Non-equilibrium Dynamics of Semiconductors And Nanostructures

by Tsen; Kong-Thon

• ISBN13: 9781574446968
• ISBN10: 1574446967
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The advent of the femto-second laser has enabled us to observe phenomena at the atomic timescale. One area to reap enormous benefits from this ability is ultrafast dynamics. Collecting the works of leading experts from around the globe, Non-Equilibrium Dynamics of Semiconductors and Nanostructures surveys recent developments in a variety of areas in ultrafast dynamics.In eight authoritative chapters illustrated by more than 150 figures, this book spans a broad range of new techniques and advances. It begins with a review of spin dynamics in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas, followed by the generation, propagation, and nonlinear properties of high-amplitude, ultrashort strain solitons in solids. The discussion then turns to nonlinear optical properties of nanoscale artificial dielectrics, optical properties of GaN self-assembled quantum dots, and optical studies of carrier dynamics and non-equilibrium optical phonons in nitride-based semiconductors. Rounding out the presentation, the book examines ultrafast non-equilibrium electron dynamics in metal nanoparticles, monochromatic acoustic phonons in GaAs, and electromagnetically induced transparency in semiconductor quantum wells.With its pedagogical approach and practical, up-to-date coverage, Non-Equilibrium Dynamics of Semiconductors and Nanostructures allows you to easily put the material into practice, whether you are a seasoned researcher or new to the field.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Spin Evolution in a High-Mobility, Two-Dimensional Electron Gas	1	(14)
Richard T. Harley
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Review of Theoretical Ideas on Spin-Dynamics in a 2DEG	2	(4)
1.2.1 Mechanisms in III–V Semiconductors	2	(2)
1.2.2 Electron Spin Dynamics in the Strong Scattering Regime	4	(2)
1.2.3 Collision-Free Regime	6	(1)
1.3 Experimental Investigation of Electron Spin-Dynamics in a 2DEG	6	(6)
1.3.1 Samples and Experimental Techniques	6	(4)
1.3.2 Experimental Results	10	(2)
1.4 Conclusions	12	(1)
References	13	(2)
Chapter 2 High-Amplitude, Ultrashort Strain Solitons in Solids	15	(34)
Otto L. Muskens and Jaap I. Dijkhuis
2.1 Introduction	15	(5)
2.1.1 Historical Perspective	16	(1)
2.1.2 Nano-Ultrasonics	17	(1)
2.1.3 Strain Solitons and Shock Waves	18	(2)
2.2 Theory of Strain Solitons	20	(9)
2.2.1 Nonlinear Elasticity	20	(3)
2.2.2 One-Dimensional Propagation	23	(1)
2.2.3 Soliton Trains	24	(2)
2.2.4 Shock Wave Development	26	(2)
2.2.5 Discrete and Multidimensional Models	28	(1)
2.3 Simulations	29	(5)
2.3.1 Soliton Trains in Sapphire	29	(2)
2.3.2 Diffraction and Soliton Train Formation	31	(1)
2.3.3 Stability of Individual Solitons	32	(2)
2.4 Brillouin-Scattering Experiments	34	(9)
2.4.1 Introduction	34	(1)
2.4.2 Setup	35	(1)
2.4.3 Transition from Shock Waves to Soliton Trains	36	(3)
2.4.4 Diffraction and the Formation of Solitons	39	(4)
2.5 Conclusions and Prospects	43	(2)
Acknowledgments	45	(1)
References	45	(4)
Chapter 3 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Artificial Dielectrics in the Nano-Scale	49	(20)
H. Grebel
3.1 Preface	49	(1)
3.2 Introduction	50	(3)
3.3 Theoretical Considerations	53	(8)
3.4 Experiments and Results	61	(5)
3.5 Discussion	66	(1)
3.6 Conclusions	67	(1)
References	67	(2)
Chapter 4 Optical Properties of Hexagonal and Cubic GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	69	(32)
Yong-Hoon Cho and Le Si Dang
4.1 Introduction	70	(1)
4.2 Physical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	71	(2)
4.3 Growth of Hexagonal and Cubic GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	73	(2)
4.3.1 MBE Growth of Hexagonal Phase GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	73	(1)
4.3.2 MOCVD Growth of Hexagonal Phase (In)GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	74	(1)
4.3.3 Growth of Cubic Phase GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	74	(1)
4.4 Optical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	75	(5)
4.4.1 Optical Properties of Hexagonal and Cubic GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	75	(4)
4.4.2 Optical Properties of GaN Quantum Dots Doped with Rare Earth Materials	79	(1)
4.5 Time- and Space-Resolved Optical Studies on GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	80	(7)
4.5.1 Time-Resolved Optical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	80	(2)
4.5.2 Space-Resolved Optical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	82	(2)
4.5.3 Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy Using Micro-PL and Micro-CL on GaN-Based Quantum Dots	84	(3)
4.6 Prospects of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	87	(4)
4.6.1 Growth Challenges: Control of Quantum Dot Nucleation Sites and Sizes	87	(2)
4.6.2 Control of Electronic Properties	89	(1)
4.6.3 UV Bipolar Opto-Electronic Devices: Interband Transitions in GaN Quantum Dots	89	(1)
4.6.4 IR Unipolar Opto-Electronic Devices: Intersubband Transitions in GaN Quantum Dots	90	(1)
4.6.5 White LEDs: Self-Assembled GaN Quantum Dots Doped with Rare Earth Materials	91	(1)
4.7 Conclusion	91	(1)
4.8 Acknowledgments	92	(1)
References	92	(9)
Chapter 5 Ultrafast Non-Equilibrium Electron Dynamics in Metal Nanoparticles	101	(42)
Fabrice Vallée
5.1 Introduction	101	(3)
5.2 Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles	104	(7)
5.2.1 Metal Nanoparticle Optical Response	104	(2)
5.2.2 Dielectric Function of a Metal Nanoparticle	106	(3)
5.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance	109	(1)
5.2.4 Nonlinear Optical Response: Sample Optical Property Changes	110	(1)
5.3 Optical Creation of Non-Equilibrium Electrons	111	(5)
5.3.1 Coherent Electron-Light Coupling	111	(4)
5.3.2 Non-Equilibrium Electron Gas Energy	115	(1)
5.4 Non-Equilibrium Electron Kinetics	116	(9)
5.4.1 Energy Relaxation Kinetics of Non-Equilibrium Electrons	116	(2)
5.4.2 Optical Probing of the Non-Equilibrium Electron Kinetics	118	(7)
5.4.3 Time-Dependent Optical Response	125	(1)
5.5 Electron-Electron Energy Exchanges	125	(5)
5.6 Electron-Lattice Energy Exchanges	130	(5)
5.7 Non-Equilibrium Electron-Lattice Energy Exchanges	135	(1)
5.8 Conclusion	136	(1)
Acknowledgments	137	(1)
References	138	(5)
Chapter 6 Generation and Propagation of Monochromatic Acoustic Phonons in Gallium Arsenide	143	(36)
Anthony J. Kent and Nicola M. Stanton
6.1 Introduction and Background	143	(3)
6.2 Basic Properties of Semiconductor Superlattices	146	(5)
6.3 Experimental Details	151	(5)
6.4 Experimental Results: Introduction	156	(11)
6.4.1 Time of Flight Techniques: Detecting Propagating Phonons Following Ultrafast Excitation	156	(3)
6.4.2 Determining the Monochromatic Nature of the Propagating Modes	159	(4)
6.4.3 Resolving Phonon Modes: Transverse Mode Enhancement	163	(3)
6.4.4 Studying the Transverse Contribution: (311) and (211) Substrates	166	(1)
6.5 Demonstrating Phonon Optics: Measuring the Mean Free Path of Terahertz (THz) Phonons	167	(3)
6.6 Other Materials: Gallium Nitride and Its Alloys	170	(3)
6.7 Summary and Outlook	173	(1)
References	174	(5)
Chapter 7 Optical Studies of Carrier Dynamics and Non-Equilibrium Optical Phonons in Nitride-Based Semiconductors	179	(36)
K.T. Tsen
7.1 Introduction	180	(1)
7.2 Experimental Approach, Samples, and Experimental Technique	181	(11)
7.2.1 Experimental Approach	181	(8)
7.2.1.1 Raman Spectroscopy in Semiconductors	181	(8)
7.2.2 General Considerations	189	(2)
7.2.2.1 Light Source	189	(1)
7.2.2.2 Spectrometer	189	(1)
7.2.2.3 Detector and Photon-Counting Electronics	190	(1)
7.2.3 Samples and Experimental Technique	191	(1)
7.3 Experimental Results	192	(18)
7.3.1 Experimental Results for Carrier Dynamics in InxGa1-xAs1-yNy: Analysis and Discussion	192	(3)
7.3.2 Experimental Results for Transient Carrier Transport in InxGa1-xN/GaN	195	(1)
7.3.3 Experimental Results for Transient Carrier Transport in InN/GaN: Analysis and Discussion	196	(6)
7.3.4 Experimental Results on Non-Equilibrium Longitudinal Optical Phonons in InN: Analysis and Discussion	202	(4)
7.3.5 Experimental Results on the Observation of Large Electron Drift Velocities in InN Thick Film Grown on GaN	206	(4)
7.4 Conclusion	210	(1)
Acknowledgments	210	(1)
References	210	(5)
Chapter 8 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Semiconductor Quantum Wells	215	(36)
Mark C. Phillips and Hailin Wang
8.1 Introduction	215	(2)
8.2 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Theory	217	(8)
8.2.1 Density Matrix for the -System	218	(2)
8.2.2 Steady-State EIT Solutions	220	(2)
8.2.3 Transient EIT Solutions	222	(3)
8.3 Experimental Methods	225	(2)
8.4 EIT via Intervalence Band Coherence	227	(3)
8.5 EIT via Exciton Spin Coherence	230	(9)
8.5.1 Spin Coherence via Bound Biexciton States	233	(1)
8.5.2 Spin Coherence via Unbound Two-Exciton States	234	(5)
8.6 EIT via Biexcitonic Coherence	239	(6)
8.7 Summary	245	(2)
Acknowledgments	247	(1)
References	247	(4)
Index	251