NMR Studies of Translational Motion: Principles and Applications

by William S. Price

• ISBN13: 9780521806961
• ISBN10: 0521806968
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-08-31
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Translational motion in solution, either diffusion or fluid flow, is at the heart of chemical and biochemical reactivity. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides a powerful non-invasive technique for studying the phenomena using magnetic field gradient methods. Describing the physical basis of measurement techniques, with particular emphasis on diffusion, balancing theory with experimental observations and assuming little mathematical knowledge, this is a strong, yet accessible, introduction to the field. A detailed discussion of magnetic field gradient methods applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is included, alongside extensive referencing throughout, providing a timely, definitive book to the subject, ideal for researchers in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology.

Author Biography

William S. Price is Professor and Chair of Nanotechnology in the School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, where he also directs the Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Facility and leads the Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group. Professor Price is an expert in the theory, development and application of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on NMR diffusion measurements and MRI techniques for studying molecular association and molecular dynamics.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiv
Abbreviations	p. xv
Diffusion and its measurement	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Types of translational motion-physical interpretation and significance	p. 1
Mathematical modelling of self-diffusion	p. 6
Propagation	p. 14
Solving the diffusion equation	p. 20
Mean square displacement, time-dependent diffusion coefficients and the diffusion ellipsoid	p. 31
Measurement timescales and restricted diffusion	p. 36
Diffusion in heterogeneous, porous and polymer systems	p. 39
Flow in porous media	p. 54
Techniques for measuring diffusion	p. 55
References	p. 57
Theory of NMR diffusion and flow measurements	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Nuclear spins, magnetic gradients and motion	p. 70
Correlating the PGSE signal attenuation with diffusion	p. 90
Oscillating gradients, higher-order gradient pulse trains and probing Dw(w)	p. 98
PGSE of freely diffusing multicomponent systems	p. 101
The long-range dipolar field and multiple echoes	p. 111
References	p. 112
PGSE measurements in simple porous systems	p. 120
Introduction	p. 120
Experimental determination of &Pbar;(R, ¿)	p. 122
Experimental determination of the moments of &Pbar;(R, ¿)	p. 122
The spectral function and the return to origin probability	p. 124
Diffusive diffraction	p. 125
An example - diffusion between planes	p. 127
Diffusion in reflecting spheres	p. 130
Size distributions of the restricting geometry	p. 131
Finite gradient pulses and the validity of the SGP and GPD approximations	p. 132
Other methods for determining E(q, ¿)	p. 135
References	p. 141
PGSE measurements in complex and exchanging systems	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Simple binding and exchange: the ärger equations	p. 150
Exchange between free and restricted sites	p. 155
Anisotropic and low dimensional diffusion	p. 163
General porous media	p. 170
Polymer diffusion	p. 173
Flow and velocity distributions	p. 174
Internal magnetic field gradients	p. 175
References	p. 177
PGSE hardware	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Gradient coils and fringe fields	p. 186
Current amplifiers	p. 191
Connecting to the spectrometer	p. 192
Field-frequency locking	p. 193
Temperature control and calibration	p. 193
References	p. 193
Setup and analysis of PGSE experiments	p. 198
Introduction	p. 198
Selection of PGSE parameters	p. 199
Sample preparation	p. 204
Gradient calibration	p. 205
Analysis	p. 212
References	p. 215
PGSE hardware and sample problems	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
RF problems	p. 221
Radiation damping and long-range dipolar field effects	p. 222
Convection and flow compensation	p. 226
Gradient constancy	p. 229
Background gradients	p. 230
Eddy currents and perturbation of B0	p. 235
Gradient mismatch and sample movement	p. 242
Cross relaxation	p. 246
Homonuclear scalar couplings	p. 247
References	p. 248
Specialised PGSE and related techniques	p. 256
Introduction	p. 256
Steady gradient and stray field measurements	p. 256
Multiple quantum and heteronuclear	p. 258
Fast sequences	p. 262
Distributions of relaxation times	p. 269
Multi-dimensional mixture separation and diffusion editing	p. 269
Double PGSE and multi-dimensional correlations	p. 272
Flow measurements	p. 281
Electrophoretic NMR	p. 282
Multiple spin-echoes and miscellaneous	p. 286
References	p. 286
NMR imaging studies of translational motion	p. 296
Introduction	p. 296
Imaging - basic concepts	p. 297
Combining PGSE measurements with imaging	p. 297
Imaging-based flow measurements	p. 300
References	p. 303
B1 gradient methods	p. 308
Introduction	p. 308
B1 gradients	p. 308
B1 gradient diffusion measurements	p. 309
Miscellaneous	p. 310
References	p. 311
Applications	p. 313
Introduction and reviews	p. 313
Applications to high-resolution NMR	p. 314
Biological and pharmaceutical studies	p. 316
Chemical and material studies	p. 326
Spin-diffusion	p. 340
Imaging-based studies	p. 340
References	p. 344
Appendix	p. 369
Index	p. 377
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