The New Public Speaker

by Rodman, George; Adler, Ronald B.

• ISBN13: 9780155027084
• ISBN10: 0155027085
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-08-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

An exciting new entry intended for public speaking courses, this text by the well-respected author team of George Rodman and Ronald Adler presents balanced coverage of public speaking theory and skill.

Table of Contents

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction	2	(22)
The Study of Public Speaking	4	(3)
Public Speaking and Careers	4	(1)
Public Speaking and Personal Development	4	(1)
Public Speaking and Democracy	5	(1)
Public Speaking and Critical Thinking	6	(1)
The Media/Information Age	7	(2)
Getting Started: The First Speech	9	(7)
Initial Planning	9	(1)
Choosing a Topic	9	(1)
Defining a Purpose	10	(1)
Analyzing the Audience	11	(1)
Rough Construction	11	(1)
Doing Research	11	(1)
Organizing and Outlining	12	(1)
Choosing Supporting Material	13	(1)
Finishing Touches	13	(1)
Introducing and Concluding	14	(1)
Making It Visual	14	(1)
Practicing Delivery	15	(1)
Controlling Speech Anxiety	16	(2)
Listening and Criticism	18	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Don't Call Them Dreadlocks''	18	(2)
Pearlita Peters
Summary	20	(1)
Exercises	21	(2)
Notes	23	(1)
Critical Listening and Constructive Criticism	24	(27)
The Effects of Media on Listening	26	(3)
Causes of Ineffective Listening	29	(2)
Message Overload	29	(1)
Rapid Thought	29	(1)
Making Assumptions	29	(1)
Prejudicial Judgments	30	(1)
Cultural Attitudes toward Speaking and Listening	30	(1)
Improving Listening	31	(6)
Be Prepared to Listen	31	(1)
Control Distractions	32	(1)
Withhold Judgment	32	(2)
Take Notes	34	(2)
Make the Thought/Speech Differential Work for You	36	(1)
Offering Constructive Criticism	37	(4)
Be Positive	38	(1)
Be Nonjudgmental	39	(2)
Be Substantive	41	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Speak with Style and Watch the Impact''	41	(5)
Carl Wayne Hensley
Summary	46	(1)
Exercises	47	(2)
Notes	49	(2)
The Ethics of Speechmaking	51	(23)
Ethics in the Media/Information Age	53	(3)
Ethical Guidelines: General Principles	56	(6)
The Ethical Continuum	57	(1)
Honesty	57	(1)
Withholding Information	57	(2)
Pandering	59	(1)
Accuracy	59	(1)
Ignorant Misstatement	59	(1)
Reporting Opinion as Fact	60	(1)
Reporting Rumors as Truth	61	(1)
The Audience Interest	61	(1)
Specific Guidelines	62	(5)
Plagiarism	62	(2)
Statistics	64	(1)
Being Rational	65	(2)
Ethical Listening	67	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Debunking the Vitamin Myth''	67	(4)
Dane M. Perino
Summary	71	(1)
Exercises	71	(2)
Notes	73	(1)
PART II: FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea	74	(22)
Choosing a Topic	76	(1)
Why Is Topic Choice Part of a Speech Assignment?	76	(1)
Topic Selection in the Media/Information Age	77	(1)
Guidelines for Topic Selection	78	(5)
Start with Your Own Interests	78	(1)
Choose a Topic You Know Something About	79	(1)
Move from Internally Generated to Externally Generated Topics	79	(1)
Multiply Topic Ideas through Analysis	80	(1)
Combine Topic Ideas to Create a Fresh Approach	81	(1)
Look for a Topic Early	82	(1)
Stick with the Topic You've Chosen	83	(1)
Keep the Audience in Mind	83	(1)
Determining Your Purpose	83	(4)
General Purpose	84	(1)
Specific Purpose	85	(2)
The Central Idea	87	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Tragic Trilogy''	88	(5)
Glen Martin
Comments	93	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Exercises	94	(1)
Notes	95	(1)
Audience Analysis and Adaptation	96	(35)
Audience Analysis in the Media/Information Age	98	(3)
Collecting Information about Your Audience	99	(1)
The Importance of Audience Analysis	100	(1)
Demographic Analysis	101	(6)
Gender	102	(1)
Age	102	(1)
Economic Status	103	(1)
Ethnic and Cultural Background	104	(1)
Membership in Social and Professional Groups	105	(1)
Religion	106	(1)
Psychographic Analysis	107	(5)
Types of Audiences	108	(1)
Knowledge	109	(1)
Attitudes	109	(1)
Values	110	(1)
Specific Motives	111	(1)
Situational Analysis	112	(5)
The Nature of the Situation	113	(1)
The ``Rules'' of the Situation	113	(1)
Time Available	114	(1)
Size of the Group	114	(1)
Physical Setting	115	(1)
Context	116	(1)
Guidelines for Using Your Analysis	117	(2)
Avoid Demographic Stereotyping	117	(1)
Consider Audience Diversity	117	(1)
Identify the Target Audience	118	(1)
Avoid Antagonizing Listeners	119	(1)
The Ethics of Adapting to Your Audience	119	(2)
Sample Speech: ``The YMCA and You'' (for two audiences)	121	(4)
Speech Analysis	125	(2)
Summary	127	(1)
Exercises	128	(2)
Notes	130	(1)
Researching the Topic	131	(31)
Research in the Media/Information Age	133	(2)
The Good News about the Information Explosion	133	(1)
...And the Bad News	133	(2)
The Unique Task of Speech Research	135	(1)
Sources of Information	135	(17)
Personal Experience and Knowledge	136	(1)
Information in Your Possession	136	(2)
Personal Observation	138	(1)
Survey Research	139	(1)
Types of Survey Questions	139	(2)
Interviews with Experts	141	(1)
Types of Experts	141	(1)
How to Interview Experts	142	(2)
Authoritative Organizations	144	(1)
Advocates	144	(1)
Impartial Sources	145	(1)
Library Resources	146	(1)
Library Staff	146	(1)
The Library Catalog	147	(1)
Reference Materials	148	(4)
Computerized Reference Services	152	(1)
Research Strategies	152	(3)
Get an Early Start	153	(1)
Be Systematic	153	(1)
Be Methodical	154	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Transracial Adoption''	155	(4)
Sara Hessenflow
Summary	159	(1)
Exercises	159	(2)
Notes	161	(1)
Supporting Material	162	(28)
Supporting Ideas in the Media/Information Age	164	(1)
Functions of Supporting Materials	164	(4)
To Clarify	165	(1)
To Make Interesting	165	(1)
To Make Memorable	166	(1)
To Prove	167	(1)
Types of Supporting Material	168	(10)
Facts	168	(1)
Facts, Inferences, and Opinions	168	(1)
Examples	169	(1)
Descriptions	170	(1)
Analogies	171	(1)
Anecdotes	172	(1)
Statistics	173	(1)
Statistical Confusion	174	(2)
Rules for Using Statistics	176	(1)
Quotations	176	(2)
Guidelines for Evaluating Support	178	(4)
Ethics	178	(1)
Currency	179	(1)
Relevancy	180	(1)
Reliability	181	(1)
Sample Speech: ``America's Youth in Crisis''	182	(4)
Rebecca Witte
Summary	186	(1)
Exercises	186	(2)
Notes	188	(2)
Organization and Outlining	190	(28)
Organization in the Media/Information Age	192	(1)
Outlining	193	(9)
Types of Outlines	193	(1)
Formal Outlines	194	(1)
Working Outlines	195	(1)
Speaking Notes	195	(1)
Principles of Outlining	196	(1)
Standard Symbols	196	(1)
Standard Format	197	(1)
Guidelines for Choosing Points	197	(1)
Divide Points into at Least Two Parts	197	(1)
Limit the Number of Points	197	(1)
Limit Each Point to One Idea	198	(1)
Balance the Coverage of Points	199	(1)
Use Parallel Wording for Points	199	(1)
Other Parts of the Speech Outline	200	(2)
Patterns of Organization	202	(5)
Chronological Patterns	202	(2)
Spatial Patterns	204	(1)
Causal Patterns	204	(1)
Problem-Solution Patterns	205	(1)
Topical Patterns	205	(2)
Connectives	207	(3)
Transitions	208	(1)
Internal Previews and Reviews	208	(1)
Signposts	209	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Superbugs: Scourge of the Post-Antibiotic Era''	210	(5)
Andy Wood
Summary	215	(1)
Exercises	216	(1)
Notes	217	(1)
PART III: FURTHER STEPS IN DEVELOPING A SPEECH
Introductions and Conclusions	218	(27)
Lessons from the Media	220	(1)
The Introduction	220	(12)
Gain Audience Attention	221	(1)
Refer to the Audience	221	(2)
Refer to the Occasion	223	(1)
Refer to Something Familiar to the audience	223	(1)
Cite a Startling Fact or Opinion	224	(1)
Ask a Question	224	(1)
Tell an Anecdote	225	(1)
Use a Quotation	225	(1)
Tell a Joke	225	(1)
Preview the Central Idea	226	(1)
Preview the Main Points	227	(1)
Set the Mood and Tone of the Speech	228	(1)
Establish Credibility and Goodwill	229	(1)
Demonstrate the Importance of Your Topic	230	(1)
Developing Introductions	231	(1)
Plan the Introduction After the Body	231	(1)
Strive for Unity	232	(1)
The Conclusion	232	(5)
Review the Central Idea	233	(1)
Summarize the Main Points	234	(1)
Provide Closure	235	(1)
Developing Conclusions	236	(1)
Plan Your Conclusion After the Body	236	(1)
General Guidelines	237	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Faceless Enemies''	237	(4)
Donald McPartland
Summary	241	(1)
Exercises	242	(1)
Notes	243	(2)
Visual Aids	245	(34)
Visual Impact in the Media/Information Age	247	(4)
Added Interest	247	(1)
Greater Clarity	247	(1)
Increased Credibility	248	(1)
More Memorable Points	248	(3)
Help for the Speaker	251	(1)
Types of Visual Aids	251	(6)
Objects and Models	252	(1)
Photographs	253	(1)
Diagrams and Maps	253	(1)
Word and Number Charts	253	(2)
Graphs	255	(1)
Demonstrations	255	(2)
Media for Displaying Visuals	257	(5)
Chalkboard	257	(1)
Flip Charts and Posterboards	258	(1)
Overhead Transparencies	259	(1)
Slides	260	(1)
Videotapes	261	(1)
Handouts	262	(1)
High-Tech Options	262	(1)
Principles of Visual Design and Use	262	(6)
Advancing the Speech Purpose	263	(1)
Visibility	263	(1)
Quantity and Quality of Visuals	264	(1)
Avoiding Distractions	264	(3)
Simplicity	267	(1)
Integrating Visuals into the Speech	267	(1)
Practicing with Visuals	268	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Reasons to Consider Vegetarianism''	268	(8)
Jeanne Klafin
Summary	276	(1)
Exercises	277	(1)
Notes	278	(1)
Style: Delivery and Language Choices	279	(33)
Delivery, Language, and the Media/Information Age	281	(1)
Types of Delivery	281	(5)
Impromptu Speeches	282	(2)
Extemporaneous Speeches	284	(1)
Manuscript Speeches	285	(1)
Memorized Speeches	285	(1)
Written and Spoken Style	286	(1)
Language Choices	287	(7)
Clarity	287	(1)
Specificity	288	(1)
Concreteness	289	(1)
Vividness	290	(1)
Appropriateness	291	(1)
Obscenity	292	(1)
Slang	292	(1)
Jargon	292	(1)
Bigotry	293	(1)
Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery	294	(7)
Visual Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery	294	(1)
Appearance	294	(1)
Movement	295	(1)
Posture	295	(1)
Facial Expression	296	(1)
Eye Contact	296	(1)
Time Usage	297	(1)
Auditory Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery	297	(1)
Volume	298	(1)
Rate	298	(1)
Pitch	299	(1)
Articulation	299	(2)
Speaking with Confidence	301	(2)
Recognizing Sources of Speech Anxiety	301	(2)
Sample Speech: ``EMS for Kids''	303	(5)
Amy Wong
Summary	308	(1)
Exercises	309	(1)
Notes	310	(2)
PART IV: APPLICATIONS
Informative Speaking	312	(29)
Informative Speaking in the Information Age	314	(2)
Informative vs. Persuasive Topics	315	(1)
An Informative Topic Tends to Be Noncontroversial	315	(1)
An Informative Speaker Does Not Intend to Change Audience Attitudes	315	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	316	(3)
Outside the Speech Classroom	316	(1)
In Other Classes	316	(1)
On the Job	317	(1)
In the Community	317	(1)
In the Speech Classroom	317	(1)
Introductions	318	(1)
Instructions	318	(1)
Demonstrations	318	(1)
Explanations	318	(1)
Making the Informative Speech Interesting	319	(5)
Novelty	321	(1)
Variety	322	(1)
Drama	322	(1)
Immediacy	323	(1)
Specificity	324	(1)
Making the Informative Speech Clear	324	(7)
Define Key Terms	324	(2)
Speak at the Level of Your Audience	326	(1)
Cover a Manageable Amount of Material	327	(1)
Use a Simple Organizational Plan	328	(1)
Emphasize Important Points	328	(1)
Involve the Audience	329	(1)
Overt Responses	329	(1)
Use Volunteers	329	(1)
Question-and-Answer Periods	330	(1)
Silent Responses	330	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Myths about Artists and Their Work''	331	(6)
Diane Johnson Handloser
Summary	337	(1)
Exercises	338	(2)
Notes	340	(1)
Persuasion I: Persuasive Strategies	341	(34)
Persuasion in the Media/Information Age	343	(3)
The Ethics of Persuasion	344	(2)
Categorizing Types of Persuasion	346	(3)
Desired Outcome	346	(1)
Convincing	346	(1)
Actuating	346	(1)
Directness of Approach	347	(1)
Direct Persuasion	347	(1)
Indirect Persuasion	347	(1)
Emotion vs. Logic	348	(1)
Theories of Persuasion	349	(5)
Balance Theory	349	(2)
Social Judgment Theory	351	(2)
Inoculation Theory	353	(1)
Planning your Persuasive Strategy	354	(12)
Persuasive Purpose	354	(1)
Persuasive Structure	355	(1)
The Problem	355	(1)
The Solution	355	(1)
The Desired Audience Response	356	(2)
Adapting the Basic Model	358	(2)
Audience Adaptation	360	(1)
Establish Common Ground	361	(1)
Organize According to the Expected Response	361	(1)
Adapt to a Hostile Audience	362	(1)
Building Credibility as a Speaker	363	(1)
Competence	364	(1)
Character	364	(1)
Charisma	365	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Very Fake Badges---Very Real Guns''	366	(4)
Bond Benton
Summary	370	(1)
Exercises	371	(2)
Notes	373	(2)
Persuasion II: Logical Argument	375	(31)
Argumentation in the Media/Information Age	377	(1)
The Structure of Argument	378	(6)
Claims	378	(1)
The Proposition	378	(1)
Propositions of Fact	379	(1)
Propositions of Value	380	(1)
Propositions of Policy	380	(1)
Subclaims	381	(1)
Evidence	382	(1)
The Toulmin Model	382	(2)
Rules for Evaluating Evidence	384	(3)
Currency	384	(1)
Relevancy	384	(1)
Credibility	385	(2)
Sufficiency	387	(1)
Tests of a Sound Argument	387	(6)
Deduction	387	(2)
Induction	389	(2)
Reasoning by Sign	391	(1)
Reasoning by Analogy	391	(1)
Causal Reasoning	392	(1)
Logical Fallacies	393	(5)
Fallacies of Non Sequitur	393	(1)
Post Hoc	393	(1)
Unwarranted Extrapolation	393	(1)
Evasion of Argument	394	(1)
Red Herring	394	(1)
Ad Hominem	395	(1)
Ad Populum	395	(1)
Appeal to Tradition	395	(1)
Straw Argument	396	(1)
Fallacies of Language Use	396	(1)
Weasel Words	397	(1)
Parity Statements	397	(1)
Reasoning by Slogan	397	(1)
Sample Speech: ``Death by Federal Mandate''	398	(4)
Tol Du
Summary	402	(1)
Exercises	403	(2)
Notes	405	(1)
Speaking on Special Occasions	406	(19)
Special Occasion Speaking in the Media/Information Age	408	(1)
Types of Special Occasion Speaking	409	(5)
Introductions	409	(1)
Awards	410	(1)
Acceptances	411	(1)
Speeches of Commemoration	412	(1)
After-Dinner Speeches	413	(1)
Humorous Speaking	414	(6)
Requirements for Humor	414	(1)
Levity	414	(1)
Originality	415	(1)
Appropriateness	416	(1)
Some Techniques of Humor	417	(1)
Humorous Description	417	(1)
Exaggeration	417	(1)
Incongruity	418	(1)
Play on Words	419	(1)
Satire	419	(1)
Sample Speechs: Presentation, Acceptance: 1995 Essence Award	420	(2)
Bill Cosby
Colin Powell
Summary	422	(1)
Exercises	423	(1)
Notes	424	(1)
Group Presentations	425	(28)
Groups in the Media/Information Age	427	(1)
Planning the Group Presentation	428	(7)
Group Goals	429	(1)
Group Roles	430	(1)
Group Norms and Rules	430	(1)
Group Leadership	431	(1)
Types of Leadership	431	(1)
Authoritarian Leadership	431	(1)
Laissez-Faire Leadership	431	(1)
Democratic Leadership	432	(1)
Shared Leadership	432	(1)
Traffic Control	433	(1)
Conflict Control	433	(1)
Agenda Control	434	(1)
Types of Group Presentations	435	(1)
The Symposium	435	(1)
The Panel Discussion	435	(1)
The Forum	436	(1)
Sample Group Presentation: How to Find the Job of Your Dreams	436	(10)
Summary	446	(1)
Exercises	447	(1)
Notes	448	(5)
Index	453