Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction

by Knapp, Mark L.; Hall, Judith A.

• ISBN13: 9780030625831
• ISBN10: 0030625831
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1992-02-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The most comprehensive, most readable compendium of research and theory on nonverbal communication available, NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN HUMAN INTERACTION (WITH INFOTRAC) uses the cross-disciplinary approaches of speech and social psychology to focus on how nonverbal communication research affects a wide variety of academic interests. Your purchase includes access to InfoTrac College Edition, an online university library of full length articles from academic journals, magazines and newspapers.

Table of Contents

An Introduction to the Study of Nonverbal Communication	p. 1
Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives	p. 3
Defining Nonverbal Communication	p. 5
Encoding	p. 5
Decoding	p. 6
Classifying Nonverbal Behavior	p. 7
The Communication Environment	p. 7
Physical Environment	p. 7
Spatial Environment	p. 8
The Communicators' Physical Characteristics	p. 8
Body Movement and Position	p. 8
Gestures	p. 8
Posture	p. 9
Touching Behavior	p. 9
Facial Expressions	p. 10
Eye Behavior	p. 10
Vocal Behavior	p. 10
Nonverbal Communication in the Total Communication Process	p. 11
Repeating	p. 12
Conflicting	p. 13
Complementing	p. 16
Substituting	p. 16
Accenting/Moderating	p. 16
Regulating	p. 17
The History of Nonverbal Studies	p. 18
Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life	p. 22
Crime and Punishment	p. 23
Televised Politics	p. 24
Classroom Behavior	p. 27
Courtship Behavior	p. 28
Summary	p. 30
The Roots of Nonverbal Behavior	p. 40
The Development of Nonverbal Behavior Across Evolutionary Time: Phylogeny	p. 42
Evidence from Sensory Deprivation	p. 43
Evidence from Infants	p. 44
Evidence from Twin Studies	p. 51
Evidence from Nonhuman Primates	p. 53
Evidence from Multicultural Studies	p. 62
Summary	p. 66
The Ability to Receive and Send Nonverbal Signals	p. 71
Methods for Improving Nonverbal Skills	p. 73
Measuring Accuracy of Decoding and Encoding Nonverbal Cues	p. 76
Standardized Tests of Decoding Ability	p. 78
Characteristics of Skilled Nonverbal Receivers	p. 82
Gender	p. 83
Other Personal Correlates of Receiving Accuracy	p. 84
Task Factors Affecting Nonverbal Receiving Accuracy	p. 88
Characteristics of Accurate Nonverbal Senders	p. 89
The Relationship between Sending and Receiving Skills	p. 92
On Being an Observer of Nonverbal Communication	p. 93
The Fallibility of Human Perception	p. 95
Summary	p. 97
The Communication Environment	p. 107
The Effects of the Environment on Human Communication	p. 109
Perceptions of Our Surroundings	p. 111
Perceptions of Formality	p. 112
Perceptions of Warmth	p. 112
Perceptions of Privacy	p. 112
Perceptions of Familiarity	p. 112
Perceptions of Constraint	p. 113
Perceptions of Distance	p. 113
Reacting to Environments	p. 113
Perceptions of Time	p. 114
Time as Location	p. 115
Time as Duration	p. 116
Time as Intervals	p. 116
Time as Patterns of Intervals	p. 116
The Natural Environment	p. 117
Other People in the Environment	p. 119
Architectural Design and Movable Objects	p. 121
Color	p. 123
Sound	p. 125
Lighting	p. 126
Movable Objects	p. 127
Structure and Design	p. 129
Regulating Environments and Communication	p. 134
Summary	p. 135
The Effects of Territory and Personal Space on Human Communication	p. 143
The Concept of Territoriality	p. 143
Territoriality Invasion and Defense	p. 144
Density and Crowding	p. 148
The Effects of High Density	p. 150
Coping with High Density	p. 151
Conversational Distance	p. 152
Sex	p. 155
Age	p. 157
Cultural and Ethnic Background	p. 157
Topic or Subject Matter	p. 158
Setting for the Interaction	p. 159
Physical Characteristics	p. 159
Attitudinal and Emotional Orientation	p. 159
Characteristics of the Interpersonal Relationship	p. 160
Personality Characteristics	p. 161
Seating Behavior and Spatial Arrangements in Small Groups	p. 161
Leadership	p. 161
Dominance	p. 163
Task	p. 163
Sex and Acquaintance	p. 164
Introversion-Extraversion	p. 166
Summary	p. 168
The Communicators	p. 177
The Effects of Physical Characteristics on Human Communication	p. 179
Our Body: Its General Attractiveness	p. 180
Dating and Marriage	p. 181
On the Job	p. 184
Persuading Others	p. 184
Self-Esteem	p. 185
Antisocial Behavior	p. 186
The Power of Physical Attractiveness: Some Important Qualifications	p. 187
The Effects of Interaction	p. 187
The Effects of Other Factors	p. 188
Changing Standards over Time	p. 188
Our Body: Its Specific Features	p. 189
The Face	p. 189
Body Shape	p. 192
Height	p. 197
Body Image	p. 199
Body Color	p. 200
Body Smell	p. 201
Body Hair	p. 203
Our Body: Clothes and Other Artifacts	p. 206
Clothing and Communication	p. 207
Functions of Clothing	p. 209
Clothing as Information about the Person	p. 210
Effects of Clothing on the Wearer	p. 211
Clothing and Personality	p. 211
Artifacts and Body Decoration	p. 213
Summary	p. 214
The Communicators' Behavior	p. 227
The Effects of Gesture and Posture on Human Communication	p. 229
Speech-Independent Gestures	p. 230
Speech-Related Gestures	p. 241
Referent-Related Gestures	p. 241
Speaker's-Relationship-to-the-Referent Gestures	p. 244
Punctuation Gestures	p. 245
Interactive Gestures	p. 245
The Coordination of Gesture, Posture, and Speech	p. 250
Self-Synchrony	p. 250
Interaction Synchrony	p. 253
Summary	p. 260
The Effects of Touch on Human Communication	p. 272
Touching and Human Development	p. 273
Who Touches Whom, Where, and How Much?	p. 275
Different Types of Touching Behavior	p. 280
The Meanings and Impact of Interpersonal Touch	p. 284
Touch as Positive Affect	p. 285
Touch as Negative Affect	p. 285
Touch as Play	p. 285
Touch as Influence	p. 286
Touch as Interaction Management	p. 286
Touch as Physiological Stimulus	p. 286
Touch as Interpersonal Responsiveness	p. 286
Touch as Task Related	p. 287
Touch as Healing	p. 287
Touch as Symbolism	p. 288
Contextual Factors in the Meaning of Interpersonal Touch	p. 289
Touch--A Powerful Unconscious Force in Interaction	p. 290
Cultural Differences in Touching Behavior	p. 292
Self-Touching	p. 293
Summary	p. 297
The Effects of the Face on Human Communication	p. 305
The Face and Personality Judgments	p. 305
The Face and Interaction Management	p. 306
Channel Control	p. 307
Complementing or Qualifying Other Behavior	p. 307
Replacing Spoken Messages	p. 307
The Face and Expressions of Emotion	p. 308
The Face--A Complex Stimulus	p. 309
The Facial Emotion Controversy	p. 313
Measuring the Face	p. 315
Judging Facial Expressions of Emotion	p. 322
Emotions Inferred from the Face	p. 326
Physiology and the Face	p. 330
The Social Impact of Facial Expressions	p. 335
Summary	p. 338
The Effects of Eye Behavior on Human Communication	p. 347
Gaze and Mutual Gaze	p. 349
Functions of Gazing	p. 350
Regulating the Flow of Communication	p. 351
Monitoring Feedback	p. 352
Reflecting Cognitive Activity	p. 352
Expressing Emotions	p. 353
Communicating the Nature of the Interpersonal Relationship	p. 355
Conditions Influencing Gazing Patterns	p. 360
Distance	p. 360
Physical Characteristics	p. 360
Personal and Personality Characteristics	p. 361
Topics and Tasks	p. 363
Cultural Background and Racial Attitudes	p. 365
Pupil Dilation and Constriction	p. 366
Summary	p. 369
The Effects of Vocal Cues That Accompany Spoken Words	p. 379
The Ingredients of Paralanguage	p. 381
Vocal Cues and Speaker Recognition	p. 384
Vocal Cues and Personality	p. 386
Vocal Cues and Group Perceptions	p. 390
Vocal Cues and Judgments of Sociodemographic Characteristics	p. 392
Sex	p. 392
Age	p. 393
Social Class/Status	p. 394
Target Effects	p. 394
Vocal Cues and Emotion	p. 395
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Persuasion	p. 400
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Retention	p. 401
Vocal Cues and Persuasion	p. 402
Vocal Cues and Turn Taking in Conversations	p. 403
Turn Yielding	p. 404
Turn Requesting	p. 404
Turn Maintaining	p. 404
Turn Denying	p. 405
Hesitations, Pauses, Silence, and Speech	p. 405
Location or Placement of Pauses	p. 405
Types of Pauses	p. 406
Reasons Why Pauses Occur	p. 407
Response Latency and Talking Time	p. 407
Silence	p. 408
Summary	p. 410
Communicating Important Messages	p. 421
Putting It All Together: Multisignal Messages	p. 423
Communicating Intimacy	p. 424
Communicating Dominance/Status	p. 429
Managing the Interaction	p. 433
Greeting Behavior	p. 433
Turn-Taking Behavior	p. 434
Leave-Taking Behavior	p. 437
Communicating Our Identity	p. 438
Personal Identity	p. 439
Social Identity	p. 441
Deceiving Others	p. 443
A Perspective for Communicators	p. 446
Credits	p. 459
Author Index	p. 461
Subject Index	p. 477
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