Nitroxides Applications in Chemistry, Biomedicine, and Materials Science

by Likhtenshtein, Gertz I.; Yamauchi, Jun; Nakatsuji, Shin'ichi; Smirnov, Alex I.; Tamura, Rui

• ISBN13: 9783527318896
• ISBN10: 3527318895
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-03-31
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

Covering all aspects of this field, this volume also critically discusses recent results obtained with the use of nitroxides, while providing an analysis of future developments.Written by a group of scientists with long-term experience in investigating the chemistry, physicochemistry, biochemistry and biophysics of nitroxides, the book is not intended as an exhaustive survey of each topic, but rather a discussion of their theoretical and experimental background, as well as recent advances.The first four chapters expound the general theoretical and experimental background and the advantages of modern ESR technique. Chapter 5 focuses on fundamentals and recent results in the preparation and basic chemical properties, while the next two chapters briefly outline principles and current results in nitroxides as spin probes, and as redox probes and spin traps. These chapters form the basis for the subsequent more detailed studies of nitroxides in physicochemistry, while the final chapters concentrate on the advantages of magnetic materials on the basis of nitroxides. Finally, the concluding chapter considers the rapidly developing field of biomedical, therapeutic and clinical applications.With more than 1,100 references to essential literature, this volume provides fundamental knowledge of instrumentation, data interpretation, capacity and recent advantages of nitroxide applications, allowing readers to understand how nitroxides can help them in solving their own problems.

Author Biography

Gertz Likhtenshtein has been full Professor at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev (Israel) and emerited 2003. Among his many awards are the Medal of the Exhibition of Economic Achievement, the Diploma of Discovery, the USSR State Price and the Diploma of the Israel Chemical Society. He is a member of the International ESR Society, the American Biophysical Society, the Israel Chemical Society and the Israel ESR Society.

Jun Yamauchi has emerited as full Professor from Kyoto University in 2006. He is a member of the Chemical Society of Japan, and the Society of Electron Spin Science and Technology.

Shin'ichi Nakatsuji is Professor of Organic and Materials Chemistry at the University of Hyogo. His major research topics are novel electron systems, Dye chemistry, organic magnetic materials and organic conductors. He is a member of the GDCh, ACS, and Chemical Society of Japan.

Rui Tamura is Professor at Kyoto University. His research areas include structural organic chemistry, physical organic chemistry and environmental chemistry, i.e. synthesis and reaction of nitro compounds and nitroxides.

Table of Contents

Preface

Symbols and Abbreviations

Fundamentals of Magnetism

Magnetism of Materials

Origins of Magnetism

Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility

Experimental Magnetic Data Acquisition

Molecular Magnetism

Magnetic Origins from Atoms and Molecules

Characteristics of Molecular Magnetism

Nitroxide as a Building Block

Low-Dimensional Properties of Nitroxides

Fundamentals of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Magnetic Resonance of Electron and Nuclear Spins

Principle of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Anisotropic Parameters in Crystal

Pulsed ESR

Double Resonance

ESR of Magnetic Materials

Recent Advantages in ESR Techniques Used in Nitroxide Applications

Introduction

Macromolecular Distance Constraints from Spin-Labeling Magnetic Resonance Experiments

Multiquantum ESR

Spin-Labeling ESR of Macroscopically Aligned Lipid Bilayers and Membrane Proteins

Spin-labeling ESR at High Magnetic Fields

Preparations, Reactions, and Properties of Functional Nitroxide Radicals

Short Historical Survey and General Preparative Methods of NRs

Early Progress toward FNRs for Organic Magnetic Materials

Organic Ferromagnets Based on NRs

Charge-Transfer Complexes Radical Ion Salts Based on NR

Donors and Acceptors Carrying NRs and the Derived CT Complexes Radical Salts

Suprampolecular Spin Systems Carrying NRs

Photochromic Spin Systems Carrying NRs

FNRs for Biomedicinal Applications

Functional Nitrones

Conclusion

Nitroxide Spin Probes for Studies of Molecular Dynamics and Microstructure

Nitroxide Molecular Dynamics

The Spin Label-Spin Probe Methods

Spin Oximetry

Determination of the Immersion Depth of Radical and Flourescent Centers

Nitroxide as Polarity Probes

Electrostatic Effects in Molecules in Solutions

Spin-Triplet-Fluorescence-Photochrome Method

Dual Fluorophore-Nitroxide as Molecular Dynamics Probes

Nitroxide Spin pH Probes

Nitroxides as Spin Probes for SH Groups

Nitroxide Redox Probes and Traps, Nitron Spin Traps

Nitroxide Redox Probes

Nitron Spin Trapping

Dual Fluorophore-Nitroxides (FNRO+) as Redox Sensors and Spin Traps

Nitroxides in Physicochemistry

Polymers

Nitroxides in Photochemistry and Photophysics

Complexes Transition Metals with Nitroxide Ligands

Nitroxides in Inorganic Chemistry

Organic Functional Materials Containing Chiral Nitroxide Radical Units

Introduction

Synthesis and Structure of Chiral NRs

Magnetic Properties of Chiral NRs in the Solid State

Properties of Chiral NRs in

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