New Bacterial Vaccines

by Ellis, Ronald W.; Brodeur, Bernard R.

• ISBN13: 9780306478321
• ISBN10: 0306478323
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-02-01
• Publisher: Landes Bioscience

Summary

New Bacterial Vaccines focuses upon unfulfilled needs for bacterial vaccines. The increase in drug resistance among many bacterial species has increased the need for new bacterial vaccines. This book serves as a comprehensive reference on the major aspects of developing new bacterial vaccines. The distinctive feature of this book is that it focuses upon new vaccines now under development by reviewing key issues for each vaccine target and new technologies being applied to developing new vaccines. This book should prove useful for students in the life sciences, scientists, developers of vaccines and biotechnology products, clinicians, regulators, and health-care practitioners.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Genomics and Proteomics in Vaccine Design	1	(11)
John L. Telford
Mariagrazia Pizza
Guido Grandi
Rino Rappuoli
A Brief History of Bacterial Vaccines	1	(1)
Genome Technologies in Vaccine Design	2	(2)
From Genome to Vaccine Design	4	(3)
Proteomics in Vaccine Design	7	(1)
Identification of Antigens Important for Infection	8	(1)
Future Prospects	9	(3)
Universal Proteins As an Alternative Bacterial Vaccine Strategy	12	(18)
Bernard R. Brodeur
Denis Martin
Stephane Rioux
Nathalie Charl
Josee Hamel
Introduction	12	(3)
Meningococcal NspA Protein	15	(4)
Group B Streptococcal Sip Protein	19	(7)
Pneumococcal BVH Proteins	26	(2)
Conclusions	28	(2)
DNA Vaccines	30	(15)
John J. Donnelly
Summary	30	(1)
Elements of the Technology	30	(1)
Bacterial Vaccines	31	(2)
Results of Initial Clinical Studies	33	(1)
Adjuvants and Delivery Vehicles for DNA Vaccines	34	(3)
Conclusions	37	(8)
Live, Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine Vectors	45	(18)
Sims K. Kochi
Kevin P. Killeen
Introduction	45	(1)
Live, Attenuated Salmonella Vaccines and Vectors	46	(11)
Summary	57	(6)
Mucosal Immunity	63	(17)
Michael W. Russell
Introduction	63	(2)
Distinct Features of the Mucosal Immune System	65	(3)
Strategies and Routes of Mucosal Immunization	68	(1)
Selected Approaches to Mucosal Immunization	69	(4)
Selected Applications of Mucosal Immunization	73	(1)
The Future for Mucosal Immunization	74	(6)
New Technologies for Bacterial Vaccines	80	(13)
Ronald W. Ellis
Introduction	80	(3)
Live Vaccines	83	(1)
Subunit/Inactivated Vaccines	84	(4)
DNA	88	(1)
Formulation of Antigens	88	(2)
Conclusion	90	(3)
Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae Vaccines	93	(17)
Svend Birkelund
Gunna Christiansen
Summary	93	(1)
Chlamydia Biology and Diseases	93	(1)
Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention	94	(2)
Chlamydia Surface-Exposed Components	96	(2)
Humoral Immune Response to C. trachomatis	98	(1)
Mapping of Neutralizing Epitopes on MOMP with Mouse MAbs	99	(1)
Humoral Immune Response to C. pneumoniae	99	(4)
Cellular Immunity to C. trachomatis, T-Helper Cell Response	103	(1)
Cytotoxic T-Cell Response	103	(1)
Vaccines	103	(1)
Animal Vaccines and Vaccine Studies	104	(1)
Vaccine Development	104	(1)
Conclusion and Perspectives	105	(5)
Escherichia coli Vaccines	110	(18)
Myron M. Levine
Michael S. Donnenberg
Summary	110	(1)
Introduction	110	(1)
Clinical Syndromes and Causative Agents	111	(4)
Vaccine Development Strategies and Experience with Vaccine Candidates	115	(13)
A Vaccine for Gonorrhea	128	(27)
P. Frederick Sparling
Christopher E. Thomas
Weiyan Zhu
Summary	128	(1)
Introduction: Gonorrhea Is a Persistent Clinical Problem	128	(1)
Natural History of Infection	129	(1)
Surface Structures: Variability in Expression and Antigenicity	129	(1)
Key Surface Antigens and Their Roles in Pathogenesis	129	(7)
Stress Proteins	136	(1)
Lessons Learned about Expression of Gonococcal Antigens from Studies of Infection in Patients and Human Volunteers	137	(2)
Summary: Pathogenic Strategies Employed by Gonococci during Infection	139	(1)
The Immune Response	140	(2)
Animal Models for Studying Vaccines	142	(1)
Possible Vaccine Candidates	142	(1)
Questions	143	(2)
Conclusions	145	(10)
Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Research: Historical Synopsis and New Insights	155	(19)
Sean D. Reid
Kimmo Virtaneva
James M. Musser
Group A Streptococcus Distribution, Disease Complexity, Resurgence and Impact	155	(1)
Disease in the United States and Other Western Countries	155	(1)
Resurgence of Invasive Disease	156	(1)
Replacement of Gas M Protein Serotype in Host Populations	157	(1)
Gas Disease in Developing Countries	157	(1)
Historical Account of Early Gas Vaccine Efforts	158	(1)
Protective Immunity by Type-Specific IgG	158	(1)
Nontype-Specific Protection and Mucosal Immunity	159	(1)
Additional Gas Vaccine Candidates	160	(3)
Gas Mediated Autoimmunity in Human Infection	163	(1)
Newly Described Extracellular Proteins and Antigens of Gas	163	(2)
Post Genomic Strategies to Study Host-Pathogen Interactions	165	(2)
Final Comments	167	(7)
Academic Pursuits of Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus	174	(18)
Lawrence C. Paoletti
Introduction	174	(1)
Ecological Niches of GBS	174	(1)
Epidemiology of GBS Disease	174	(2)
GBS Targets of Protective Immunity	176	(2)
Clinical Trials with GBS Vaccines	178	(6)
Target Populations to Receive GBS Vaccines	184	(1)
Future of GBS Vaccine Research and Implementation	185	(1)
Summary	186	(6)
Helicobacter pylori Vaccines	192	(10)
Gabriela Garcia
Jacques Pappo
Summary	192	(1)
Host Immune Program and Disease Pathogenesis	192	(1)
Raison D'etre for Vaccination	193	(1)
Surrogate Models of Human Vaccine Efficacy	193	(2)
Vaccine Effector Pathways and Post-Immunization Gastritis	195	(1)
H. pylori Vaccine Targeting and Antigen Discovery	196	(1)
Clinical Trials	197	(5)
Lyme Disease Vaccine	202	(15)
Janine Evans
Erol Fikrig
Epidemiology and Ecology	202	(1)
Bacteriology	203	(2)
Animal Models	205	(1)
Pathogenesis	205	(1)
Immunologic Response to the Spirochete	206	(1)
Immunization	207	(1)
Mode of Action	208	(1)
Human Trials	208	(2)
Additional Considerations	210	(1)
Future Vaccines	211	(1)
Note	212	(5)
Moraxella catarrhalis	217	(12)
Timothy F. Murphy
Introduction	217	(1)
Infections Caused by Moraxella catarrhalis	217	(2)
Epidemiology and Respiratory Tract Colonization	219	(1)
Immune Response to Infection	219	(1)
Animal Models	220	(1)
Vaccine Development	221	(3)
Future Directions	224	(5)
Neisseria meningitidis Vaccines	229	(15)
Carl E. Frasch
Margaret C. Bash
Summary	229	(1)
Introduction	229	(1)
Immunobiology of Meningococcal Infection	230	(2)
Strategies for New Vaccines	232	(1)
Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines	232	(4)
Vaccines for Group B	236	(2)
Genomics As a Vaccine Approach	238	(1)
Prospects for the Next Five Years	239	(5)
A Vaccine for Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae	244	(16)
Allan W. Cripps
Jennelle M. Kyd
Summary	244	(1)
NTHI Infections and Disease	244	(4)
Vaccination Strategies for Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae	248	(1)
Potential Vaccine Candidates	249	(3)
Conclusions and Future Directions	252	(8)
Vaccines for Pseudomonas aeruginosa	260	(23)
Gregory P. Priebe
Gerald B. Pier
Secreted Products: Exotoxin A, Alkaline Protease, Elastase	260	(2)
LPS	262	(3)
Mucoid Exopolysaccharide (MEP)	265	(1)
Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs)	266	(1)
Flagella	267	(1)
Pili	268	(1)
Components of the Type III Secretion System	268	(1)
Other Aspects of Immunity to P. aeruginosa	269	(3)
Vaccine Approaches to Elicit Antibody-Mediated and Cell-Mediated Immunity	272	(1)
Considerations and Conclusions	273	(10)
Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine	283	(11)
Jean C. Lee
Summary	283	(1)
Introduction	283	(1)
Capsular Polysaccharide (CP)	284	(4)
Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin)	288	(1)
Protein Vaccines	288	(2)
Toxoids	290	(1)
Conclusion	291	(3)
Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines	294	(17)
James C. Paton
David E. Briles
Abstract	294	(1)
Introduction	294	(1)
Polysaccharide Vaccines	295	(2)
Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccines	297	(3)
Purified Protein Vaccines	300	(3)
Combination Protein Vaccines	303	(1)
Mucosal Vaccination Strategies	304	(1)
DNA Vaccines	305	(1)
Concluding Remarks	305	(6)
New Generation Tuberculosis Vaccines for Targeted Populations	311	(15)
Uli Fruth
Michael J. Brennan
Mycobacterial Pathogenesis	311	(1)
Host Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis	312	(1)
The Problem of Persistent Infection with M. tuberculosis	313	(1)
Lessons Learned from BCG Vaccine	314	(1)
Improving the BCG Vaccine	315	(1)
Novel Vaccine Approaches	316	(3)
Preclinical Testing of New TB Vaccines	319	(1)
TB Vaccines for Targeted Populations	320	(1)
Progress Towards the Clinical Investigation of Novel TB Vaccines	320	(1)
Summary	321	(5)
Typhoid Vaccines	326	(13)
Deborah House
Gordon Dougan
Introduction	326	(1)
Epidemiology	326	(1)
Licensed Typhoid Vaccines	327	(4)
New Typhoid Vaccines	331	(2)
The Future	333	(6)
Vaccines against Vibrio cholerae	339	(12)
James D. Campbell
James B. Kaper
Overview	339	(1)
Immunobiology	340	(1)
Strategies for a Cholera Vaccine Based on Epidemiology and Immunobiology	341	(1)
Efforts to Date	342	(3)
The Future	345	(6)
Index	351