A New History of Ireland, Volume I Prehistoric and Early Ireland

by Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí

• ISBN13: 9780198217374
• ISBN10: 0198217374
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-28
• Publisher: Clarendon Press

Summary

In this first volume of the Royal Irish Academy's multi-volume A New History of Ireland a wide range of national and international scholars, in every field of study, have produced studies of the archaeology, art, culture, geography, geology, history, language, law, literature, music, and related topics that include surveys of all previous scholarship combined with the latest research findings, to offer readers the first truly comprehensive and authoritative account of Irish history from the dawn of time down to the coming of the Normans in 1169. Included in the volume is a comprehensive bibliography of all the themes discussed in the narrative, together with copious illustrations and maps, and a thorough index.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xxviii
Maps	xxxi
Plates	xxxii
Line Drawings and Text Figures	xl
Abbreviations and Conventions	xliv
Introduction: Prehistoric and Early Ireland	lvii
T. M. Charles-Edwards
The Geographical Element in Irish History	1	(31)
J. H. Andrews
The maritime boundary: insularity	1	(2)
Size	3	(1)
Climate and agriculture	4	(1)
Settlement patterns	5	(2)
Centralisation	7	(1)
Regions: provinces	8	(1)
The central lowland	9	(2)
Eastern Ireland	11	(4)
Settlement and altitude	12	(2)
The Pale	14	(1)
The south-east/ north-west divide	15	(2)
Ulster; the link with Scotland	17	(4)
The effects of plantation	19	(1)
Topography and religion	20	(1)
Munster; access by sea	21	(6)
Dairying, settlement, and disturbance	24	(3)
The west: a `native enclosure'	27	(4)
Regional poverty	28	(2)
Congestion; language	30	(1)
Insularity and nationality	31	(1)
The Physical Environment	32	(17)
J. P. Haughton
Location, dimension, and environments	32	(2)
Relief	34	(1)
Effects of glaciation	35	(4)
Regional divisions	39	(1)
Caledonian uplands: Donegal and Connacht	40	(1)
Caledonian hills and lowlands: the east	41	(2)
Hercynian ranges: the south	43	(2)
North-eastern basalt	45	(1)
Central lowlands	46	(3)
The drumlin belt	48	(1)
Ireland Before 3000 B.C.	49	(20)
M. J. O'Kelly
The quaternary era: glaciation	49	(2)
The great interglacial; subsequent glaciations	51	(3)
Late glacial time, 13,54--8500 B.C.	54	(1)
Post-glacial time	55	(1)
Land connections: plants, animals, and man in Ireland	56	(1)
Toome Bay	57	(2)
`Larnian' culture	59	(6)
Mesolithic settlement: Mount Sandel	65	(4)
Lough Boora	66	(1)
Other sites	67	(2)
Neolithic Ireland	69	(29)
M. J. O'Kelly
Agriculture and houses	69	(1)
Axe factories	70	(2)
Introduction of agriculture	72	(1)
The settlement at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick	73	(5)
Court tombs	78	(2)
Portal tombs: Meath; Sligo	80	(4)
Passage-tombs	84	(2)
Wedge-tombs	86	(3)
Tomb-building and neolithic society	89	(4)
Standing stones and alignments	93	(1)
`Passage-tomb art'	93	(3)
`Rock art'	96	(2)
Bronze-Age Ireland	98	(36)
M. J. O'Kelly
Beaker ware	98	(3)
Weapons and tools: the Newgrange settlement	101	(1)
Beaker burials: the Grange stone circle	102	(2)
Food vessels: cremations; cairns	104	(2)
Urns and urn burials	106	(4)
Stone circles	110	(2)
Late bronze-age burial sites	112	(4)
Ballinderry, Co. Offaly; crannogs	114	(2)
Metal-working: innovations c. 1200 B.C.	116	(1)
Mining; furnaces	117	(2)
Tin and trade	119	(1)
Casting	119	(2)
Axes	121	(2)
Halberds and daggers	123	(3)
Rapiers, razors, spears	126	(1)
Gold objects	127	(2)
The later bronze age, 1200--200 B.C.; Ireland's `first golden age'	129	(5)
Iron-Age Ireland	134	(48)
Barry Raftery
The spread of iron in Europe	134	(1)
Irish metal-working	135	(1)
The introduction of iron-working to Ireland	136	(2)
The end of the bronze age	138	(1)
The rise of La Tene culture: the Celts	139	(1)
La Tene comes to Ireland, c.300 B.C.	140	(6)
Lisnacrogher, Co. Antrim	141	(4)
Continental origin? La Tene as a strand in the Irish iron age	145	(1)
Weapons; chariots	146	(2)
Dress-fasteners; personal ornaments	148	(3)
The Broighter hoard	151	(1)
Querns; food production	152	(1)
Animal husbandry	153	(1)
House-types; material culture	154	(2)
Bronze trumpets	156	(1)
Metal-working; enamel	157	(1)
`Lough Crew' decoration; decorated stones	158	(3)
Ringforts	161	(1)
Hillforts	162	(1)
Promontory forts	163	(1)
Limits of knowledge	164	(2)
The `royal sites': Tara, Navan Fort, Dun Ailinne	166	(3)
Trackways and linear earthworks	169	(2)
Burials: ringbarrow sites	171	(2)
Age at death	173	(1)
Contact with Roman Europe: refugees and merchants	174	(2)
A military expedition?	176	(1)
Roman finds in Ireland	177	(3)
An unravelled tapestry	180	(2)
Ireland, 400--800	182	(53)
Daibhi O Croinin
`The foolish Irish race, forgetful of its history...'	182	(1)
The success of synthetic history	183	(3)
Origin legends	186	(1)
The pentarchy	187	(1)
Leinster: the Dal Messin Corb; the Ui Garrchon	188	(13)
The Ui Dunlainge and Ui Cennselaig	190	(1)
Mac Cairthinn; the Ui Failgi	191	(2)
The Ui Bairrche	193	(2)
Timna Cathair Mair	195	(2)
The seventh century	197	(3)
Ui Dunlainge monopoly of the kingship, 738--1042	200	(1)
Dominance of the Ui Neill	201	(1)
Ui Neill origins	202	(5)
Loeguire; Coirpre; Muirchertach Mac Ercae	205	(2)
Midland kingdoms of the southern Ui Neill	207	(3)
The Clann Cholmain Mair and Sil nAedo Slaine	208	(2)
Ui Neill hegemony in the northern half of Ireland	210	(2)
Ulster: the survival of Ulaid power	212	(9)
Dal Fiatach; Dal nAraidi	213	(2)
Baetan mac Cairill	215	(3)
Battle of Mag Roth (637): the end of Ulaid hopes of recovery	218	(2)
Buffer kingdoms; the contraction of Ulster	220	(1)
Munster: the Eoganachta	221	(6)
Imblech Ibair; the Muscraige	222	(2)
West Munster: the Eoganachta Locha Lein	224	(2)
Munster self-assurance and Ui Neill ambition	226	(1)
Connacht: lack of a strong tradition of over-kingship	227	(8)
North Connacht: the Ui Fiachrach	228	(1)
The Ui Neill and Connacht	229	(1)
The Ui Briuin	230	(1)
The Calraige; the Ui Maine	231	(2)
Consolidation of Ui Briuin power	233	(2)
The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland, c.400--1169: Settlement and Economy	235	(66)
Nancy Edwards
The extent and role of archaeological evidence	235	(1)
The archaeological study of early medieval Ireland since the 1830s	236	(2)
Excavation	237	(1)
Radiocarbon dating; dendrochronology; air photography	237	(1)
An expanding database	238	(1)
Settlement: regional variation, land, building materials	238	(1)
Ringforts: raths	238	(11)
Cashels	242	(3)
Purpose and construction	245	(1)
Internal structures	245	(3)
Houses associated with cashels	248	(1)
Rectangular houses	249	(1)
Souterrains	249	(3)
Buildings inside ringforts; external enclosures	252	(2)
Promontory forts	254	(1)
Crannogs: distribution; construction; access	255	(5)
Buildings in crannogs	258	(1)
Functions and context	259	(1)
Other settlement sites; stone houses	260	(1)
Wooden houses	261	(1)
Settlements in the landscape	261	(2)
Archaeology and farming	263	(2)
Livestock and other domestic animals	265	(2)
Tillage: cereals	267	(6)
Ploughing	268	(1)
Reaping, winnowing, and storage	269	(1)
Watermills and querns	270	(2)
Other cultivated plants	272	(1)
Hunting, fishing, and gathering	273	(2)
The archaeological picture of early farming	275	(1)
Crafts: wood; tools and utensils	276	(14)
Stone and related materials	278	(1)
Products from animals and plants	279	(2)
Textiles	281	(2)
Metalworking	283	(4)
Glass and enamel	287	(1)
Pottery	288	(2)
Exchange and trade	290	(6)
Wealth	292	(3)
The viking impact	295	(1)
The chronological framework	296	(5)
The Church in Irish Society, 400--800	301	(30)
Kathleen Hughes
The influence of romanised Gaul	301	(2)
Palladius, Auxerre, and southern Ireland	302	(1)
The influence of Roman Britain	303	(3)
Pelagian controversy; Patrick and the north	305	(1)
The evidence of annals and genealogies for the arrival of Christianity	306	(2)
The early church: Patrick's writings	308	(2)
The pre-monastic church outside secular society	309	(1)
The first phase, c. 400--500	310	(1)
The coming of monasticism	311	(2)
Role of the abbot; organisation; the paruchia	312	(1)
Endowment of bishoprics and monasteries	313	(1)
Manaig	313	(1)
Literary evidence	314	(1)
The position c.700: adjustment to the secular law	315	(4)
Monastic towns; changes in the position of abbots	316	(1)
Monastic war and internal contention; Armagh	317	(2)
Revival of asceticism: the celi De; prayer and learning	319	(1)
A healthy and accepted church, c.800	320	(1)
Spirituality: the evangelism of Patrick	321	(4)
The pilgrim life abroad; Columbanus	322	(1)
Spiritual exercise; prayer; penance	323	(2)
The Easter controversy	325	(1)
An archaic church; Latin	326	(5)
Biblical commentary	327	(2)
Literature: adapted importations; apocrypha and invention	329	(2)
Early Irish Law	331	(40)
T. M. Charles-Edwards
Written sources as evidence; texts and commentaries	331	(1)
Legislation	332	(2)
The cain: clerical law and royal edict	334	(3)
Chance survival of documents	337	(1)
The tract-compilation `Senchas Mar'	337	(5)
Contents	338	(1)
Subject-matter	339	(2)
The legal shape of society: law and Irish life	341	(1)
Courts and authority	342	(1)
Dating the Senchas Mar. Thurneysen's case	342	(7)
Style as a criterion	344	(1)
The `Bretha Nemed'	345	(3)
Binchy's view: modest beginnings before general acceptance	348	(1)
Legal schools	349	(1)
Learned professions; druid, fili, and brithem	350	(2)
Legal tradition and the Christian church	352	(13)
Written law: the influence of Latin	356	(1)
Clientship: the `jubilee' and the influence of Mosaic law	357	(4)
Iudex and brithem	361	(1)
The `Corpus iuris Hibernensis'	362	(3)
Distinction and overlap	365	(1)
Rights, obligations, and legal tools	366	(2)
Law as a historical source	368	(1)
The brief era of written law	369	(2)
Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169	371	(34)
Daibhi O Croinin
Christianity and the introduction of Latin	371	(1)
The first phase: Patrick and Palladius	372	(1)
The second phase: predominant monastic influence	373	(3)
Columbanus	374	(2)
Elementary instruction in Latin	376	(1)
The comprehensiveness of Irish learning in Latin	377	(1)
The south midlands group: Cummian, Laidcend, Beccan	378	(3)
Hiberni and Romani	381	(1)
Bernhard Bischoff and Irish exegesis	382	(1)
Foreign visitors to Irish schools; the `Hisperica Famina'	383	(1)
Hagiography: Cogitosus, Tirechan, Adomnan	384	(3)
Seventh-century exegesis, computus, and grammar	387	(3)
Virgilius Maro grammaticus	388	(2)
The influence of Isidore of Seville; other works from Spain	390	(1)
The flowering of verse composition	391	(1)
The `Collectio canonum Hibernensis'; Cu Chuimne	391	(2)
Colman, Cellanus, and others	392	(1)
Biblical commentary; the Reference Bible	393	(1)
Irish scholars and their reputations abroad	394	(9)
Sedulius	397	(2)
Eriugena	399	(2)
Israel; Marianus	401	(2)
The twelfth century: end of the golden age of Hiberno-Latin	403	(2)
`What Was Best of Every Language': The Early History of the Irish Language	405	(46)
Paul Russell
Irish, the `selected language'	405	(2)
The naming of the language	407	(1)
Geographical spread; input from other languages	408	(2)
Early evidence: Ptolemy's map; Ogam inscriptions	410	(2)
Manuscripts: Old Irish	412	(2)
Middle Irish	413	(1)
Orthography: Ogam script	414	(6)
Insular Latin script; British spelling system	415	(3)
Vowel length; consonants	418	(2)
The Celtic languages: insular and continental	420	(3)
Verbal morphology: the gap in attestation dates	421	(1)
Sound changes in Proto-Celtic	422	(1)
Goidelic and Brittonic: lenition	423	(6)
Palatalised consonants	426	(3)
Developments within Old and Middle Irish	429	(5)
Nominal declension	429	(2)
`Absolute' and `conjunct' distinctions in verbs	431	(2)
Redevelopments of the verbal system in Middle Irish	433	(1)
Vocabulary	434	(5)
The example of mac(c)	434	(2)
Loanwords from Latin and viking sources	436	(2)
Calques	438	(1)
Dialectal variation	439	(4)
Relative clauses	441	(1)
Standard and non-standard terms	442	(1)
A register of non-dialectal language	443	(3)
Models for a high literary register: Latin	446	(2)
Early distinctions between types of language	448	(3)
Language and Literature to 1169	451	(60)
James Carney
The poetic order: origin, status, and functions	451	(3)
The church	454	(1)
Poetry, c.500--1200	454	(6)
Forms	454	(2)
Immediacy and universality	456	(1)
Metaphor; standardised language	456	(2)
Early verse; dindshechus; official compositions	458	(2)
The impact of Genesis: `Lebor Gabala Erenn'	460	(4)
Fomairi and Tuatha De	461	(3)
Mythological tales: `Cath Maige Tuired'	464	(4)
`Tochmarc Etaine'	466	(2)
The Ulster--Connacht tales: `Tain Bo Cuailnge'	468	(10)
Associated tales	472	(1)
Historical basis of the `Tain'; oral tradition	473	(2)
O'Rahilly's interpretation	475	(3)
Later cycles	478	(1)
The Leinster and midland tradition; scelshenchus	479	(6)
`Togail Bruidne Da Derga'	483	(2)
The Munster tradition	485	(2)
Cormac mac Cuilennainn	486	(1)
Other compositions	487	(1)
The Finn cycle	487	(4)
`Acallam na Senorach'; `Duanaire Finn'	489	(2)
The literature of Christianity	491	(9)
Glosses and commentaries	491	(1)
Hagiographical material: Lives; `The monastery of Tallaght'	492	(3)
Verse on scriptural and ecclesiastical themes: Blathmac	495	(1)
`Felire Oengusso'	495	(3)
`Saltair na Rann'; apocrypha, etc.	498	(2)
Tale-types: echtrae, `expedition'	500	(9)
Fis, `vision'	502	(1)
Immram, `voyage': Bran	502	(5)
Mael Duin	507	(2)
Versions of classical and post-classical texts	509	(2)
Manuscripts and Palaeography	511	(38)
William O'Sullivan
Palaeography versus art history	511	(1)
Irish or Anglo-Saxon?	511	(2)
E. A. Lowe, Julian Brown, and Malcolm Parkes	513	(2)
Calfskin and sheepskin; roll and codex	515	(2)
Britain as the source of Irish script	517	(1)
Development of script: from rustic to half-uncial	517	(1)
Early Irish half-uncial: `Usserianus Primus', the Milan Basilius, and the Springmount tablets	518	(2)
The Bobbio manuscripts; Luxeuil script	520	(1)
The earliest insular majuscule: the Cathach and the Milan Orosius	521	(2)
Wilfrid, Willibrord, and the origins of insular minuscule	523	(2)
The Echternach, MacDurnan, and Durham Gospels	523	(2)
The Maeseyck and Lindisfarne Gospels	525	(1)
The Book of Durrow; the Turin Gospels	526	(2)
The Book of Kells	528	(3)
The Garland of Howth	531	(1)
The Cotton and Southampton Psalters	532	(1)
The Psalter of St Caimin; the Cormac Psalter	532	(1)
The Stowe Missal, St Gall Gospels, and Reichenau fragment	533	(1)
The Antiphonary of Bangor; Adomnan's Life of Columba	534	(1)
Pocket Gospels; Book of Dimma, Book of Mulling, Book of Armagh	535	(2)
The scribe Ferdomnach; the MacDurnan Gospels	536	(1)
Irish copies of Priscian's grammar	537	(1)
The tenth century	538	(1)
A late-tenth-century renaissance?	539	(1)
Survival of insular scripts in Ireland	540	(1)
Wales and Scotland	541	(1)
Eleventh-century manuscripts by Irish scribes	541	(4)
Native learning in Irish: the Book of Armagh; Leabhar na hUidhre	545	(3)
The Book of Glendalough; the Book of Leinster	546	(1)
The Annals of Inisfallen; charters in the Book of Kells	547	(1)
An outline of development	548	(1)
Ireland c.800: Aspects of Society	549	(60)
Donnchadh O Corrain
Woods, bogs, and clearances	549	(1)
Settlements: ringforts	550	(3)
Cashels, crannogs, souterrains, and enclosure buildings	551	(2)
Ownership and use of land: the derbfine	553	(4)
Timber; fences	554	(1)
Arable and pasture; subdivision	555	(2)
A prosperous community: the Cush site	557	(11)
Implements; manure	558	(1)
Cereals	559	(2)
Harvesting and storage	561	(1)
Querns and watermills	562	(4)
Vegetables; beans and peas; flax; apples	566	(2)
Livestock and dairying	568	(7)
Raiding for cattle	569	(1)
Grazing, herding, and shelter	570	(1)
Fodder	571	(1)
Milk and milk products	572	(2)
Pigs	574	(1)
Sheep	574	(1)
Food supply and famine	575	(2)
Livestock epidemics and shortage of fodder	576	(1)
Effects on society: status, migration, and violence against churches	577	(5)
Life-expectancy; population changes; epidemics	578	(1)
Public anxiety; visions and the supernatural	579	(3)
Orthodox religion and social order: the cana	582	(2)
The churches in the eighth and ninth centuries: power and influence	584	(6)
Hereditary succession in the church	585	(3)
Monastic independence; dynastic mainstream	588	(2)
Churches and law: assimilation to secular society	590	(8)
Contract between church and laity; pastoral care	594	(4)
Monastic towns and paruchiae	598	(3)
Monastic war	600	(1)
Small churches	601	(4)
Varieties of religious practice; asceticism; the celi De	605	(2)
The diversity of the church in Irish society	607	(2)
The Viking Age	609	(26)
F. J. Byrne
The vikings in Irish and Norse sources	609	(1)
First phase, 794--836: isolated peripheral raids	610	(1)
Second phase, 837--73: major incursions	611	(3)
The general European crisis of the 830s	613	(1)
The high-kingship of Mael Sechnaill	614	(4)
Viking fortified camps: Dunrally	615	(1)
Norse--Irish alliances	616	(1)
Mael Sechnaill opposed by the Ui Neill	617	(1)
Pirates or merchants?	618	(1)
Viking settlements: siting on provincial borders	619	(1)
Scandinavian and Irish society	620	(1)
Towns	620	(1)
The Scandinavian peoples: homelands and contacts	620	(4)
Sweden; Denmark; the common `Danish language'	622	(1)
Norway	623	(1)
Ships and voyages	624	(1)
Literature	625	(1)
The reputation of the vikings	626	(1)
The Scandinavians who were not vikings	627	(1)
Pre-Christian religion	628	(2)
Appendix: Old Norse borrowings into Irish	630	(5)
Place-names of Norse origin	631	(4)
The Irish Church, 800--c.1050	635	(21)
Kathleen Hughes
An established church in a stable society	635	(1)
Varieties of monastic government	636	(1)
Attacks by laymen	637	(1)
Viking warfare: plunder, enslavement, and slaughter	638	(1)
The effects of viking attacks on churches	639	(1)
Legal and institutional effects: end of the cana	640	(4)
Increase in pluralism	641	(1)
Combination of royal office and monastic appointment	642	(1)
Suspension of monastic warfare	643	(1)
Spiritual and intellectual life: scholars on the Continent	644	(2)
Irish overtakes Latin as a scholarly language	645	(1)
The tenth century: lessening of viking pressure	646	(2)
Assimilation of viking and Irish society	646	(1)
Monastic warfare resumes	646	(1)
Aggrandisement of major monastic houses: Armagh	647	(1)
Pluralism declines	648	(1)
The blurring of divisions between church and secular society	648	(1)
Literature: lyric poetry	649	(6)
History: the accommodation of native tradition with biblical accounts	650	(1)
The `Sanas Cormaic'	651	(2)
Voyage tales	653	(1)
Saints' Lives: Patrick in the `Tripartite Life'	654	(1)
A growing need for reform	655	(1)
Church and Politics, c.750--c.1100	656	(24)
F. J. Byrne
Ferdomnach and the Book of Armagh	656	(1)
Repromulgation of the Law of Patrick in the North	657	(3)
Southern Brega	658	(1)
Mide and Munster	659	(1)
Dub da Leithe and the abbacy of Armagh	659	(1)
Connacht	660	(1)
Clonmacnoise; ecclesiastical battles	660	(1)
Dynastic succession	661	(1)
The Book of Armagh	662	(1)
The foundation of Kells, 807	663	(2)
The Columban community in Scotland; Dunkeld	665	(1)
Attempts to revive Iona as head of a united Columban church	665	(2)
Slane; Louth	667	(2)
Monastic families and lay dynasties	669	(1)
Secularisation and the Culdee reaction	670	(1)
Kildare and the kings of Leinster	671	(4)
Armagh: the achievement of the Clann Sinaig abbots	675	(3)
Family influence and celibacy: Iona	678	(1)
Bangor and Down	678	(1)
Clonmacnoise	679	(1)
Visual Arts and Society	680	(34)
Hilary Richardson
The flowering of Irish art	680	(1)
Isolation and stability: the survival of Celtic genius	681	(1)
The viking and Carolingian eras: turmoil and innovation	681	(1)
Christianity and prehistoric tradition	681	(7)
Megalithic decoration	682	(1)
La Tene decoration	683	(2)
Compass-drawn curves in Christian work	685	(2)
Cu Chulainn's shield: elusion in Celtic art	687	(1)
The church: a new patron for artists	688	(1)
Early evidence for design: metalwork	688	(2)
Problems of dating; the chance of survival	689	(1)
Spirituality: Christian reuse of Celtic themes	690	(1)
Carved wood; paintings	691	(1)
Metalwork; enamel	692	(1)
Millefiori; brooches	693	(1)
Cloisonne; hanging bowls	694	(2)
Reliquaries and shrines	696	(2)
Iona and the cultural milieu of the Scotti	698	(1)
Manuscripts and illumination	698	(4)
The increasing importance of decoration	700	(1)
Scribes and script	700	(2)
The Ardagh chalice; the Derrynavlan hoard	702	(2)
Numerology and symbolism	704	(1)
The Tara brooch	704	(2)
High crosses	706	(5)
From ornament to figure-carving	708	(2)
Dating	710	(1)
The eleventh and twelfth centuries: changes of direction	711	(2)
Romanesque art and Celtic persistence	712	(1)
The continuing influence of Irish art	713	(1)
Ecclesiastical Architecture Before 1169	714	(30)
Roger Stalley
Austerity and simplicity	714	(1)
Problems of evidence	715	(1)
Ditches and stone walls: Derry and other major sites	716	(2)
Inishmurray; Nendrum	717	(1)
Functions of boundary walls	717	(1)
Buildings within the walls	718	(3)
Layout of monasteries: the Irish approach	718	(2)
Use of churches	720	(1)
Wooden churches: Kildare; the derthech	721	(4)
Ornamentation	722	(1)
Moving and working timber	723	(1)
Archaeological remains	724	(1)
Stone churches: the daimhliag	725	(2)
Persistence of timber construction in Ireland	725	(1)
Dry-stone work: clochan and oratory; corbelled roofs	726	(1)
Problems of dating	727	(1)
Pre-Romanesque layout and construction	728	(3)
Larger churches	729	(1)
Masonry	730	(1)
Round towers	731	(3)
Who erected monastic buildings?	734	(1)
Costs	735	(1)
Romanesque influences	735	(1)
Cistercian foundations: the cloister garth	735	(1)
The survival of Hiberno-Romanesque	736	(3)
Innovations: Cashel	737	(1)
Arches; columns; gables	738	(1)
Possible sources of imported elements	739	(2)
Cormac's Chapel	740	(1)
Fusion of native and foreign elements: chevron ornament	741	(2)
Sculpted heads	741	(1)
Influence of metalwork; surface colouring	742	(1)
The uniqueness of twelfth-century Irish building	743	(1)
Music in Prehistoric and Medieval Ireland	744	(70)
Ann Buckley
Archaeological evidence and comparative data	744	(1)
Early Celtic music	745	(1)
Horns	746	(1)
The social context of music in Gaelic Ireland	747	(10)
Irish names of instruments	749	(2)
Status and functions of musicians	751	(3)
Dance	754	(1)
Organised sound and time; work-songs; laments	755	(1)
Women's music	756	(1)
Evidence from the annals	757	(1)
Giraldus Cambrensis	758	(6)
Anglo-Norman Ireland: imported musical practices	764	(3)
Plays and pageants	766	(1)
Iconography: lyres and harps	767	(6)
Bowed and wind instruments	769	(1)
Interpreting images	770	(3)
Archaeological evidence: stringed instruments	773	(3)
Aerophones	775	(1)
Bells; jew's harps	775	(1)
Liturgy: the `Celtic rite'	776	(4)
Vikings and Christianity	777	(1)
Pre- and post-Norman church reform	777	(1)
`Sarum use' and other influences	778	(2)
Hiberno-Latin hymns: the Bangor Antiphonary and `Liber hymnorum'	780	(12)
Missals	783	(3)
Other sources	786	(6)
Liturgical drama	792	(1)
Continental sources	793	(1)
Survivals from pre-Norman Ireland: the Caen antiphons	794	(4)
Other pieces	796	(2)
Chant	798	(2)
Polyphony	800	(2)
Instrumental accompaniment: strings and organs	802	(4)
Horns and bells	805	(1)
Music education: notation and theory	806	(1)
Conclusions	807	(2)
Appendix I: Irish manuscripts containing music notation	809	(2)
Appendix II: index of libraries	811	(3)
The Archaeology of Ireland's Viking-Age Towns	814	(28)
Patrick F. Wallace
The Hiberno-Norse town: a picture emerging	814	(1)
Dublin: the longphort	815	(2)
The enclosed and defended dun	817	(1)
Waterford, Wexford, Limerick, Cork	817	(1)
Locations: access to the sea	818	(2)
Defence: earthen embankments	820	(3)
Stone revetments; gateways	820	(3)
Internal divisions: streets, lanes, and yards	823	(5)
Yard sizes and layouts	824	(4)
Building types	828	(2)
Sill-beam houses	830	(1)
Common characteristics of Hiberno-Norse towns	830	(1)
Crafts: the problem of survival of evidence	831	(3)
Wood	832	(1)
Work in bone and antler	832	(1)
Metalwork	833	(1)
Textiles; amber; leather	833	(1)
Supply: the hinterland	834	(2)
Imports: ceramics, textiles, soapstone	835	(1)
Wealth: loot; merchants; silver hoards	836	(1)
Wine, slaves, artefacts	836	(1)
Mints and coinage	837	(1)
Trading contacts	838	(2)
Dublin's growing importance within Ireland	840	(2)
Coins and Coinage in Pre-Norman Ireland	842	(10)
Michael Kenny
Periods	842	(1)
The coinless age: till the end of the ninth century	842	(1)
The `Anglo-Saxon' period: advent of coinage in the tenth century	843	(1)
Coinage in Irish society	844	(1)
The `Hiberno-Norse' period: Dublin viking coinage	844	(6)
Problems of design, origin, and purpose	845	(1)
Coin issues of the early eleventh century	846	(2)
`Dolley Phase V', c. 1065-95	848	(1)
Bracteate coins: issued by native authority?	849	(1)
The context of the viking world	850	(2)
Ireland Before the Battle of Clontarf	852	(10)
F. J. Byrne
The vikings and Brittany	852	(1)
Jarl Ottar and the devastation of Munster	853	(2)
The return of the grandsons of Ivar	855	(1)
The north of Ireland; Mael Brigte mac Tornain	855	(2)
Ui Neill power in fact and in doctrine	857	(3)
Internal divisions	858	(2)
The Clann Cholmain of Mide	860	(2)
Ireland and Her Neighbours, c.1014--c.1072	862	(37)
F. J. Byrne
Brian Boruma, imperator Scottorum	862	(1)
Gruffydd ap Cynan	863	(1)
Gaelicised Norse in Man and Galloway	864	(1)
Enmity between Northern and Southern Ui Neill	864	(1)
The `synthetic historians': Flann Mainistrech	865	(4)
Works attributed to Flann	865	(1)
`Rig Themra toebaige iar tain'	866	(1)
`Redig dam, a De do nim'	866	(1)
Other works	867	(1)
Flann and the Cenel nEogain	868	(1)
Political terminology: the interregnum or `Free State' of 1022--72	869	(10)
Royal officials: the maer and mormaer	870	(2)
The toisech or dux	872	(1)
Tuath, muinter, and tricha cet	872	(1)
Ri and rechtaire	873	(2)
Muire	875	(2)
Air-ri	877	(1)
Airecht	878	(1)
Cain and rechtge	879	(1)
The `decline' of the Ui Neill in the eleventh century: the Cenel nEogain	879	(5)
The Cenel Conaill	881	(1)
Airgialla	882	(1)
The Airthir	882	(1)
The Ui Chrimthainn	883	(1)
The Mugdorna	883	(1)
Overview of the eleventh century	884	(1)
The apogee of Scandinavian Europe	884	(1)
Religious conversion	885	(1)
The Continent: the eastern and western empires	885	(6)
The papacy	886	(1)
Harald Hardrada; the English question	887	(1)
The Normans	888	(3)
The revival of Ulster	891	(4)
Alliance with Ui Chennselaig	892	(1)
Filiogeniture	893	(1)
Ardgar Mac Lochlainn	894	(1)
An Ui Briain king in Tullaghogue	895	(1)
`Cert cech rig co reil'	895	(1)
The Scottish dimension: MacBeth; Thorfinn the Mighty	896	(2)
The end of an era	898	(1)
High-Kings with Opposition, 1072--1166	899	(35)
Marie Therese Flanagan
The rise of Toirrdelbach ua Briain	899	(1)
Deaths of the kings of Leinster and Mide, 1072--3	900	(1)
Toirrdelbach's control of Dublin; influence in other regions	900	(1)
Defeat of Donnchad Ua Ruairc, 1084	901	(1)
The Cenel nEogain	901	(1)
Toirrdelbach's court; dynastic rivals	902	(1)
Domestic politics; trade; relations with the church	903	(4)
Dublin and Canterbury	903	(1)
Church reform and royal authority	904	(1)
Armagh and the high-kings	905	(2)
Toirrdelbach's son Muirchertach succeeds, 1086	907	(1)
Consolidation in Leinster and Connacht	907	(1)
Opposition from Domnall Mac Lochlainn	907	(2)
The struggle for Ulaid; the battle of Mag Coba, 1103	909	(2)
Connections with England; Muirchertach and Archbishop Anselm	911	(3)
Canterbury and the Irish church	911	(3)
The synod of Cashel, 1101	914	(1)
The Book of Rights	914	(1)
Armagh's primacy acknowledged, 1106	914	(1)
The synod of Raith Bressail, 1111: a nationwide diocesan hierarchy	915	(1)
Gilla Espaic as papal legate	916	(1)
Sources on Muirchertach: `Cocad Gaedel re Gallaib' and `Lebor na Cert'	916	(1)
Death of Muirchertach, 1119; rise of Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair	917	(1)
Death of Domnall Mac Lochlainn, 1121	917	(1)
Resistance to Ua Conchobair: Mac Carthaig resurgence in Munster	918	(3)
`Caithreim Chellachain Chaisil'	919	(1)
Cormac Mac Carthaig and the high-kingship	919	(1)
Malachy's headship of the Irish church, 1134	920	(1)
Connacht dissents	920	(1)
Resistance to Ua Conchobair: Mac Murchada in Leinster	921	(1)
Conflict between Ua Briain and Mac Carthaig	922	(1)
Breifne and Airgialla	922	(1)
Armagh and the kingdoms	923	(2)
The Lateran councils of 1123 and 1139	924	(1)
Mide: contraction, instability, and intervention	925	(1)
Cenel nEogain: dynastic conflict	925	(1)
The rise of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn	926	(2)
The synod of Kells, 1152: reflection of political balance	927	(1)
Mac Lochlainn intervenes in Munster, 1153	928	(1)
Death of Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, 1156	928	(1)
Toirrdelbach's failure to exploit church reform	929	(1)
Mac Lochlainn and the church: Mellifont, Newry, Ardbraccan	929	(2)
The synod of Bri Mhic Thaidc, 1158; Derry	930	(1)
Ath na Dairbrige, 1161	930	(1)
Ruaidri Ua Conchobair	931	(1)
Mac Lochlainn `king of Ireland without opposition', 1161	932	(1)
Mac Duinn Sleibe's revolt and blinding, 1165--6	932	(1)
Ua Conchobair's bid for the high-kingship; Mac Murchada is exiled	932	(2)
Latin Learning and Literature in Ireland, 1169--1500	934	(62)
A. B. Scott
Latin writings of Irishmen after 1169: a lack of common features	934	(1)
The Gaelic Irish: limited uses for Latin	935	(1)
Cultural conservatism; the image of an undeveloped Ireland	935	(1)
The Anglo-Irish: lack of centres of scholarship in Ireland	936	(2)
Unsuccessful attempts to found universities	937	(1)
The effect on clerical careers	938	(1)
Education within the religious orders: the mendicant friars	938	(2)
The Cistercians	940	(1)
The Irish at universities: Oxford	940	(7)
Disorderly conduct	943	(3)
Paris; Italy	946	(1)
Irish in papal service; study in German-speaking lands	947	(1)
Richard FitzRalph	948	(4)
The commentary on Lombard; the `Summa de questionibus Armenorum'	949	(2)
FitzRalph's attack on the friars; `De pauperie Salvatoris'	951	(1)
Further attacks on the friars: Henry Crumpe	952	(3)
John Whitehead	953	(1)
Philip Norreys	954	(1)
Oxford as intellectual centre: the example of Adam Payne	955	(3)
Geoffrey Shale	956	(2)
Thomas of Ireland: the `Manipulus florum'	958	(1)
Shorter works	959	(1)
Peter of Ireland	959	(2)
Maurice O'Fihely	961	(4)
Editions of Duns Scotus	962	(3)
Irish lawyers: William of Drogheda	965	(4)
John of Fintona	968	(1)
Moral treatises: Friar Malachy's `Venenum'	969	(4)
The `Liber exemplorum'	971	(2)
Moral concordances: Wadding's edition of the `Promptuarium'	973	(1)
Richard Ledred's apologia	974	(3)
The cantilenae	976	(1)
Church drama	977	(2)
Latin verse	979	(1)
Travel writing: Symon Semeonis	980	(6)
Pilgrimages to Lough Derg: accounts of visions	982	(4)
John Colton's visitation of Derry diocese	986	(2)
Anglo-Irish annals: Christ Church	988	(5)
John Clyn	989	(1)
Kilkenny; Multyfarnham	990	(1)
St Mary's abbey	991	(1)
`Pembridge'	991	(1)
Marlborough; other annals	992	(1)
Hagiography: the `Codex Kilkenniensis' and `Codex Salamanticensis'	993	(3)
Bibliography	996	(152)
F. J. Byrne
Peter Harbison
Daibhi O Croinin
Index	1148