Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers

by Kjelstrup, S.; Bedeaux, D.; Johannessen, E.; Gross, J.

• ISBN13: 9789814322157
• ISBN10: 9814322156
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-07-30
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

The book describes in a simple and practical way what non-equilibrium thermodynamics is and how it can add to engineering fields. It explains how to describe proper equations of transport, more precise than used so far, and how to use them to understand the waste of energy resources in central unit processes in the industry. It introduces the entropy balance as an additional equation to use, to create consistent thermodynamic models, and a systematic method for minimizing energy losses that are connected with transport of heat, mass, charge, momentum and chemical reactions.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Scope	p. 1
Why non-equilibrium thermodynamics?	p. 7
Simple flux equations	p. 8
Flux equations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics	p. 11
The lost work of an industrial plant	p. 13
The second law efficiency	p. 19
Consistent thermodynamic models	p. 21
The entropy production of one-dimensional transport processes	p. 23
Balance equations	p. 25
Entropy production	p. 27
Examples	p. 33
The frame of reference for fluxes	p. 41
Flux equations and transport coefficients	p. 45
Linear flux-force relations	p. 46
Transport of heat and mass	p. 49
Transport of heat and charge	p. 58
Transport of mass and charge	p. 63
The mobility model	p. 69
Transport of volume and charge	p. 70
Concluding remarks	p. 73
Non-isothermal multi-component diffusion	p. 75
Isothermal diffusion	p. 76
Prigogine's theorem applied	p. 77
Diffusion in the solvent frame of reference	p. 78
Maxwell-Stefan equations	p. 81
Changing a frame of reference	p. 84
Maxwell-Stefan equations generalized	p. 87
Concluding remarks	p. 91
Systems with shear flow	p. 93
Balance equations	p. 94
Component balances	p. 95
Momentum balance	p. 95
Internal energy balance	p. 96
Entropy production	p. 98
Stationary pipe flow	p. 104
The measurable heat flux	p. 106
The plug flow reactor	p. 107
Concluding remarks	p. 108
Chemical reactions	p. 109
The Gibbs energy change of a chemical reaction	p. 112
The reaction path	p. 116
The chemical potential	p. 117
The entropy production	p. 119
A rate equation with a thermodynamic basis	p. 119
The law of mass action	p. 122
The entropy production on the mesoscopic scale	p. 124
Concluding remarks	p. 126
The lost work in the aluminum electrolysis	p. 129
The aluminum electrolysis cell	p. 130
The thermodynamic efficiency	p. 132
A simplified cell model	p. 135
Lost work due to charge transfer	p. 137
The bulk electrolyte	p. 137
The diffusion layer at the cathode	p. 137
The electrode surfaces	p. 138
The bulk anode and cathode	p. 139
Lost work by excess carbon consumption	p. 139
Lost work due to heat transport through the walls	p. 140
Conduction across the walls	p. 141
Surface radiation and convection	p. 142
A map of the lost work	p. 143
Concluding remarks	p. 145
The state of minimum entropy production and optimal control theory	p. 147
Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas	p. 148
Expansion work	p. 150
The entropy production	p. 151
The optimization idea	p. 153
Optimal control theory	p. 158
Heat exchange	p. 163
The entropy production	p. 165
The work production by a heat exchanger	p. 168
Optimal control theory and heat exchange	p. 171
Concluding remarks	p. 176
The state of minimum entropy production in selected process units	p. 177
The plug flow reactor	p. 178
The entropy production	p. 179
Optimal control theory and plug flow reactors	p. 184
A highway in state space	p. 185
Reactor design	p. 191
Distillation columns	p. 192
The entropy production	p. 195
Column design	p. 203
Concluding remarks	p. 204
Appendix A	p. 207
Balance equations for mass, charge, momentum and energy	p. 207
Mass balance	p. 208
Momentum balance	p. 210
Total energy balance	p. 213
Kinetic energy balance	p. 214
Potential energy balance	p. 215
Balance of the electric field energy	p. 215
Internal energy balance	p. 215
Entropy balance	p. 217
Partial molar thermodynamic properties	p. 219
The chemical potential and its reference states	p. 222
The equation of state as a basis	p. 223
The excess Gibbs energy as a basis	p. 224
Henry's law as a basis	p. 226
Driving forces and equilibrium constants	p. 227
The ideal gas reference state	p. 228
The pure liquid reference state	p. 229
Bibliography	p. 231
List of Symbols	p. 245
Index	p. 251
About the authors	p. 259
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