting Rights Act of 1965	160	(3)
Why People Participate: Costs and Benefits	163	(2)
Political Humor: How to Increase Voter Turnout	163	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Who Is Responsible for Low Voter Turnout?	164	(1)
International Comparisons of Voter Turnout	165	(8)
Personal Costs and Benefits: Registration	166	(1)
Personal Costs and Benefits: Compulsion	167	(1)
Other Personal Costs and Benefits	167	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Compulsory Voting or Freedom to Choose?	168	(1)
Mobilization and Turnout	168	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Separation and Proliferation of Elections	169	(1)
Election Connection: The Decline of Voting After 1896	170	(1)
Other Forms of Participation	171	(2)
Why Has American Turnout Declined?	173	(4)
Lower Personal Benefits	175	(1)
Declining Mobilization	175	(1)
Declining Social Connectedness	176	(1)
Who Votes and Who Doesn't?	177	(2)
Is Low Turnout a Problem?	179	(5)
Three Arguments Why Low Turnout Is Not a Problem	179	(1)
Three Arguments Why Low Turnout Is a Problem	180	(1)
Does Turnout Matter?	181	(1)
Chapter Summary	182	(1)
Key Terms	182	(1)
Suggested Readings	182	(1)
On the Web	183	(1)
7 Interest Group Participation in American Democracy	184	(30)
Interest Groups in the United States	186	(5)
International Comparison: Americans Have Long Been Considered a Nation of Joiners	187	(1)
Growth and Development of Groups	187	(2)
The Nature and Variety of "Interest Groups"	189	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Are Your University and City Interest Groups?	190	(1)
Forming and Maintaining Interest Groups	191	(7)
The Free Rider Problem	192	(1)
Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem	193	(5)
Window on the Past: The Grange	195	(3)
How Interest Groups Influence Government	198	(9)
Lobbying	198	(1)
Grassroots Lobbying	199	(1)
Electioneering and PACs	200	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Advocacy Explosion	201	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Is It Constitutionally Permissible to Regulate Interest-Group Spending in Election Campaigns?	203	(1)
Persuading the Public	203	(1)
Direct Action	204	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Strange Bed fellows: The Battle for Seattle, 1999	205	(1)
Litigation	205	(1)
Why Groups Use Particular Tactics	206	(1)
How Influential Are Interest Groups?	207	(2)
Subgovernments	207	(1)
Issue Networks	208	(1)
Interest Groups and Democratic Politics	209	(5)
Election Connection: The Role of Interest Groups in the 1984 and 1992 Presidential Campaigns	210	(2)
Chapter Summary	212	(1)
Key Terms	212	(1)
On the Web	213	(1)
Suggested Readings	213	(1)
8 Political Parties	214	(28)
What Parties Do	216	(6)
How Parties Contribute to Democratic Politics	217	(1)
How Parties Detract from Democratic Politics	218	(4)
Window on the Past: Washington's Farewell Address	221	(1)
The Balance Sheet	222	(1)
Political Parties in American History	222	(8)
The Party-Systems Interpretation of American History	223	(11)
Window on the Past: The Tammany Machine	225	(2)
Election Connection: A Third Party Comes in Second: 1912	227	(1)
Window on the Past: The Progressives	228	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Is Unified Government Better than Divided Government?	229	(1)
Two-Party and Multi-Party Systems	230	(4)
Election Connection: Third Parties and the 2000 Election	232	(1)
International Comparison: Some Examples of Multi-Party Democracies	233	(1)
How Strong Are American Parties Today?	234	(5)
The Decline of Party Organizations	235	(1)
The Revival of Party Organizations?	236	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: "The Soft-Money" Race	238	(1)
Parties Versus Interest Groups	239	(3)
Chapter Summary	239	(1)
Key Terms	240	(1)
Suggested Readings	240	(1)
On the Web	241	(1)
9 The Media	242	(36)
Development of the Mass Media	245	(9)
Newspapers and Magazines	246	(2)
Window on the Past: Muckrakers	247	(1)
Radio	248	(1)
Television	249	(1)
New Media	249	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: TV and the 1960 Presidential Election	250	(2)
Government Regulation of the Electronic Media	252	(2)
What Information Sources Do Americans Rely On?	254	(1)
Media Effects	255	(3)
Agenda Setting	255	(1)
Priming	256	(1)
Persuasion	257	(1)
How Strong Are Media Effects?	257	(1)
Media Biases	258	(8)
Ideological Bias	258	(4)
Election Connection: The 2000 Presidential Debates	261	(1)
Selection Bias	262	(1)
Professional Bias	263	(1)
Political Humor: Do the Media Give Us What We Want?	263	(1)
Prospects for Change	264	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: What Is the Appropriate Role of the Media?	265	(1)
International Comparison: Al Jazeera-A Free Press?	266	(1)
The Media and Electoral Politics	266	(3)
Campaign Coverage	266	(1)
The Conventions	267	(1)
The Presidential Debates	268	(1)
Media Coverage of Government	269	(4)
Emphasis on the President (and Other Personalities)	269	(1)
Emphasis on Conflict	269	(1)
Emphasis on Scandals and Gaffes	270	(1)
Emphasis on the Negative	270	(1)
Exaggerated Concern with the Press	270	(1)
Chapter Summary	271	(1)
Key Terms	271	(1)
Suggested Readings	271	(1)
On the Web	272	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: Cultural Politics in America	273	(5)
PART 3 Campaigns and Elections
10 Electing the President	278	(39)
Nominating a Presidential Candidate	280	(12)
Caucuses	281	(1)
Primaries	282	(1)
Evolution of the Nomination Process	282	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Can States Adopt Blanket Primaries?	283	(1)
Financing Nomination Campaigns	284	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Nomination Process	284	(7)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The (Marathon) Race for the Presidential Nomination	285	(6)
Who Nominates the Vice-President?	291	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: How Should the Vice-President Be Selected?	291	(1)
The General Election for President	292	(6)
Financing the General-Election Campaign	292	(1)
Spending in the General-Election Campaign	293	(3)
Election Connection: Soft Money: Abuse and Reform	294	(1)
International Comparison: Campaign Financing in Other Democracies	295	(1)
Designing General-Election Campaign Strategy: The Electoral College	296	(2)
Voting Behavior in Presidential Elections	298	(6)
When Americans Decide	298	(1)
How Americans Decide	299	(4)
Limited Media Influence on Presidential Elections	303	(1)
The Contemporary Presidential Election Scene	304	(13)
The 1970's and 1980's: Republican "Lock"	305	(2)
The 1990's: Democratic Resurgence	307	(3)
The Y2K Election	310	(1)
Political Humor: Campaign Finance	310	(1)
Looking Ahead to 2004	311	(1)
Chapter Summary	312	(1)
Key Terms	312	(1)
Suggested Readings	312	(1)
On the Web	313	(1)
Choosing the Congress	314	(3)
11 The Electoral Evolution of the Congress	317	(33)
Reapportionment and Redistricting	318	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Why Not Senate Districts?	319	(1)
The Congressional Nomination Process	319	(1)
Contemporary House Elections	320	(9)
Party Decline	320	(1)
Growth in Importance of "Representative" Behavior	321	(2)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics	322	(1)
Expanding Member Resources	323	(3)
Campaign Funds	326	(2)
More Responsive Incumbents	328	(1)
Political Humor: Tongue-in-Cheek Fund Raising	328	(1)
Contemporary Senate Elections	329	(3)
Party Competition	330	(1)
Uncontrolled Information	330	(1)
Better Challengers	331	(1)
High Ambitions	331	(1)
National Forces in Congressional Elections	332	(4)
National Forces in the 1990's: A New Era?	333	(1)
Congressional Elections in the 2000's: Neck and Neck	334	(1)
Why Have National Forces Grow Stronger?	335	(1)
Election Connection: Independent Expenditures in the 1996 House Elections	335	(1)
Do Congressional Elections Produce a Representative Body?	336	(9)
Women	337	(1)
Minorities	338	(4)
International Comparison: Women in Politics	339	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Should Affirmative Action Redistricting Be Required?	341	(1)
Elections, Parties, and Group Representation	342	(1)
Chapter Summary	343	(1)
Key Terms	343	(1)
Suggested Readings	343	(1)
On the Web	344	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of Campaign Finance	345	(5)
PART 4 The Government
12 The Congress and Its Work	350	(30)
Congress-The First Branch	353	(2)
Political Humor: The 2002 Farm Security Act	354	(1)
The Organization of Congress: Parties and Committees	355	(14)
The Congressional Parties	356	(7)
International Comparison: Presidential Versus Parliamentary Systems of Government	356	(2)
Window on the Past: When Speakers Ruled the House	358	(4)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Partisan Politics of Personal Destruction	362	(1)
The Committee System	363	(9)
Democratic Dilemma: Piles of Pork	368	(1)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	369	(3)
Evaluating Congress	372	(8)
Criticisms of Congress	372	(3)
Democratic Dilemma: Delegates or Trustees?	373	(2)
Why Americans Like Their Members of Congress So Much More Than Congress Itself	375	(2)
Reforming Congress: Limit Their Terms?	377	(1)
Chapter Summary	378	(1)
Key Terms	379	(1)
Suggested Readings	379	(1)
On the Web	379	(1)
13 The Presidency: Powers and Practice	380	(32)
Presidential Constituencies	382	(4)
National Constituency	382	(1)
Partisan Constituencies	383	(1)
Partisan Support in Congress	383	(3)
International Comparison: U.S. Presidents and British Prime Ministers	384	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Is Divided Government Good or Bad?	385	(1)
Election Connection: George W. Bush and the 2002 Congressional Campaign	386	(1)
Separate Institutions Sharing Power	386	(19)
The Power to Inform and Persuade	387	(2)
The Veto Power	389	(2)
The Appointment Power	391	(3)
The Power to Recommend	394	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Roosevelt's First Hundred Days Set the Standard for Presidential Success	396	(1)
The President as Chief of State	397	(4)
International Comparison: The Chief of State in Other Countries	398	(3)
Inherent Executive Power	401	(2)
The Impeachment Power	403	(2)
Presidential Expectations and Presidential Performance	405	(7)
Presidential Reputations	405	(1)
Presidential Popularity	405	(3)
Window on the Past: Lincoln, the Great Machiavellian	406	(2)
Great Presidents	408	(2)
Chapter Summary	410	(1)
Key Terms	410	(1)
Suggested Readings	411	(1)
On the Web	411	(1)
14 The Bureaucracy	412	(32)
The Role of the Bureaucracy	414	(2)
The Bureaucracy Problem	416	(3)
Impossibility of Tasks	416	(1)
Difficulty Measuring Performance	417	(1)
Expansionary Tendencies	417	(1)
Slow to Change	417	(1)
Red Tape	418	(1)
American Bureaucracies: Particularly Political	419	(9)
Difficult Beginnings	419	(1)
Mountains of Patronage	420	(1)
Advantages of the Spoils System	420	(2)
Disadvantages of the Spoils System	422	(1)
Erosion of the Spoils System	423	(1)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Election of 1828: Patronage Becomes a Major Part of American National Politics	424	(1)
Political Appointees Today	424	(4)
International Comparison: Political Versus Professional Bureaucrats	426	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Should Bureaucratic Leaders Be Professional Experts or Loyal Partisans?	427	(1)
The President and the Bureaucracy	428	(4)
The Cabinet	428	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	429	(2)
Office of Management and Budget	431	(1)
Congress and the Bureaucracy	432	(6)
Senate Confirmations	432	(2)
Agency Reorganization	434	(1)
Legislative Detail	434	(1)
Budgetary Control	435	(1)
Election Connection: Congressional Legislation: A Matter of Detail	436	(1)
Legislative Oversight	436	(1)
Iron Triangles and Issue Networks	436	(2)
Elections and the Bureaucracy	438	(6)
Bureaucratic Secrecy	439	(1)
Bureaucratic Coercion	440	(1)
Agency Expansion	440	(1)
Administrator Caution	441	(1)
Compromised Capacity	441	(1)
Muddling Through	441	(1)
Chapter Summary	442	(1)
Key Terms	443	(1)
Suggested Readings	443	(1)
On the Web	443	(1)
15 The Courts	444	(40)
Judicial Review	446	(6)
Origins of Judicial Review	447	(1)
Three Theories of Constitutional Interpretation	447	(3)
Window on the Past: Marbury v. Madison	448	(2)
Judicial Review in Practice	450	(7)
Democratic Dilemma: Should the Supreme Court Have the Power of Judicial Review?	451	(1)
The Politics of Supreme Court Appointments	452	(5)
Window on the Past: Nominees Refuse to Testify Before the Senate on Constitutional Questions	453	(2)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Judicial Nominations Became Part of the Permanent Campaign	455	(1)
Election Connection: The Thomas Nomination and the "Year of the Woman"	456	(1)
The Federal Court System	457	(6)
District Courts	457	(2)
Appeals Courts	459	(1)
Specialized Courts	459	(1)
International Comparison: Statutory Interpretation in the United States and Britain	460	(1)
Powers of the Courts	460	(1)
Selection of Federal Judges	461	(1)
Deciding to Prosecute	462	(1)
State Courts	463	(3)
State Trial Courts: The Judicial Workhorses	463	(1)
Prosecuting State Cases	464	(1)
Relations Between State and Federal Courts	465	(1)
The Supreme Court in Action	466	(6)
Stare Decisis	466	(1)
Certs	467	(1)
The Role of the Chief Justice	468	(1)
The Role of the Solicitor General	468	(1)
The Role of Clerks	468	(1)
Supreme Court Decision Making	469	(2)
Voting on the Supreme Court	471	(1)
Checks on Court Power	472	(2)
Constitutional Amendment	473	(1)
Statutory Revision	473	(1)
Nonimplementation	473	(1)
Litigation as a Political Strategy	474	(4)
Chapter Summary	475	(1)
Key Terms	476	(1)
Suggested Readings	476	(1)
On the Web	477	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of the New Department of Homeland Security	478	(6)
PART 5 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
16 Civil Liberties	484	(34)
Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States	486	(4)
Origins of the Bill of Rights	486	(1)
Few Liberties Before the Civil War	487	(2)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Passage of the Bill of Rights Assures Personal Freedoms Essential to Democracy	488	(1)
Applying the Bill of Rights to State Governments	489	(1)
Freedom of Speech, Press, and Assembly	490	(12)
Free Speech and Majoritarian Democracy	490	(1)
Origins of Freedom of Speech	491	(1)
Clear and Present Danger Doctrine 49I
Democratic Dilemma: Do Campus Speech Codes Unduly Restrict Free Speech?	492	(1)
Fighting Words Doctrine	493	(1)
Balancing Doctrine	493	(2)
Window on the Past: Sacrificing Liberties for Security-Civil Liberties in World War II	494	(1)
Fundamental Freedoms Doctrine	495	(4)
Election Connection: Watergate and the Elections of 1912, 1974, and 1976	496	(1)
Limitations on Free Speech	497	(2)
Freedom of Religion	499	(3)
Establishment of Religion Clause	499	(1)
Free Exercise of Religion Clause	500	(1)
Establishment of Religion or Free Exercise?	501	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Do School Vouchers Establish a Religion or Permit the Free Exercise of Religion?	502	(1)
Law, Order, and the Rights of Suspects	502	(9)
Election Politics and Criminal Justice	503	(2)
International Comparison: United States Has Much Higher Murder, But Not Burglary, Rates Than Most Other Countries	505	(1)
Search and Seizure	505	(1)
Immunity Against Self-Incrimination	506	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Can Crime Be Reduced While Protecting Civil Liberties?	507	(1)
Impartial Jury	508	(1)
Legal Counsel	508	(1)
Double Jeopardy	509	(1)
Rights in Practice: Habeas Corpus	509	(1)
Rights in Practice: The Plea Bargain	510	(1)
International Comparison: The United States Has Higher Incarceration Rates Than Other Countries	511	(1)
The Right of Privacy	511	(7)
Regulation of Sexual Behavior	512	(1)
Window on the Past: Court Reasoning in Roe v. Wade	513	(1)
Abortion: Right to Life or Right to Choose?	513	(1)
Privacy in the Information Age	514	(2)
Chapter Summary	516	(1)
Key Terms	516	(1)
Suggested Readings	516	(1)
On the Web	517	(1)
17 Civil Rights	518	(38)
Origins of Civil Rights	520	(7)
Conflict Over Civil Rights After the Civil War	521	(1)
Early Court Interpretations of Civil Rights	522	(1)
Blacks Get Electoral Power	523	(1)
Awakening the Supreme Court to Civil Rights	524	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: In 1948 Blacks Gain Influence in National Elections for the First Time	525	(1)
Window on the Past: The Evolution of Civil Rights Has Been Accompanied by Changes in Language	526	(1)
Redefining the Equal Protection Clause	527	(9)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas	527	(1)
Civil Rights After Brown	528	(3)
Decline in Strength of the Civil Rights Movement	531	(1)
Supreme Court No Longer Forges Ahead	532	(1)
Affirmative Action	533	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Is Affirmative Action Good for Democracy?	534	(1)
Elections, Courts, and Civil Rights: An Appraisal	535	(1)
International Comparison: Blacks in Britain	535	(1)
Civil Rights of Other Minorities	536	(5)
Latinos	537	(1)
Asian Americans	538	(1)
Gays and Lesbians	539	(2)
Election Connection: Gay and Lesbian Activism in 1992 and the Controversy Over Gays in the Military	540	(1)
Native Americans	541	(1)
Women's Rights	541	(6)
The Right to Equality Before the Law	542	(2)
Window on the Past: The Civil Rights of Women and African Americans-Cooperation and Conflict	543	(1)
Initial Court Response to Women's Rights	544	(1)
Discrimination in the Workplace	545	(1)
Sexual Harassment	545	(1)
Single-Sex Schools and Colleges	546	(1)
The Future of Omen's Rights	546	(1)
Americans with Disabilities	547
Chapter Summary	549	(1)
Key Terms	549	(1)
Suggested Readings	549	(1)
On the Web	550
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of the Death Penalty	55	(501)
PART 6 Public Policy
18 Domestic Policy	556	(34)
Types of Public Policy	558	(2)
Stages of Policy Making	558	(2)
Social Policy	560	(14)
Social Insurance for Senior Citizens	56	(511)
Window on the Past: Social Security and the Election of 1964	562	(4)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: The Clinton Administration Fails to Pass Its Health Care Plan	566	(1)
Public Assistance to Poor Families	567	(7)
International Comparison: Babies Born Out of Wedlock	572	(2)
Education Policy	574	(4)
Local Control	574	(1)
Development of Public Education	575	(1)
Contemporary Issues in Education Policy	575	(3)
International Comparison: Student Learning and School Expenditures	576	(2)
Politics of Education	578	(1)
Regulation	578	(12)
The Rise of Federal Regulation	579	(2)
Justifications for Regulation	581	(2)
Politics of Regulation	583	(2)
Election Connection: The Spotted Owl Dispute	585	(1)
Deregulation	585	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: How Much Regulation Is Needed?	586	(1)
Chapter Summary	587	(1)
Key Terms	587	(1)
On the Web	588	(1)
Suggested Readings	588	(2)
19 Economic Policy	590	(30)
Economic Growth and the Business Cycle	592	(1)
Economic Conditions and Political Fortunes	593	(3)
Election Connection: Jimmy Carter Links Presidential Fortunes to Economic Trends	594	(2)
Election Connection: George W. Bush and United States Steel Policy	596	(1)
Fiscal Policy	596	(7)
Use of the Budget Deficit	597	(1)
Window on the Past: Constructing the 2000 Federal Budget	598	(1)
Decline of Fiscal Policy	598	(5)
Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve System 60I
The Fed Chair	603	(1)
Who Controls the Fed?	603	(6)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: Bill Clinton Depoliticizes the Federal Reserve by Reappointing Alan Greenspan	604	(4)
Democratic Dilemma: An Independent Federal Reserve	608	(1)
Deficits and Surpluses	609	(1)
The "T" Word: Taxes	609	(5)
The Tax Burden	609	(2)
The Tax Base	611	(1)
Tax Progressivity	612	(1)
Tax Reform	612	(2)
The U.S. Economy: An International Comparison	614	(6)
Taxes	614	(1)
National Debt	615	(1)
Employment Opportunities	615	(2)
Inequality	617	(1)
Chapter Summary	617	(1)
Key Terms	618	(1)
On the Web	618	(1)
Suggested Readings	619	(1)
20 Foreign and Defense Policy	620	(39)
Elections, Presidents, and Foreign Policy	622	(6)
Need for Fast Action	623	(1)
Voters' Focus on Presidents	623	(2)
Limited Role of Interest Groups	625	(3)
Milestone on the Road to the Permanent Campaign: A Hostage Crisis Teaches Presidents That Foreign Policy Success Must Be Swift and Sure	626	(1)
Election Connection: Foreign Policy Success Comes Too Soon	627	(1)
Congressional Role	628	(1)
Foreign Policy Responsibilities of the President and Congress	628	(5)
War Power	629	(1)
War Powers Resolution	630	(1)
Treaty Power	631	(2)
Institutions Responsible for Foreign Policy	633	(8)
The Cold War	634	(1)
State Department	634	(2)
Defense Department	636	(1)
Central Intelligence Agency	637	(3)
Window on the Past: U.S. Military Operation in Afghanistan Exceeded Expectations	639	(1)
National Security Council	640	(1)
Ideals and Interests in American Foreign Policy	641	(11)
The Democratic Ideal	642	(1)
National Interests	642	(1)
Latin America	643	(2)
International Comparison: United States Lucky in War	644	(1)
The Impact of the Campaign Against Terror on Contemporary Foreign Policy Issues	645	(3)
Window on the Past: Idealism, Realism, and the United States in the Philippines	646	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Should U.S. Foreign Policy Focus on Promoting Human Rights and Democratic Practices or on Defending U.S. Interests?	648	(1)
The Politics of World Trade: New Alliances?	648	(2)
Chapter Summary	650	(1)
Key Terms	650	(1)
Suggested Readings	651	(1)
On the Web	651	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The US. Politics of the Arab-Israeli Conflict	652
Appendices
I The Declaration of Independence	659	(3)
II The Constitution of the United States of America	662	(12)
III The Federalist No.10	674	(4)
IV The Federalist No. 51	678	(3)
V Presidents of the United States of America	681	(2)
Glossary	683	(10)
Endnotes	693	(30)
Name Index	723	(4)
Subject Index	727	(32)
Reference Index	759	(8)
Photo Credits	767