The New American Democracy, Alternate Edition

by Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E.; Johnson, Bertram; Voss, D. Stephen

• ISBN13: 9780321210012
• ISBN10: 0321210018
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

With an emphasis on elections and their importance in our political system, Morris Fiorina and Paul Peterson' s groundbreaking text offers a stimulating, analytical approach to American government that engages students as it gives them a unique understanding of their political system as it exists and functions today.

Table of Contents

To the Students	xix
To Our Colleagues	xxv
Acknowledgments	xxxi
About the Authors	xxxiii
PART 1 The Foundations of a New American Democracy
Democracy in the United States	1	(24)
Elections in America	3	(3)
Half-a-Million Elected Officials	4	(1)
Nominating Candidates and Deciding Issues	4	(2)
International Comparison: Elections in Other Democracies	6	(1)
Government and Politics	6	(2)
Types of Government	8	(3)
Government by One Person	8	(1)
Government by the Few	8	(1)
Government by the Many	9	(1)
Popular and Responsible Democracy in the United States	10	(1)
The New American Democracy	11	(9)
The Permanent Campaign	11	(5)
Minorities and Elections	16	(3)
Majorities and Elections	19	(1)
Reform?	20	(1)
Benefits of an Electoral Democracy: A Pretty Good Government	21	(1)
Chapter Summary	22	(1)
Key Terms	23	(1)
Suggested Readings	23	(1)
On the Web	24	(1)
Establishing a Constitutional Democracy	25	(30)
The Colonial and Revolutionary Era	27	(6)
The Colonial Experience with Democracy	27	(2)
Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War	29	(2)
Theory of Rights and Representation	31	(2)
Government After Independence	33	(3)
Broadening Participation	34	(1)
The Articles of Confederation (1781--1789)	34	(2)
Drafting and Adopting a New Constitution	36	(10)
The Constitutional Convention	37	(3)
A Government of Separated Powers	40	(3)
The Bill of Rights	43	(1)
The Anti-Federalist---Federalist Debate	44	(2)
Amendments to the Constitution	46	(2)
Election Connection: Amendments to the Constitution Have Extended Liberties and Tightened the Election Connection	48	(1)
The Constitution: An Assessment	48	(4)
A Step Backward?	48	(2)
Achievements	50	(1)
The Constitution Today	50	(1)
International Comparison: Constitution Making in Iraq	51	(1)
Chapter Summary	52	(1)
Key Terms	53	(1)
Suggested Readings	53	(1)
On the Web	54	(1)
Federalism: Division of Power Among National, State, and Local Governments	55	(30)
The Federalism Debate: It's New But It's Old	57	(3)
Federalism in Context	57	(1)
International Comparison: Great Britain and the United States: Unitary and Federal Governments	58	(1)
Federalism and the Ratification of the Constitution	59	(1)
The Evolution of the Federalism Debate	60	(3)
Dual Sovereignty and Nullification	61	(2)
The Supreme Court and the Meaning of Dual Sovereignty	63	(4)
The Commerce Clause and the Court-Packing Episode	63	(2)
Necessary and Proper Clause	65	(1)
State Sovereign Immunity	66	(1)
Cooperative Federalism	67	(9)
Spending Clause	67	(1)
A Government of Shared Functions	68	(1)
Categorical Grants	69	(1)
Problems of Implementation	70	(1)
Block Grants	71	(3)
The Contemporary Debate	74	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Categorical or Block Grant: Which Is Better?	75	(1)
Local Government	76	(4)
The Number and Types of Local Governments	77	(1)
Local Elections	78	(1)
Popularity of Local Government	78	(1)
Limits on Local Government	79	(1)
State Government	80	(3)
State Elections	80	(1)
Variation in State Government Responsibilities	81	(1)
Recent Developments at the State Level	81	(2)
Chapter Summary	83	(1)
Key Terms	84	(1)
Suggested Readings	84	(1)
On the Web	84	(1)
American Political Culture	85	(34)
International Comparison: Citizenship in Europe and United States	88	(1)
Americans: A Contradictory People?	88	(1)
Social Diversity	89	(8)
A Nation of Immigrants Then	90	(4)
A Nation of Immigrants Now	94	(1)
Immigration as a Contemporary Issue	94	(3)
Philosophical Unity	97	(9)
American Individualism	98	(4)
The Tension Between Individualism and Equality	102	(1)
One Nation, Under God?	103	(3)
Why a Liberal Political Culture?	106	(5)
Traditional Explanations of American Liberalism	106	(2)
Newer Explanations	108	(2)
Election Connection: Bush Courts the Latino Vote	110	(1)
Chapter Summary	111	(1)
Key Terms	111	(1)
Suggested Readings	111	(1)
On the Web	112	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Racial Politics of Affirmative Action	113	(6)
PART 2 The Ingredients of the New American Democracy
Public Opinion	119	(28)
What Is Public Opinion?	122	(1)
Sources of Public Opinion	122	(4)
Socialization	122	(1)
Personal Experiences	123	(1)
Self-Interest	123	(1)
Education	124	(1)
Reference Groups	124	(1)
The Media	125	(1)
Measuring Public Opinion	126	(8)
Sampling Error	126	(1)
Selection Bias	127	(1)
Measurement Error	128	(6)
Characteristics of Public Opinion	134	(7)
Public Opinion Is Uninformed	134	(3)
Public Opinion Is Not Ideological	137	(1)
Public Opinion Is Inconsistent	138	(3)
Governing by Public Opinion?	141	(4)
The Power of Public Opinion	141	(1)
The Limits of Public Opinion: Gun Control	142	(3)
Chapter Summary	145	(1)
Key Terms	145	(1)
Suggested Readings	146	(1)
On the Web	146	(1)
Individual Participation	147	(24)
A Brief History of the Franchise in the United States	149	(4)
Voting Rights in the Amendment Process	150	(2)
How Voting Rights Spread	152	(1)
Why People Participate: Costs and Benefits	153	(1)
International Comparisons of Voter Turnout	154	(6)
Personal Costs and Benefits: Registration	155	(1)
Election Connection: Nonvoters Who Actually Turned Out	156	(1)
Personal Costs and Benefits: Compulsion	157	(1)
Other Personal Costs and Benefits	157	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Can Voters Speak for Those Who Abstain?	158	(1)
Mobilization and Turnout	159	(1)
Why Has American Turnout Declined?	160	(3)
Declining Personal Benefits	161	(1)
Declining Mobilization	161	(1)
Declining Social Connectedness	162	(1)
Who Votes and Who Doesn't?	163	(1)
Is Low Turnout a Problem?	164	(3)
Three Arguments Why Low Turnout Is Not a Problem	164	(1)
Three Arguments Why Low Turnout Is a Problem	165	(2)
Evaluating the Arguments	167	(1)
Beyond the Voting Booth	167	(2)
Chapter Summary	169	(1)
Key Terms	170	(1)
Suggested Readings	170	(1)
On the Web	170	(1)
Interest-Group Participation in American Democracy	171	(26)
Interest Groups in the United States	173	(3)
Growth and Development of Groups	173	(2)
The Nature and Variety of ``Interest Groups''	175	(1)
Forming and Maintaining Interest Groups	176	(6)
The Free-Rider Problem	177	(1)
Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem	178	(4)
How Interest Groups Influence Government	182	(9)
Lobbying	182	(2)
Grassroots Lobbying	184	(1)
Electioneering and PACs	184	(2)
Persuading the Public	186	(2)
Direct Action	188	(1)
Litigation	188	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Strange Bedfellows: The Battle for Seattle, 1999	189	(1)
Why Groups Use Particular Tactics	190	(1)
How Influential Are Interest Groups?	191	(1)
Subgovernments	191	(1)
Issue Networks	192	(1)
Interest Groups and Democratic Politics	192	(3)
Chapter Summary	195	(1)
Key Terms	195	(1)
Suggested Readings	195	(1)
On the Web	196	(1)
Political Parties	197	(24)
What Parties Do	199	(6)
How Parties Contribute to Democratic Politics	200	(1)
How Parties Detract from Democratic Politics	201	(4)
The Balance Sheet	205	(1)
Political Parties in American History	205	(8)
The Party-Systems Interpretation of American History	206	(6)
Democratic Dilemma: Is Gridlock Necessarily Bad?	212	(1)
Two-Party and Multi-Party Systems	213	(2)
How Strong Are American Parties Today?	215	(4)
The Decline of Party Organizations	216	(1)
The Revival of Party Organizations?	217	(2)
Parties Versus Interest Groups	219	(1)
Chapter Summary	219	(1)
Key Terms	220	(1)
Suggested Readings	220	(1)
On the Web	220	(1)
The Media	221	(32)
Development of the Mass Media	223	(7)
Newspapers and Magazines	223	(2)
Radio	225	(1)
Television	226	(1)
New Media	227	(2)
Government Regulation of the Electronic Media	229	(1)
What Information Sources Do Americans Rely On?	230	(2)
Media Effects	232	(4)
Agenda Setting	232	(1)
Priming and Framing	233	(1)
Socialization	234	(1)
How Strong Are Media Effects?	235	(1)
Media Biases	236	(6)
Ideological Bias	236	(2)
Selection Bias	238	(2)
International Comparison: Aljazeera---Questionable Sources?	240	(1)
Professional Bias	240	(1)
Prospects for Change	241	(1)
The Media and Electoral Politics	242	(3)
Campaign Coverage	242	(1)
The Conventions	243	(1)
The Presidential Debates	244	(1)
Media Coverage of Government	245	(2)
Emphasis on the President (and Other Personalities)	245	(1)
Emphasis on Conflict	245	(2)
Emphasis on the Negative	247	(1)
Exaggerated Concern with the Press	247	(1)
Chapter Summary	247	(1)
Key Terms	248	(1)
Suggested Readings	248	(1)
On the Web	248	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: Cultural Politics in America	249	(4)
PART 3 Campaigns and Elections
Electing the President	253	(28)
Nominating a Presidential Candidate	255	(8)
Caucuses	255	(1)
Election Connection: A 2004 Caucus Experience	256	(1)
Primaries	257	(1)
Evolution of the Nomination Process	257	(1)
Financing Nomination Campaigns	258	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Nomination Process	259	(3)
Who Nominates the Vice-President?	262	(1)
The General Election for President	263	(4)
Financing the General-Election Campaign	263	(1)
Spending in the General-Election Campaign	264	(1)
International Comparison: Campaign Financing in Other Democracies	265	(1)
The Electoral College	266	(1)
Voting Behavior in Presidential Elections	267	(7)
When Americans Decide	267	(1)
How Americans Decide	268	(5)
Limited Media Influence on Presidential Elections	273	(1)
The Contemporary Presidential Election Scene	274	(5)
The 1970s and 1980s: Republican ``Lock''	274	(1)
The 1990s: Democratic Resurgence	275	(3)
The 2000 Election	278	(1)
The 2004 Showdown	279	(1)
Chapter Summary	279	(1)
Key Terms	279	(1)
Suggested Readings	280	(1)
On the Web	280	(1)
Choosing the Congress	281	(30)
The Electoral Evolution of the Congress	283	(2)
Reapportionment and Redistricting	285	(1)
Democratic Dilemma: Why Not Senate Districts?	286	(1)
The Congressional Nomination Process	286	(1)
Contemporary House Elections	287	(7)
Party Decline	288	(1)
Growth in Importance of ``Representative'' Behavior	288	(1)
Expanding Member Resources	289	(1)
Campaign Funds	290	(2)
More Responsive Incumbents	292	(2)
Contemporary Senate Elections	294	(2)
Party Competition	294	(1)
Uncontrolled Information	294	(1)
Better Challengers	295	(1)
High Ambitions	295	(1)
National Forces in Congressional Elections	296	(3)
National Forces in the 1990s: A New Era?	297	(1)
Congressional Elections in the 2000s: Neck and Neck	297	(1)
Why Have National Forces Grown Stronger?	298	(1)
Do Congressional Elections Produce a Representative Body?	299	(5)
Women	300	(1)
Minorities	301	(2)
Elections, Parties, and Group Representation	303	(1)
Chapter Summary	304	(1)
Key Terms	305	(1)
Suggested Readings	305	(1)
On the Web	305	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Funding of Election Campaigns	306	(5)
PART 4 The Government
The Congress and Its Work	311	(24)
Congress---The First Branch	314	(2)
The Organization of Congress	316	(10)
The Congressional Parties	316	(1)
International Comparison: Congress in a Presidential System	317	(3)
The Committee System	320	(5)
Democratic Dilemma: Piles of Pork	325	(1)
Caucuses	326	(1)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	326	(3)
Evaluating Congress	329	(4)
Criticisms of Congress	329	(2)
Why Americans Like Their Members of Congress So Much More Than Congress Itself	331	(1)
Reforming Congress: Limit Their Terms?	332	(1)
Chapter Summary	333	(1)
Key Terms	334	(1)
Suggested Readings	334	(1)
On the Web	334	(1)
The Presidency: Powers and Practice	335	(28)
Presidential Constituencies	337	(2)
National Constituency	337	(1)
Partisan Constituencies	338	(1)
Partisan Support in Congress	338	(1)
Separate Institutions Sharing Power	339	(18)
Democratic Dilemma: Is Divided Government Good or Bad?	340	(1)
The Power to Inform and Persuade	341	(3)
The Veto Power	344	(1)
The Appointment Power	345	(3)
The Power to Recommend	348	(3)
International Comparison: The Chief of State in Other Countries	351	(1)
The President as Chief of State	351	(3)
Inherent Executive Power	354	(2)
The Impeachment Power	356	(1)
Presidential Expectations and Presidential Performance	357	(4)
Presidential Reputations	357	(1)
Presidential Popularity	357	(1)
Great Presidents	358	(3)
Chapter Summary	361	(1)
Key Terms	361	(1)
Suggested Readings	362	(1)
On the Web	362	(1)
The Bureaucracy	363	(32)
The Role of the Bureaucracy	365	(2)
The Bureaucracy Problem	367	(2)
Impossibility of Tasks	367	(1)
Difficulty Measuring Performance	367	(1)
Expansionary Tendencies	368	(1)
Slow to Change	368	(1)
Red Tape	368	(1)
American Bureaucracies: Particularly Political	369	(7)
Difficult Beginnings	370	(1)
Mountains of Patronage	370	(1)
Advantages of the Spoils System	371	(1)
Disadvantages of the Spoils System	372	(1)
Erosion of the Spoils System	373	(1)
Political Appointees Today	374	(1)
International Comparison: Political Versus Professional Bureaucrats	375	(1)
The President and the Bureaucracy	376	(5)
The Cabinet	377	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	378	(2)
Office of Management and Budget	380	(1)
Congress and the Bureaucracy	381	(7)
Senate Confirmations	381	(2)
Agency Reorganization	383	(1)
Legislative Detail	383	(1)
Budgetary Control	384	(1)
Election Connection: Congressional Legislation: A Matter of Detail	385	(1)
Legislative Oversight	385	(1)
Iron Triangles and Issue Networks	386	(2)
Elections and the Bureaucracy	388	(5)
Bureaucratic Secrecy	389	(1)
Bureaucratic Coercion	390	(1)
Agency Expansion	390	(1)
Administrator Caution	391	(1)
Compromised Capacity	391	(1)
Muddling Through	391	(2)
Chapter Summary	393	(1)
Key Terms	393	(1)
Suggested Readings	393	(1)
On the Web	394	(1)
The Courts	395	(38)
State Courts	397	(2)
State Trial Courts: The Judicial Workhorses	397	(2)
Prosecuting State Cases	399	(1)
An Independent and Powerful Federal Judiciary	399	(7)
Tenure and Salary	399	(1)
Judicial Review	400	(1)
Three Theories of Constitutional Interpretation	401	(2)
Judicial Review in Practice	403	(2)
International Comparison: Statutory Interpretation in the United States and Britain	405	(1)
Statutory Interpretation	406	(1)
The Federal Court System in Practice	406	(6)
District Courts	407	(1)
Appeals Courts	408	(1)
Specialized Courts	408	(1)
Selection of Federal Judges	408	(1)
Deciding to Prosecute	409	(1)
Relations Between State and Federal Courts	410	(2)
The Supreme Court	412	(10)
The Politics of Supreme Court Appointments	412	(3)
Election Connection: The Thomas Nomination and the ``Year of the Woman''	415	(1)
Stare Decisis	415	(1)
Certs	416	(1)
The Role of the Chief Justice	417	(1)
The Role of the Solicitor General	418	(1)
The Role of Clerks	418	(1)
Supreme Court Decision Making	419	(2)
Voting on the Supreme Court	421	(1)
Checks on Court Power	422	(1)
Constitutional Amendment	422	(1)
Statutory Revision	422	(1)
Nonimplementation	423	(1)
Litigation as a Political Strategy	423	(1)
Chapter Summary	424	(1)
Key Terms	425	(1)
Suggested Readings	425	(1)
On the Web	426	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of the New Department of Homeland Security	427	(6)
PART 5 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Civil Liberties	433	(30)
Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States	435	(3)
Origins of the Bill of Rights	435	(1)
Few Liberties Before the Civil War	436	(1)
Applying the Bill of Rights to State Governments	437	(1)
Freedom of Speech, Assembly, and Press	438	(8)
Free Speech and Majoritarian Democracy	438	(1)
From ``Bad Tendency'' to ``Clear and Present Danger''	439	(2)
Democratic Dilemma: Do Campus Speech Codes Unduly Restrict Free Speech?	441	(1)
Fighting Words Doctrine	441	(1)
Balancing Doctrine	442	(1)
Fundamental Freedoms Doctrine	442	(2)
Freedom of the Press	444	(1)
Freedom of Association	444	(1)
Limitations on Free Expression	445	(1)
Freedom of Religion	446	(3)
Establishment of Religion Clause	446	(2)
Free Exercise of Religion Clause	448	(1)
Establishment of Religion or Free Exercise?	448	(1)
Law, Order, and the Rights of Suspects	449	(7)
Election Politics and Criminal Justice	449	(1)
International Comparison: United States Has Much Higher Murder, but Not Burglary, Rates Than Most Other Countries	450	(1)
Search and Seizure	451	(1)
Immunity Against Self-Incrimination	452	(1)
Impartial Jury	453	(1)
Legal Counsel	454	(1)
Double Jeopardy	454	(1)
Rights in Practice: Habeas Corpus	454	(1)
Rights in Practice: The Plea Bargain	455	(1)
The Right of Privacy	456	(4)
Regulation of Sexual Behavior	456	(1)
Abortion: Right to Life or Right to Choose?	457	(1)
Privacy in the Information Age	458	(2)
Chapter Summary	460	(1)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Suggested Readings	461	(1)
On the Web	461	(2)
Civil Rights	463	(34)
Origins of Civil Rights	465	(5)
Conflict Over Civil Rights After the Civil War	466	(1)
Early Court Interpretations of Civil Rights	467	(1)
Blacks Get Electoral Power	468	(1)
Awakening the Supreme Court to Civil Rights	469	(1)
Redefining the Equal Protection Clause	470	(9)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas	470	(2)
Civil Rights After Brown	472	(3)
Decline in Strength of the Civil Rights Movement	475	(1)
Supreme Court No Longer Forges Ahead	476	(1)
Affirmative Action	476	(2)
Elections, Courts, and Civil Rights: An Appraisal	478	(1)
Civil Rights of Other Minorities	479	(5)
Latinos	479	(2)
Asian Americans	481	(1)
Gays and Lesbians	482	(1)
Native Americans	483	(1)
Women's Rights	484	(5)
The Right to Equality Before the Law	484	(2)
Initial Court Response to Women's Rights	486	(1)
Discrimination in the Workplace	486	(1)
Sexual Harassment	487	(1)
Single-Sex Schools and Colleges	488	(1)
The Future of Women's Rights	488	(1)
Americans with Disabilities	489	(1)
Chapter Summary	490	(1)
Key Terms	491	(1)
Suggested Readings	491	(1)
On the Web	492	(1)
Voices of the Permanent Campaign: The Politics of the Death Penalty	493	(4)
Appendices
I The Declaration of Independence	497	(4)
II The Constitution of the United States of America	501	(16)
III The Federalist No. 10	517	(5)
IV The Federalist No. 51	522	(4)
V Presidents of the United States of America	526	(2)
Photo Credits	528	(1)
Glossary	529	(8)
Endnotes	537	(28)
Name Index	565	(4)
Subject Index	569