New Frontiers in Banking

by Anderloni, Luisa; Braga, Maria Debora; Carluccio, Emanuele Maria

• ISBN13: 9783540464976
• ISBN10: 3540464972
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-03
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The book is devoted to a subject which deserves growing attention from policy makers, financial operators and academics. It is the issue of unbanking or underbanking!With respect to this, the goal of the authors has been that of highlighting both in a theoretic framework and through the study of the main experiences investigated on field, the need/the opportunity for banks, financial institutions, public authorities and non for profit associations to devote more efforts in understanding the problem of financial exclusion in order to offer to low-moderate-income people (LMI people) new opportunities of accessing financial services (banking, credit and investment services).

Table of Contents

Preface	p. V
List of Contributions	p. VII
Introduction	p. 1
Access to Bank Accounts and Payment Services	p. 5
Introduction: Financial Exclusion	p. 5
Interests, Concerns and Possible Solutions	p. 11
General Trends	p. 11
Underbanked Individuals and Fringe Banks	p. 15
Over-Indebtedness	p. 16
Financial Literacy	p. 21
The Service of General Interest Mission and the Community-Based Approach	p. 22
Concerns and Possible Solutions	p. 29
The Issue of Measurement and Comparative Analysis	p. 30
Types of Response	p. 35
Case Studies	p. 43
Europe	p. 43
The Situation Overseas	p. 69
Result from a Survey in France, Italy and Spain	p. 84
Conclusions and Future Perspectives	p. 95
References	p. 99
Access to Credit: the Difficulties of Households	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
The Use of Credit by Households	p. 108
The Questionnaire Survey	p. 112
A Theoretical Framework for Credit Exclusion	p. 117
The Role of Credit to Overcome Social Exclusion	p. 117
Economic Rationales for Credit Exclusion	p. 118
Beating Credit Exclusion	p. 123
Lending to Households: a Profitable Business Area	p. 124
Reducing the Costs and Risks Associated with Households Loans	p. 128
A Wider Scope for Not-For-Profit Intermediaries and Organizations	p. 132
Conclusions and Policy Implications	p. 134
References	p. 137
Access to Investments and Asset Building for Low Income People	p. 141
Saving and Asset Accumulation for LMIs: Theoretic Framework	p. 141
The USA Experience with the Individual Development Accounts (IDAs)	p. 145
Features of the IDA Accounts/Programs	p. 145
Stakeholders of the IDA Accounts/Programs	p. 154
Funding of the IDA Accounts/Programs	p. 159
Saving and Asset Accumulation with Tax Refunds	p. 162
The British Experience with the Child Trust Fund and the Savings Gateway	p. 165
Conclusions	p. 172
References and Bibliography	p. 173
Appendix - Comment on Data About the "Access to Investment Services"	p. 178
Appendix to Part I - Methodological Notes to the Field Research in France, Italy and Spain	p. 183
What Are the Specific Economic Gains from Improved Financial Inclusion? A Tentative Methodology for Estimating These Gains	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Defining Financial Exclusion	p. 192
European Evidence on Exclusion	p. 193
Market Context and European Policy Responses	p. 195
From Exclusion to Inclusion - Identifying the Costs and Benefits	p. 199
Measuring the Economic Gains from Improved Financial Inclusion	p. 207
Conclusion	p. 209
References and Bibliography	p. 210
From Financial Exclusion to Overindebtedness: the Paradox of Difficulties for People on Low Incomes?	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
A Definition of Financial Exclusion as a Social Phenomenon	p. 215
Return to the Definitions of Financial Exclusion	p. 215
Use Difficulties	p. 217
Financial Exclusion and Social Exclusion: Moving Towards an Overall Definition	p. 219
Access and Use of Credit: the Importance of Social Constraints	p. 221
The Financialisation of Social Relations	p. 222
Use of Credit as a Forced Response to Life Risks	p. 224
The Mechanisms Underlying Access and Use Difficulties	p. 227
The Reasons for the Banking Relationship	p. 228
The Need for Suitable Advice to Customers on Limited Incomes	p. 231
Banking Imperatives Versus Customisation of the Service	p. 233
Standardisation of the Service that Is the Source of Access and Use Difficulties, and Therefore of Overindebtedness	p. 236
Conclusion	p. 241
References	p. 243
The Role of German Savings Banks in Preventing Financial Exclusion	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Savings Banks as a Part of the German Banking System	p. 249
The Three-Pillar Structure of the German Banking System	p. 249
Key Facts of the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe	p. 251
Relationships Between Municipalities and the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe	p. 252
Recent Developments Affecting the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe	p. 253
Is the Public Mandate of the Savings Banks Obsolete or a Successful Strategy to Prevent Financial Exclusion?	p. 254
Stipulations of the Public Mandate of German Savings Banks	p. 254
Provision of Basic Banking Services	p. 256
Nationwide Provision of Financial Services	p. 257
Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises	p. 259
Encouraging the Accumulation of Wealth and Financial Education	p. 261
Future Outlook on the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe	p. 262
References	p. 265
Economic Growth and Financial Inclusion: the Case of Poland	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Transformation of the Polish Banking Sector and Provision of Banking Services	p. 273
Provision of Banking Services to Households and Corporations	p. 282
Models of Bank Services to SME	p. 287
Barriers to Providing Banking Services to SME: Results of Bank Surveys	p. 290
Conclusions	p. 294
References	p. 297
Italian Banks' Credit Approach Towards Low-Income Consumers and Microenterprises: Is There a Bias Against Some Segments of Customers?	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Methodologies of Credit Risk Measurement: Credit Scoring Models	p. 302
The Choice of Highly Explanatory Variables	p. 305
Strengths and Weaknesses of Credit Scoring	p. 307
The Effects of the Adoption of Credit Scoring on a Marginal Borrower's Credit Process	p. 310
The Experiences of Some Italian Banks	p. 313
Conclusions	p. 318
References	p. 319
Banking the Poor: Policies to Bring Low- and Moderate-Income Households in the United States into the Financial Mainstream	p. 323
The "Unbanked" and the "Underbanked"	p. 323
The Alternative Financial Sector	p. 324
The Costs of Being Unbanked	p. 326
The Banking Sector	p. 327
Barriers to Banking the Poor	p. 327
Governmental Policy and Private Sector Innovation	p. 329
Payments Systems and Distribution Networks	p. 333
Checks and Debit Cards	p. 333
ATMs	p. 335
Direct Deposit and Bill Payment	p. 337
Transforming Financial Services for the Poor	p. 339
A New First Accounts Tax Credit	p. 339
The Community Reinvestment Act	p. 344
State Policies and Welfare Reform	p. 345
Financial Education	p. 345
Reforming the Alternative Financial Sector	p. 346
Conclusion	p. 349
References	p. 350
Migrants and Remittances	p. 353
Migration Phenomena: Modern-Day Elements of an Ancient Phenomenon	p. 353
The Risk of Financial Exclusion Within a Broader Perspective	p. 355
Migration Phases and Personal Variables as Key Elements of Financial Needs	p. 356
Demand for Financial Services Aimed at Immigrants	p. 357
Migrant Remittance Behaviour	p. 365
Conclusions	p. 368
References	p. 370
Conclusions	p. 373
Editors and Contributing Authors	p. 377
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