Nineteenth-Century European Art Trade

by Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate

• ISBN13: 9780131833029
• ISBN10: 0131833022
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: PENGUIN

Summary

This refreshingly direct study addresses 19th-century European art along with the forces that informed it. After introducing historical events and cultural and artistic trends from about 1760 that would exert their influence well into the new century, author Petra ten-Doesschate Chu discusses the advent of Modernism and its many interpretations. She considers the changing relationship between artist and audience; evolving attitudes toward the depiction of nature; and the confrontation of European artists with non-Western art due to expanding trade and travel. An impressive 550 illustrations -- 200 in full color -- illustrate her themes.Incidents from individual artists' lives enrich the reader's understanding of the art, as do sidebars that focus on specific works, techniques, or historical circumstances. Although painting and sculpture are central in her narrative, Chu also covers a broad scope of visual culture, including architecture, decorative arts, and the burgeoning fields of photography and graphic design. A timeline, glossary, and thorough bibliography, listing not only books but also films related to the period, complete this major achievement.

Author Biography

Petra ten-Doesschate Chu is a leading authority on nineteenth-century art. She is a professor in the Department of Art and Music at Seton Hall University, the author of many articles and book essays, and the recipient of numerous awards and scholarships, including two National Endowment for the Humanities Research grants, a Jane and Morgan Whitney Art History Fellowship, and a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship. Chu is President of the Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art and Managing Editor of Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	12	(1)
Introduction	13	(6)
Rococo, Enlightenment, and the Call for a New Art in the Mid-Eighteenth Century	19	(22)
Louis XV and the Emergence of the Rococo Interior	19	(3)
Rococo Decoration: Paintings, Sculptures, and Porcelains	22	(2)
The Enlightenment	24	(2)
The Rococo outside France	26	(3)
Portrait Painting in Great Britain	29	(1)
The Eighteenth-Century Artist: Between Patronage and the Art Market	29	(4)
The Education of the Artist and the Academy	33	(1)
Academy Exhibitions	33	(1)
Salon Critics and the Call for a New Art in France	34	(1)
Count d'Angiviller and the Promotion of Virtuous Art	35	(3)
Reynolds and the Call for a New Art in Britain	38	(3)
The Classical Paradigm	41	(30)
Winckelmann and Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture	41	(1)
Classical Art and Idealism	42	(1)
Contour	42	(1)
Archaeology and the Discovery of Pompei and Herculaneum	43	(1)
Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art	44	(2)
Greece and Rome	46	(2)
The Beginnings of Neoclassicism	48	(5)
David	53	(4)
Sculpture	57	(1)
Canova	58	(4)
Flaxman	62	(2)
The Industrial Revolution and the Popularization of Neoclassicism	64	(3)
The Neoclassical Home	67	(4)
British Art During the Late-Georgian Period	71	(22)
The Sublime	71	(2)
The Lure of the Middle Ages	73	(1)
Horace Walpole, William Beckford, and the Taste for the ``Gothick'' in Architecture	73	(2)
The Sublime and the Gothick in Painting: Benjamin West	75	(2)
Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery	77	(1)
Henry Fuseli	78	(3)
William Blake	81	(5)
Contemporary Heroes and Historical Context	86	(2)
Grand-Manner and Bourgeois Portraits	88	(5)
Art and Revolutionary Propaganda in France	93	(16)
Marie Antionette, Before and After	94	(2)
David's Brutus	96	(1)
Commemorating the Heroes and Martyrs of the Revolution	97	(4)
Creating a Revolutionary Iconography	101	(1)
Pierre-Paul Prud'hon	102	(1)
Quatremere de Quincy, the Pantheon, and the Absent Republican Monument	103	(3)
Demolition as Propaganda	106	(3)
The Arts Under Napoleon	109	(30)
The Rise of Napoleon	110	(1)
Vivant Denon and the Napoleon Museum	111	(1)
Napoleonic Public Monuments	112	(2)
Empire Style	114	(3)
The Imperial Image	117	(7)
Antoine-Jean Gros and the Napoleonic Epic	124	(2)
The School of David and the ``Crisis'' of the Male Nude	126	(4)
The Female Nude	130	(1)
The Transformation of Neoclassicism: New Subjects and Sensibilities	131	(1)
Historic Genre Painting and the So-called Troubadour Style	132	(3)
The Lesser Genres: Portraiture and Landscape	135	(4)
Francisco Goya and Spanish Art at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century	139	(18)
Court Patronage under Carlos III: Tiepolo and Mengs	139	(3)
The Making of Francisco Goya	142	(1)
Goya as Court Painter	143	(5)
Goya's Prints	148	(2)
The Execution of the Rebels	150	(2)
Casa del Sordo	152	(1)
Spanish Art after Goya	153	(4)
The Beginnings of Romanticism in the German-Speaking World	157	(18)
The Romantic Movement	157	(2)
Early Nazarenes: Friedrich Overbeck and Franz Pforr	159	(2)
Later Nazarenes: Peter Cornelius and Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld	161	(3)
German Painting in Context	164	(1)
Philipp Otto Runge	165	(5)
Caspar David Friedrich	170	(5)
The Importance of Landscape---British Painting in the Early-Nineteenth Century	175	(20)
Nature Enthusiasm in Great Britain	175	(1)
The Picturesque	176	(3)
The Popularity of Watercolor: Amateurs and Professionals	179	(2)
Thomas Girtin and the Pictorial Possibilities of Watercolor	181	(3)
Joseph Mallard William Turner	184	(5)
John Constable	189	(6)
The Restoration Period and the Rejection of Classicism in France	195	(22)
Government Patronage and the Rejection of Classicism	195	(2)
The Academy	197	(1)
The Salons of the Restoration Period	198	(1)
Madame de Stael and the Introduction of Romantic Ideas into France	199	(1)
Stendhal	200	(1)
Horace Vernet	200	(1)
Theodore Gericault	201	(8)
Eugene Delacroix	209	(4)
Ingres and the Transformation of Classicism	213	(2)
Classicism and Romanticism	215	(2)
The Popularization of Art and Visual Culture in France During the July Monarchy (1830--1848)	217	(30)
Classicism, Romanticism, and Juste-Milieu	218	(1)
Louis Philippe and the Museum of the History of France	219	(2)
Monumentalizing Napoleon	221	(2)
The Revival of Religious Mural Painting	223	(1)
The Salon during the July Monarchy	224	(1)
Historic Genre and Orientalist Painting	225	(3)
Portraiture	228	(2)
Landscape Painting: Corot and the Historic Landscape Tradition	230	(2)
Landscape: The Picturesque Tradition	232	(2)
Landscape Painting: The Barbizon School and Naturalism	234	(2)
The Explosion of the Press and the Rise of Popular Culture	236	(1)
Honore Daumier	237	(5)
Gavarni and Grandville	242	(1)
Louis Daguerre and the Beginnings of Photography in France	243	(4)
The Revolution of 1848 and the Emergence of Realism in France	247	(12)
The Salons of the Second Republic	248	(1)
The Origins of Realism	248	(2)
Gustave Courbet's A Burial at Ornans	250	(2)
Courbet, Millet, and an Art of Social Consciousness	252	(2)
Daumier and the Urban Working Class	254	(3)
Realism	257	(2)
Progress, Modernity, and Modernism---French Visual Culture During the Second Empire, 1852-1870	259	(34)
Napoleon III and the ``Hausmannization'' of Paris	259	(3)
The Opera and Mid-Nineteenth-Century Sculpture	262	(5)
Salons and Other Exhibitions during the Second Empire	267	(1)
Popular Trends at the Second-Empire Salons	267	(2)
History through a Magnifying Glass: Meissonier and Gerome	269	(2)
Second-Empire Orientalism---Gerome, Fromentin, Du Camp, Cordier	271	(3)
The Nude	274	(1)
Landscape and Animal Painting: Courbet and Bonheur	275	(3)
Second-Empire Peasant Painting: Millet and Jules Breton	278	(3)
Baudelaire and ``The Painter of Modern Life''	281	(1)
Courbet, Manet, and the Beginnings of Modernism	282	(8)
Portrait Painting and Photography	290	(3)
Art in the German-Speaking World From the Congress of Vienna to the Birth of the German Empire 1815--71	293	(18)
Biedermeier Culture	293	(1)
Biedermeier Conversation Pieces	294	(2)
Urban Scenes and Landscapes	296	(2)
Biedermeier Portraiture	298	(2)
German Fairie Painting	300	(1)
German Academies	300	(1)
Academic History Painting	300	(2)
Adolph Menzel	302	(5)
Realism and Idealism: Diverging Trends in the Early 1870s	307	(4)
Art in Victorian Britain 1837--1901	311	(30)
Social and Economic Conditions during the Victorian Age	313	(1)
The Victorian Art Scene	314	(1)
Painting during the Early Victorian Period: Anecdotal Scenes	315	(2)
Fairy Painting: Paton and Dadd	317	(2)
Early Victorian Landscape and Animal Painting: Martin and Landseer	319	(2)
Early Victorian Portraiture and the New Photographic Medium	321	(1)
Government Patronage and the Houses of Parliament	322	(4)
The PreRaphaelite Brotherhood	326	(2)
The Pre-Raphaelites and Secular Subject Matter	328	(3)
Genre Painting in the Mid-Victorian Period c. 1855--70	331	(2)
From Pre-Raphaelitism to the Aesthetic Movement	333	(4)
The Royal Academy	337	(4)
National Pride and International Rivalry---The Great International Expositions	341	(20)
Origins of the International Exhibitions	341	(1)
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations	342	(1)
The Crystal Palace: A Revolution in Architecture	342	(2)
The Crystal Palace Exhibition and the Design Crisis in Britain	344	(1)
New Attitudes toward Design: Owen Jones and John Ruskin	345	(1)
The International Exhibition in London, 1862	346	(2)
The Japanese Court at the Exhibition of 1862	348	(1)
The Universal Exposition of 1855 in Paris	349	(3)
The Universal Art Exposition	352	(1)
The French Show	352	(1)
Courbet's Private Pavilion	352	(2)
Foreign Artists at the International Exposition of 1855	354	(2)
The Paris Universal Exposition of 1867	356	(1)
The Fine Arts Exhibition of 1867	357	(1)
The Japanese Pavilion	358	(1)
The Importance of the International Exhibitions of the 1850s and 1860s	358	(3)
French Art After the Commune---Conservative and Modernist Trends	361	(38)
The Commune and Early Photo-Journalism in Europe	361	(2)
Republican Monuments	363	(3)
Mural Painting during the Third Republic	366	(4)
The Third Republic and the Demise of the State-Sponsored Salon	370	(1)
Academic and Realist Art at the Salons of 1873--90	370	(2)
Naturalism at the Salons of 1870--90	372	(3)
Manet at the Salons of the 1870s and 1880s	375	(2)
Salon Alternatives	377	(1)
Origin and Definition of the Term ``Impressionism''	378	(1)
Claude Monet and the Impressionist Landscape	379	(1)
Other Impressionist Landscape Painters: Pissarro and Sisley	380	(2)
Monet's Early Painting Series	382	(3)
Impressionist Figure Painting	385	(2)
Impressionism and the Urban Scene: Edgar Degas	387	(5)
Impressionists and the Urban Scene: Caillebotte	392	(3)
Women at the Impressionist Exhibitions	395	(2)
Impressionism and Modern Vision	397	(2)
French Avant-Garde Art in the 1880s	399	(30)
Georges Seurat and Neo-Impressionism	399	(6)
Neo-Impressionism and Utopianism: Signac and Pissarro	405	(2)
The ``Crisis'' in Impressionism	407	(1)
Monet and the Later Series Paintings	408	(1)
Degas in the 1880s	409	(3)
Renoir in the 1880s	412	(1)
Paul Cezanne	413	(7)
Vincent van Gogh	420	(6)
Post Impressionism	426	(3)
When the Eiffel Tower Was New	429	(22)
The Eiffel Tower	429	(2)
The Gallery of Machines	431	(1)
The History of the Habitation Pavilions	431	(1)
Colonial Exhibits	431	(4)
The Fine Arts on Exhibit	435	(1)
The Triumph of Naturalism	435	(2)
Nordic Naturalism: Nationalism and Naturism	437	(4)
Naturalism in Germany: Max Liebermann and Fritz von Uhde	441	(2)
Naturalism in Belgium	443	(1)
Jozef Israels and the Hague School in the Netherlands	444	(1)
Russian Painting	445	(4)
The 1889 Exposition in Review	449	(2)
France During La Belle Epoque	451	(34)
Transport of Soul and Body: Sacre Coeur and the Metro	452	(2)
Art Nouveau, Siegfried Bing, and the Concept of Decoration	454	(1)
The Sources of Art Nouveau	455	(1)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and the Art Nouveau Poster	456	(4)
Toulouse-Lautrec, the Painter	460	(1)
Paul Gauguin and Emile Breton: Cloisonnism and Synthesism	461	(2)
Paul Gauguin: The Passion for Non-Western Culture	463	(7)
Symbolism	470	(1)
Symbolism and Romanticism: Gustave Moreau and Odilon Redon	471	(4)
Symbolist Cult Groups: Rosicrucians and Nabis	475	(3)
Fin de Siecle Sculpture	478	(5)
Camille Claudel	483	(2)
International Trends C. 1900	485	(29)
New Art Outside France	485	(1)
Art Nouveau in Belgium	486	(2)
Antoni Gaudi and Spanish Modernisme	488	(2)
Art Nouveau in Glasgow	490	(1)
Art Nouveau and Symbolism	491	(1)
Salons of the Rose + Croix	492	(2)
Les XX or ``The Group of Twenty''	494	(2)
Vienna Secession	496	(1)
Gustav Klimt	497	(3)
Ferdinand Hodler	500	(2)
Berlin Secession	502	(1)
Edvard Munch	503	(3)
The Paris International Exposition of 1900	506	(8)
Timeline	514	(4)
Glossary	518	(3)
Bibliography	521	(14)
Picture Credits	535	(1)
Index	536