Obesity And Cardiovascular Disease

by Robinson; Malcolm K.

• ISBN13: 9781574448634
• ISBN10: 1574448633
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-07
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Although cardiovascular disease remains the leading proximate cause of death in the United States, it is now estimated that obesity may be equivalent to smoking as the leading cause of preventable death in America. In light of these statistics, this reference presents our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, and genetics of the obesity epidemic and its relationship to cardiovascular disease. It provides an evidence-based approach to the topic, as well as emphasizes a combined treatment strategy for patients suffering from both obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Table of Contents

Series Introduction	iii
Samuel Z. Goldhaber
Preface	v
Contributors	xiii
1. Overview of the Obesity Epidemic and Its Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease
Shari S. Bassuk and JoAnn E. Manson
Prevalence and Overall Health Impact of Overweight and Obesity	1	(4)
Methodologic Issues in Epidemiologic Studies of Obesity and Health Outcomes	5	(4)
Obesity and CVD	9	(8)
Obesity and Disorders that Are Associated with an Elevated Risk of CVD	17	(6)
Conclusion	23	(1)
References	24	(9)
2. Obesity and Hypertension	33	(18)
Nikheel S. Kolatkar, Abraham Thomas, and Gordon H. Williams
Introduction	33	(1)
Cardiovascular Dysfunction	34	(1)
Renal Structural and Hemodynamic Changes	35	(1)
RAAS Activation	35	(1)
Natriuretic Peptide System Effects	36	(1)
Effects of Biochemical and Hormonal Mediators	36	(3)
Nervous System Changes	39	(1)
Treatment of Obesity Hypertension	40	(2)
Summary	42	(1)
References	43	(8)
3. Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease	51	(24)
Greeshma K. Shetty and Christos S. Mantzoros
Introduction	51	(1)
Obesity/Fat Distribution/Inflammatory Markers	52	(2)
Obesity and Insulin Resistance	54	(3)
Metabolic Syndrome	57	(2)
CVD in Relation to Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Inflammatory Markers	59	(1)
CAD	59	(1)
Treatment Options for Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and CVD as Associated to Obesity and Inflammation	60	(3)
Conclusion	63	(1)
References	64	(11)
4. Obesity, Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease	75	(18)
Asha Thomas-Geevarghese and Abraham Thomas
Introduction	75	(1)
Lipoproteins	76	(1)
Relationship of Dyslipidemia and Obesity	76	(3)
Insulin Resistance	79	(1)
The Lipids	80	(1)
LDL.	81	(1)
HDL.	82	(1)
Weight Loss and Effect on Lipids	82	(2)
Treatment	84	(4)
Conclusion	88	(1)
References	88	(5)
5. Vascular Dysfunction and Obesity	93	(28)
Kieren J. Mather and Alain D. Baron
Introduction: Obesity and CV Risk	93	(2)
OB/IR and Endothelial Dysfunction	95	(4)
Determinants of Vascular Function	99	(7)
Summary	106	(1)
References	107	(14)
6. Obesity and Inflammatory and Thrombotic Factors	121	(22)
Vincent Ricchiuti
Introduction	121	(1)
Adipokines: Inflammation and Role of White Adipose Tissue	122	(6)
Coagulation and Abnormal Fibrinolysis in Obesity	128	(5)
Conclusion	133	(1)
References	134	(9)
7. Obstructive Sleep Apnea	143	(34)
Sanjay R. Patel and Robert B. Fogel
Introduction	143	(5)
OSA and Obesity	148	(4)
OSA and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Dysfunction	152	(7)
OSA and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Disease	159	(8)
Summary	167	(1)
References	167	(10)
8. Molecular Genetics of Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases	177	(48)
Yvon C. Chagnon
Introduction	177	(1)
Lines of Evidence	178	(3)
Genetic Epidemiology of Obesity and CVD	181	(1)
Genome Scan Results for Obesity and CVD	182	(2)
Results of Association Studies for Obesity and CVD	184	(14)
KO and Tg Rodent Models	198	(1)
Shared Loci Between Obesity and CVD	199	(6)
Summary	205	(1)
References	206	(19)
9. Risk Assessment and Treatment Standards of Obesity and Overweight in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease	225	(32)
Lalita Khaodhiar, Karen C. McCowen, and George L. Blackburn
Introduction	225	(1)
Obesity Assessment and Risk of CVD	226	(6)
Epidemiology of CVD in Obesity	232	(5)
Treatment of Obesity to Lower Cardiovascular Risk	237	(7)
Conclusion	244	(1)
References	245	(12)
10. The Roles of Dietary Fats in Reducing Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals	257	(24)
Kathy McManus and Kris M. Mogensen
Introduction	257	(1)
Types of Dietary Fats	257	(3)
Low-Fat vs. Moderate-Fat Diets and Weight Loss	260	(2)
Cardiovascular Effects of Low-Fat and Higher-Fat Diets	262	(1)
Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets	263	(4)
Dietary Patterns	267	(2)
Current Research	269	(5)
Conclusions	274	(1)
References	275	(6)
11. Dietary Intervention and Monitoring of Obese Patients with Cardiovascular Disease	281	(20)
Kris M. Mogensen, Barbara B. Hodges, Natalie M. Egan, and Jenny Hegmann
Introduction	281	(1)
National Cholesterol Education Project	282	(2)
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet	284	(2)
Glycemic Index	286	(2)
Plant-Based Diets: Vegetarian and Dr. Dean Ornish	288	(2)
Post–Gastric Bypass Diet	290	(2)
Very Low-Calorie Diets	292	(5)
Conclusion	297	(1)
References	297	(4)
12. Lifestyle Modification in the Obese Patient with Cardiovascular Disease	301	(22)
Rena R. Wing and Douglas A. Raynor
Introduction	301	(1)
Evidence that Lifestyle Modification Can Produce Important Health Benefits	301	(2)
Evidence that Lifestyle Changes Can Produce Long-Term Maintenance of Weight Loss: The NWCR	303	(2)
Description of Behavioral Treatment Program for Obesity	305	(5)
Strategies to Help Participants Change Their Eating Behaviors	310	(3)
Strategies to Help Participants Change Their Physical Activity	313	(3)
Complicating Factors in the Treatment of Obesity in Patients with CVD	316	(2)
Conclusions	318	(1)
References	318	(5)
13. Use of Antiobesity Medications in Overweight Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Implications of Drug Selection and Patient Monitoring	323	(24)
Supawan Buranapin and Caroline Apovian
Introduction and Guidelines	323	(1)
Classifications	324	(14)
Combination Therapy with Sibutramine and Orlistat	338	(1)
A Comparison Study of Orlistat and Sibutramine	338	(1)
Comparisons Among the Three FDA-Approved Antiobesity Agents—Sibutramine, Orlistat, and Phentermine	339	(1)
Comments and Conclusions	339	(2)
References	341	(6)
14. Bariatric Surgery and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors	347	(18)
Malcolm K. Robinson, J. Efren Gonzalez, and Danny O. Jacobs
Introduction	347	(1)
Indications for Bariatric Surgery	348	(2)
Bariatric Surgical Procedures	350	(4)
Postoperative Care and Complications	354	(3)
Outcomes and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction	357	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	360	(1)
References	361	(4)
15. Management of Perioperative Cardiac Risk in the Bariatric Patient	365	(16)
Zara Cooper, Cesar E. Escareno, and David B. Lautz
Introduction	365	(1)
Risk Assessment	366	(2)
Preoperative Testing	368	(3)
Patients with Pre-existing Conditions	371	(5)
Anesthetic Considerations	376	(1)
Postoperative Care	377	(1)
References	377	(4)
16. Obesity and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease	381	(22)
Tulika Jain, Jorge Plutzky, and Darren K. McGuire
Introduction	381	(1)
Epidemiology	382	(5)
Obesity, CVD Risk Factors, and the Metabolic Syndrome	387	(3)
Body Fat Distribution	390	(1)
Biology of Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Atherosclerotic Disease	391	(3)
Influence of Obesity on Prognosis Among Patients with CHD	394	(1)
Effects of Weight Loss	395	(1)
Conclusions	396	(1)
References	397	(6)
17. Heart Failure and Obesity: The Risk of Development and the Treatment of Heart Failure in Obese Patients	403	(26)
Aruna D. Pradhan, Michael M Givertz, and Kenneth L. Baughman
Epidemiology	403	(1)
Mechanisms of Disease Development	404	(4)
Basic Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Heart Failure	408	(4)
Heart Failure in Obesity: A Difficult Diagnosis	412	(8)
Transplant Considerations	420	(1)
Summary	421	(1)
References	422	(7)
18. Acknowledging and Reversing the Toxic Environment	429	(14)
Andrew B. Geier and Kelly D. Brownell
Acknowledging the Toxic Environment	429	(5)
Reversing the Toxic Environment	434	(8)
Signs of Changing Times	442	(1)
Conclusion	443	(1)
References	443	(4)
Index	447