New-Dialect Formation

by Trudgill, Peter

• ISBN13: 9780748618774
• ISBN10: 0748618775
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-09-01
• Publisher: Edinburgh Univ Pr

Summary

This book presents a controversial theory about the formation of new colonial dialects, examining Latin American Spanish, Canadian French, and North American English, with a special focus on Australian, South African, and New Zealand English.

Author Biography

Peter Trudgill is Honorary Professor of Sociolinguistics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Emeritus Professor of English Linguistics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Professor of English Linguistics, Agder University College, Norway

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
The database
Maps and vowel charts	xiii
1. Colonial dialects as mixed dialects	1	(30)
Colonial Englishes	3	(4)
Dialect contact and colonial dialects	7	(7)
Monogenetic theories	7	(4)
Dialect mixture – the consensus	11	(3)
Social dialect mixture	14	(2)
Regional dialect mixture	16	(4)
Mixture and similarity	20	(3)
The Southern Hemisphere Englishes	23	(3)
Determinism in linguistic change	26	(5)
2. Colonial lag and Southern Hemisphere evidence for nineteenth-century British English	31	(52)
The short vowels of nineteenth-century English	37	(12)
The vowels of KIT, DRESS and TRAP	37	(11)
England	37	(1)
Scotland	38	(4)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	42	(2)
British evidence	44	(4)
TRAP	44	(1)
DRESS	45	(2)
KIT	47	(1)
Conclusion	48	(1)
The vowel of LOT	48	(1)
The long vowels of nineteenth-century English	49	(15)
Closing diphthongs	49	(10)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	50	(1)
British evidence	51	(8)
MOUTH	52	(1)
PRICE	52	(1)
GOAT and FACE	52	(3)
FACE	55	(1)
GOAT	55	(1)
GOOSE	55	(4)
FLEECE	59	(1)
Conclusion	59	(1)
The long monophthongs	59	(5)
START	59	(8)
The TRAP-BATH Split	59	(3)
The BATH set Southern Hemisphere evidence	62	(1)
British evidence	62	(1)
START Backing	63	(1)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	63	(1)
British evidence	64	(1)
The THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE vowel	64	(3)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	66	(1)
British evidence	67	(1)
The consonants of nineteenth-century English	67	(16)
The phonology and phonetics of /r/	67	(5)
Rhoticity	67	(1)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	68	(1)
British evidence	69	(1)
The phonetics of /r/	69	(2)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	71	(1)
H Dropping	72	(5)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	73	(1)
British evidence	74	(3)
The /hw/—/w/ Merger	77	(2)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	77	(1)
British evidence	77	(2)
/l/	79	(1)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	79	(1)
British evidence	80	(1)
T Glottalling	80	(1)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	80	(1)
British evidence	81	(1)
Preglottalisation	81	(3)
Southern Hemisphere evidence	82	(1)
British evidence	82	(1)
3. New-dialect formation: Stage I — rudimentary levelling and interdialect development	83	(17)
New-dialect formation	84	(5)
1. Mixing	84	(1)
2. Levelling	84	(1)
3. Unmarking	85	(1)
4. Interdialect development	86	(1)
5. Reallocation	87	(1)
6. Focussing	88	(1)
Stage I	89	(11)
Rudimentary levelling	89	(5)
Interdialect development	94	(6)
4. Stage II variability and apparent levelling in new-dialect formation	100	(13)
Extreme variability	101	(8)
Original combinations	103	(2)
Intra-individual variability	105	(1)
Inter-individual variability	106	(3)
Apparent levelling	109	(4)
The Threshold Rider	110	(3)
5. Stage III determinism in new-dialect formation	113	(16)
The survival of majority forms	113	(11)
Non-southeastern features	116	(5)
H Retention	116	(1)
Absence of Glide Cluster Reduction	117	(1)
Absence of START Backing	117	(1)
The Weak Vowel Merger	117	(3)
Word phonology	120	(1)
Southeastern features	121	(2)
The short front vowels	121	(1)
Diphthong Shift	121	(1)
The rounded LOT vowel	122	(1)
/a:/ in DANCE	122	(1)
Conclusion	123	(1)
Reallocation	124	(1)
Randomness and transmission in new-dialect formation	125	(2)
Conclusion	127	(2)
6. Drift: parallel developments in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes	129	(19)
The theory of drift	131	(2)
Nineteenth-century changes already in progress	133	(3)
Fronted and lowered STRUT	133	(3)
Nineteenth-century innovations	136	(9)
HAPPY Tensing	137	(1)
Glide Weakening	138	(4)
The NURSE vowel	142	(3)
Later innovations	145	(3)
The Second FORCE Merger	145	(1)
The NEAR—SQUARE Merger	145	(1)
The short front vowels again	146	(2)
7. Determinism and social factors	148	(18)
Patterns of interaction	148	(3)
Prestige	151	(2)
Stigma	153	(3)
Identity and ideology	156	(2)
The new-dialect formation scenario	158	(2)
Uniformity	160	(2)
Complications	162	(2)
The Founder Effect	163	(1)
Conclusion	164	(2)
References	166	(11)
Index	177