Nurse's Manual of Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

by Malarkey, Louise M.; McMorrow, Mary Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780721678122
• ISBN10: 0721678122
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-12-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

This comprehensive text and reference provides essential guidance on over 700 laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures used in nursing. It provides background information on each test; explains normal and abnormal test results; and emphasizes nursing care for the patient undergoing the test. Normal values for each test and procedure appear in both conventional and international units, and cover all phases of the life span. And, over 120 unique tables display complications at a glance.

Table of Contents

PART I Nursing Responsibilities in Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures	1	(36)
The Nursing Role	2	(14)
Specimen Collection Procedures	16	(21)
Blood Collection: Arterial Puncture	16	(3)
Blood Collection: Capillary Puncture	19	(4)
Blood Collection: Venipuncture	23	(4)
Stool Collection	27	(2)
Urine Collection	29	(1)
First Morning Specimen	30	(2)
Random Specimen	32	(1)
Fractional Specimen	33	(1)
Timed Specimen	34	(3)
PART II Multisystem Laboratory Tests	37	(160)
Urinalysis Screen	38	(11)
Urinalysis	38	(11)
Hematology Screen	49	(33)
Complete Blood Cell Count	49	(4)
Hematocrit	53	(2)
Hemoglobin	55	(2)
Pripheral Blood Smear	57	(4)
Platelet Count	61	(4)
Platelet Indices	65	(1)
Red Blood Cell Count	66	(2)
Red Cell Indices	68	(2)
Reticulocyte Count	70	(1)
White Blood Cell Count	71	(4)
White Blood Cell Differential Count	75	(7)
Serum Electrolytes	82	(22)
Carbon Dioxide, Total	83	(1)
Calcium, Serum	84	(3)
Calcium, Ionized	87	(2)
Chloride, Serum	89	(2)
Magensium, Serum	91	(3)
Phosphorus, Serum	94	(2)
Potassium, Serum	96	(3)
Sodium, Serum	99	(5)
Coagulation Screen	104	(33)
Activated Clotting Time	104	(3)
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time	107	(3)
Clot Retraction Time	110	(2)
Coagulation Factor Assay	112	(3)
Coagulation Inhibitors	115	(3)
D-dimer Test	118	(1)
Euglobulin Clot Lysis	119	(2)
Fibrinogen	121	(2)
Fibrin Breakdown Products	123	(2)
Platelet Aggregation	125	(2)
Prothrombin Time	127	(2)
Thrombin Time	129	(2)
Bleeding Time	131	(1)
Capillary Fragility Test	132	(5)
Microbiologic Tests	137	(60)
Epstein-Barr Virus Serology	138	(1)
Histoplasmosis Antibody Tests	139	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tests	140	(5)
Infectious Mononucleosis Tests	145	(2)
Lyme Disease Tests	147	(2)
Malaria Smear	149	(1)
Measles Antibody	150	(1)
Methylene Blue Stain, Feces	151	(1)
Microfilaria Smear	152	(2)
Mumps Antibody	154	(1)
Ova and Parasites, Feces	155	(3)
Ova and Parasites, Urine	158	(2)
Parasite Culture	160	(1)
Rotavirus, Feces	161	(1)
Rubella Antibody	162	(2)
Stool Culture	164	(1)
Syphilis Serology	165	(3)
Toxoplasmosis Serology	168	(2)
Varicella-Zoster Antibody	170	(1)
Blood Culture	171	(2)
Darkfield Examination, Syphilis	173	(2)
Genital Culture	175	(5)
Herpes Simplex Virus Antigen Test	180	(1)
Mantoux Skin Test	181	(3)
Nasopharyngeal Culture	184	(1)
Sputum Culture and Sensitivity	185	(3)
Throat Culture	188	(2)
Urine Culture	190	(2)
Wound Culture	192	(5)
PART III Multisystem Diagnostic Procedures	197	(66)
Ultrasonography	198	(8)
Ultrasound	198	(8)
Radiography	206	(8)
X-Ray Studies	206	(8)
Nuclear Imaging	214	(14)
Nuclear Imaging	214	(14)
Angiography	228	(11)
Angiography	228	(11)
Tomography	239	(10)
Computed Tomography	239	(6)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	245	(4)
Genetic Testing	249	(14)
PART IV Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests of Specific Body Systems	263	(559)
Pulmonary Function	264	(43)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme	264	(1)
Anion Gap	265	(1)
Arterial Blood Gases	266	(7)
Lactic Acid	273	(1)
Mixed Venous Blood Gases	274	(3)
Bronchoscopy	277	(3)
Capnogram	280	(2)
Computed Tomography of the Chest	282	(1)
Lung Biopsy	283	(1)
Lung Scans	284	(3)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Chest	287	(1)
Mediastinoscopy	288	(1)
Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Lung	289	(2)
Pulmonary Angiography	291	(2)
Pulmonary Function Studies	293	(5)
Pulse Oximetry	298	(1)
Roentgenogram of the Chest	299	(2)
Thoracentesis and Pleural Fluid Analysis	301	(3)
Thoracoscopy	304	(3)
Cardiac Function	307	(43)
Enzymes and Isoenzymes, Cardiac	307	(4)
Lipids, Serum	311	(5)
Myoglobin	316	(1)
Troponin	317	(1)
Catheterization, Cardiac	318	(3)
Echocardiogram	321	(3)
Electrocardiogram	324	(5)
Electrophysiologic Studies	329	(2)
Endomyocardial Biopsy	331	(1)
Ergonovine Provocation Test	332	(3)
Gated Blood Pool Studies	335	(1)
Holter Monitoring	335	(2)
Pericardiocentesis	337	(2)
Phonocardiogram	339	(1)
Roentgenogram, Cardiac	340	(1)
Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram	341	(1)
Stress Testing, Cardiac	342	(2)
Thallium Testing	344	(1)
Transesophageal Echocardiography	345	(2)
Vectorcardiogram	347	(3)
Peripheral Vascular Function	350	(20)
Angiography	351	(1)
Cold Stimulation Test	351	(1)
Computed Tomography Angiography	352	(1)
Doppler Ultrasound	353	(4)
Duplex Doppler Ultrasound	357	(1)
Lymphangiography	357	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Angiography	359	(1)
Plethysmography, Arterial	360	(2)
Plethysmography, Venous	362	(3)
Venography	365	(5)
Hematologic Function	370	(42)
Antiglobulin Tests	371	(3)
Complement, Total	374	(1)
Fetal Hemoglobin	375	(2)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Screen	377	(1)
Haptoglobin	378	(1)
Heinz Bodies	379	(2)
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis	381	(2)
Hemosiderin, Urinary	383	(1)
Human Leukocyte Antigen	384	(2)
Intrinsic Factor Antibodies	386	(1)
Iron Studies	387	(5)
Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase	392	(1)
Osmotic Fragility	393	(2)
Parietal Cell Antibody	395	(1)
Schilling Test	396	(3)
Sickle Cell Tests	399	(2)
Total Blood Volume	401	(2)
Type and Crossmatch	403	(2)
Vitamin B12 Assay	405	(2)
Bone Marrow Examination	407	(4)
Bone Marrow Scan	411	(1)
Gastrointestinal Function	412	(57)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen	413	(2)
D-Xylose Absorption Test	415	(3)
Gastric Stimulation Test	418	(2)
Gastrin	420	(1)
Helicobacter pylori Tests	421	(2)
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Quantitative	423	(2)
Lactose Tolerance Test	425	(2)
Occult Blood	427	(3)
Serotonin	430	(2)
Barium Enema	432	(3)
Barium Swallow	435	(2)
Colonoscopy	437	(3)
Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract	440	(1)
Esophageal Function Tests	441	(3)
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy	444	(4)
Gallium Scan	448	(2)
Gastric Emptying Scan	450	(3)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan	453	(2)
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan	455	(1)
Gastrointestinal Cytologic Studies	456	(1)
Paracentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Analysis	457	(3)
Percutaneous Peritoneal Biopsy	460	(1)
Roentgenography of the Abdomen	461	(1)
Sigmoidoscopy and Anoscopy	462	(2)
Upper Gastrointestinal Series and Small Bowel Series	464	(5)
Hepatic, Biliary, Pancreatic, and Splenic Function	469	(81)
Alanine Aminotransferase	471	(1)
Alkaline Phosphatase	472	(1)
Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes	473	(2)
Alpha1-Fetoprotein	475	(1)
Ammonia	476	(2)
Amylase, Serum	478	(2)
Amylase, Urine	480	(1)
Aspartate Aminotransferase	481	(2)
Bilirubin	483	(4)
Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9	487	(2)
Ceruloplasmin	489	(1)
Fecal Fat	490	(2)
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase	492	(1)
Hepatitis Virus Tests	493	(1)
Hepatitis A Antibody	494	(2)
Hepatitis B Core Antibody	496	(1)
Hepatitis B e Antibody	497	(1)
Hepatitis B e Antigen	498	(1)
Hepatitis B Surface Antibody	499	(1)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen	500	(1)
Hepatitis B Viral DNA Assay	501	(1)
Hepatitis C Antibody	502	(1)
Hepatitis C-RNA Assay	503	(1)
Hepatitis D Antibody	504	(1)
Hepatitis E Antibody	505	(2)
Lactate Dehydrogenase	507	(1)
Leucine Aminopeptidase	507	(1)
Lipase	508	(1)
5'-Nucleotidase	509	(1)
Protein Electrophoresis	510	(3)
Serum Proteins	513	(4)
Prothrombin Time	517	(1)
Sweat Test	517	(2)
Trypsinogen, Immunoreactive Assay	519	(1)
Urobilinogen, Fecal	520	(1)
Urobilinogen, Urine	521	(3)
Cholangiography, Percutaneous Transhepatic	524	(3)
Cholangiography, T-Tube and Intravenous	527	(2)
Cholecystography, Oral	529	(3)
Computed Tomography of the Liver, Biliary Tract, Pancreas, and Spleen	532	(1)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Pancreatic Cytology	533	(4)
Laparoscopy, Abdominal	537	(3)
Liver-Biliary Scan	540	(2)
Liver Biopsy, Percutaneous	542	(4)
Liver-Spleen Scan	546	(1)
Ultrasound of the Liver, Gallbladder, Biliary Tract, Spleen, and Pancreas	547	(3)
Endocrine Function	550	(79)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Plasma	552	(2)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation Test	554	(1)
Aldosterone, Serum	555	(3)
Aldosterone, Urinary	558	(1)
Calcitonin	559	(2)
Catecholamines, Plasma	561	(1)
Catecholamines, Urinary	562	(2)
Cortisol, Total	564	(2)
Dexamethasone Suppression Test	566	(1)
Fasting Blood Glucose	567	(3)
Free Cortisol	570	(1)
Free Thyroxine	571	(1)
Free Triiodothyronine	572	(1)
Glucagon, Blood	572	(2)
Glucose, Capillary	574	(3)
Glucose, Urinary	577	(1)
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Assay	578	(2)
Growth Hormone	580	(1)
Growth Hormone Stimulation Test	581	(2)
Growth Hormone Supression Test	583	(1)
2-Hour Postprandial Glucose	584	(1)
Insulin, Blood	585	(2)
Ketones, Serum	587	(1)
Ketones, Urinary	588	(1)
Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator	589	(1)
Metyrapone Testing	590	(1)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test	591	(2)
Osmolality, Plasma	593	(1)
Osmolality, Urine	594	(1)
Parathyroid Hormone	595	(2)
Renin, Plasma	597	(2)
Resin Triiodothyronine Uptake	599	(1)
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids	600	(1)
17-Ketogenic Steroids	601	(1)
17-Ketosteroids, Urinary	602	(2)
Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies	604	(1)
Thyroid Microsomal Autoantibodies	605	(1)
Thyrotropin	605	(1)
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Test	606	(1)
Thyroxine, Total	607	(2)
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin	609	(1)
Tolbutamide Stimulation Test	610	(2)
Triiodothyromine	612	(1)
Vasopressin	613	(2)
Vitamin D, Activated	615	(1)
Water Deprivation Test	616	(2)
Water-Loading Test	618	(1)
Computed Tomography of the Adrenal Glands	619	(1)
Computed Tomography of the Pancreas	620	(1)
Pancreatic Ultrasonography	620	(1)
Pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging	621	(1)
Radioactive lodine Uptake Study	622	(2)
Radionuclide Thyroid Scanning	624	(1)
Thyroid Biopsy	625	(4)
Renal and Urinary Tract Function	629	(42)
Albumin, Urinary	629	(2)
Calculus Analysis	631	(1)
Creatinine	632	(2)
Creatinine Clearance, 24-Hour Urine	634	(1)
Electrolytes, 24-Hour Urine	635	(5)
Erythropoietin	640	(1)
Phenylalanine, Blood	641	(2)
Phenylalanine, Urine	643	(1)
Prostate-Specific Antigen	644	(2)
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase	646	(1)
Protein Electrophoresis, 24,-`Hour Urine	647	(2)
Specific Gravity	649	(2)
Urea Nitrogen	651	(1)
Uric Acid, Urine	652	(2)
Urine Protein, 24-Hour	654	(1)
Angiography, Renal	655	(1)
Biopsy, Prostate	655	(3)
Biopsy, Renal	658	(3)
Computed Tomography, Kidney	661	(1)
Cystoscopy	661	(2)
Intravenous Pyelogram	663	(3)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Urinary Tract	666	(1)
Plain X-Ray Film, Renal Tract	666	(1)
Renal Scan	666	(1)
Retrograde Pyelography	667	(1)
Ultrasound, Renal	667	(1)
Ultrasound, Transrectal	667	(1)
Uroflowmetry	668	(3)
Reproductive Function	671	(67)
Alpha1-Fetoprotein, Serum	672	(1)
Androstenedione	673	(1)
Cancer Antigen 125	674	(2)
Estradiol, Serum	676	(1)
Estriol, Pregnancy	677	(2)
Estrogen-Progesterone Receptor Assay	679	(2)
Estrogens, 24-Hour Urine	681	(1)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	682	(3)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Serum	685	(2)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Urine	687	(2)
Luteinizing Hormone	689	(2)
Preganetriol	691	(2)
Progesterone	693	(2)
Prolactin	695	(1)
Semen Analysis	696	(4)
Testosterone, Total, Free	700	(2)
Amniocentesis and Amniotic Fluid Analysis	702	(6)
Breast Biopsy	708	(4)
Colposcopy	712	(2)
Computed Tomography, Pelvis	714	(1)
Cordocentesis and Fetal Blood Analysis	714	(5)
Fetal Monitoring, External	719	(3)
Fetal Monitoring, Internal	722	(2)
Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling	724	(2)
Hysterosalpingography	726	(2)
Laparoscopy, Pelvic	728	(2)
Mammography	730	(2)
Papanicolaou Smear	732	(2)
Ultrasound, Pelvis	734	(4)
Neurologic Function	738	(28)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis and Lumbar Puncture	738	(7)
Angiography, Brain, Head, and Neck	745	(4)
Computed Tomography, Cranial, Spinal	749	(1)
Electroencephalography	750	(3)
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies	753	(3)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain, Spinal Cord	756	(1)
Myelography	757	(3)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Scan, Brain	760	(2)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Scan, Spine	762	(1)
Ultrasound, Cranial, Neck	763	(1)
X-Ray, Skull	764	(1)
X-Ray, Spine	764	(2)
Musculoskeletal Function	766	(34)
Anti-DNA	766	(1)
Antinuclear Antibody	767	(3)
C-Reactive Protein	770	(1)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate	771	(2)
Human Leukocyte Antigen B-27	773	(1)
Lupus Erythematous Test	773	(1)
Myoglobin, Urine	774	(2)
Rheumatoid Factor	776	(1)
Uric Acid	777	(2)
Arthrocentesis and Synovial Fluid Analysis	779	(3)
Arthrography	782	(1)
Arthroscopy	783	(4)
Bone Biopsy	787	(3)
Bone Scan	790	(2)
Computed Tomography, Bones and Joints	792	(1)
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry	793	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	795	(1)
Roentgenography, Bones and Joints	795	(1)
Synovial Membrane Biopsy	795	(3)
Ultrasound, Quantitative	798	(2)
Sensory Function	800	(22)
Computed Tomography, Eye, Orbits	800	(2)
Fluorescein Angiography	802	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Eye	804	(1)
Orbital Radiography	804	(1)
Ultrasonography, Eye	804	(1)
Visual Acuity Testing	804	(3)
Visual Field Testing	807	(4)
Audiometry	811	(2)
Computed Tomography, Labyrinth System	813	(1)
Electronystagmography	813	(3)
Biopsy, Skin	816	(2)
Patch Test, Skin	818	(4)
Critical Thinking Discussions	822	(51)
Appendix A Therapeutic Drug Monitoring	837	(3)
Appendix B Toxic Substances	840	(2)
Appendix C Abbreviations Associated with Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing	842	(6)
Appendix D Symbols and Units of Measurement	848	(1)
Appendix E Normal Values: Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Tests	849	(16)
Appendix F Normal Values: Urine Tests	865	(4)
Appendix G Normal Values: Body Fluids	869	(4)
Index	873