Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Understanding System Development with UML 2.0

by O'Docherty, Mike

• ISBN13: 9780470092408
• ISBN10: 0470092408
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-05-20
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Covering the breadth of a large topic, this book provides a thorough grounding in object-oriented concepts, the software development process, UML and multi-tier technologies. After covering some basic ground work underpinning OO software projects, the book follows the steps of a typical development project (Requirements Capture - Design - Specification & Test), showing how an abstract problem is taken through to a concrete solution. The book is programming language agnostic - so code is kept to a minimum to avoid detail and deviation into implementation minutiae.A single case study running through the text provides a realistic example showing development from an initial proposal through to a finished system. Key artifacts such as the requirements document and detailed designs are included. For each aspect of the case study, there is an exercise for the reader to produce similar documents for a different system. An online Exam Tool on the accompanying website is provided for readers to check their level of understanding.

Author Biography

Mike O'Docherty, Manchester UK, is an IT Training Consultant for IBM and Manchester University. He has delivered  OOA&D courses to undergraduates and  MSc students and professionals.

Table of Contents

Introduction	2	(7)
Background	4	(1)
A Brief History of Programming	4	(1)
Methodologies	5	(1)
About this Book	5	(4)
Content Overview	6	(1)
Case Studies	7	(1)
Navigation	7	(2)
Part I Setting the Scene	9	(120)
Object Concepts	10	(42)
Introduction	12	(1)
What Is an Object?	13	(3)
Identical or Equal?	16	(3)
Depicting Objects	19	(1)
Encapsulation	20	(1)
Association and Aggregation	21	(2)
Graphs and Trees	23	(2)
Links and Navigability	25	(2)
Messages	27	(1)
Invoking an Operation	28	(2)
An Example Collaboration	30	(2)
How an Object-Oriented Program Works	32	(1)
Garbage Collection	32	(2)
Classes	34	(3)
What Does a Class Define?	37	(2)
Shared Data and Shared Operations	39	(1)
Types	40	(1)
Terminology	41	(2)
Reusing Code	43	(5)
Summary	48	(4)
Further Reading	48	(1)
Review Questions	48	(2)
Answers to Activity 1	50	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	50	(2)
Inheritance	52	(26)
Introduction	54	(1)
Designing a Class Hierarchy	55	(3)
Adding Implementations to a Class Hierarchy	58	(1)
Abstract Classes	59	(4)
Redefining Methods	63	(1)
Implementing a Stack Class	64	(5)
Implementing a Stack using Inheritance	65	(1)
Implementing a Stack using Composition	66	(2)
Inheritance versus Composition	68	(1)
Multiple Inheritance	69	(4)
Guidelines for Using Inheritance	73	(1)
Summary	73	(5)
Further Reading	74	(1)
Review Questions	74	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	75	(3)
Type Systems	78	(20)
Introduction	80	(1)
Dynamic and Static Type Systems	80	(2)
Polymorphism	82	(3)
Polymorphic Variables	82	(1)
Polymorphic Messages	83	(2)
Dynamic Binding	85	(2)
Polymorphism Guideline	87	(1)
Type Casting	88	(1)
Explicit Casts	89	(2)
Genericity with Templates	91	(2)
Summary	93	(5)
Further Reading	93	(1)
Review Questions	93	(2)
Answers to Activity 2	95	(1)
Answers to Activity 3	95	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	96	(2)
Software Development Methodologies	98	(31)
Introduction	100	(2)
Classical Phases in Software Production	102	(4)
Requirements	102	(1)
Analysis	102	(1)
Design	103	(1)
Specification	103	(1)
Implementation	104	(1)
Testing	104	(1)
Deployment	104	(1)
Maintenance	104	(1)
Key Questions	105	(1)
Software Engineering and the Waterfall Methodology	106	(4)
New Methodologies	110	(4)
Spiral Methodology	110	(1)
Iterative Methodology	111	(1)
Incremental Methodology	112	(1)
Combining the Methodologies	113	(1)
Object-Oriented Methodologies	114	(3)
UML, RUP and XP	115	(1)
The Need for Development Tools	116	(1)
Ripple Overview	117	(9)
Use Case Diagram	120	(1)
Class Diagram (Analysis Level)	121	(1)
Communication Diagram	122	(1)
Deployment Diagram	123	(1)
Class Diagram (Design Level)	124	(1)
Sequence Diagram	125	(1)
Summary	126	(3)
Further Reading	126	(1)
Review Questions	127	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	128	(1)
Part II Understanding the Problem	129	(74)
Gathering Requirements	130	(36)
Introduction	132	(1)
The Birth of a System	133	(2)
Use Cases	135	(1)
Business Perspective	136	(9)
Identifying Business Actors	137	(1)
Writing the Project Glossary	138	(1)
Identifying Business Use Cases	139	(2)
Illustrating Use Cases on a Communication Diagram	141	(2)
Illustrating Use Cases on an Activity Diagram	143	(2)
Developer Perspective	145	(17)
Specializing Actors	149	(1)
Use Case Relationships	150	(5)
System Use Case Details	155	(1)
Preconditions, Postconditions and Inheritance	156	(2)
Supplementary Requirements	158	(1)
User Interface Sketches	158	(1)
Prioritizing System Use Cases	159	(3)
Summary	162	(4)
Further Reading	162	(1)
Review Questions	163	(2)
Answers to Review Questions	165	(1)
Analyzing the Problem	166	(37)
Introduction	168	(1)
Why Do Analysis?	168	(1)
Overview of the Analysis Process	169	(1)
Static Analysis	170	(18)
Finding Classes	170	(1)
Identifying Class Relationships	171	(1)
Drawing Class and Object Diagrams	172	(1)
Drawing Relationships	173	(5)
Attributes	178	(4)
Association Classes	182	(1)
Tangible versus Intangible Objects	183	(5)
Good Objects	188	(1)
Dynamic Analysis	188	(9)
Drawing Use Case Realizations	189	(2)
Boundaries, Controllers and Entities	191	(1)
Communication Diagram Elements	192	(2)
Adding Operations to Classes	194	(1)
Responsibilities	194	(1)
State Modeling	195	(2)
Summary	197	(6)
Further Reading	197	(1)
Review Questions	197	(4)
Answers to Activity 4	201	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	201	(2)
Part III Designing the Solution	203	(243)
Designing the System Architecture	204	(36)
Introduction	206	(1)
Design Priorities	207	(1)
Steps in System Design	207	(1)
Choosing a Networked System Topology	208	(12)
The History of Network Architectures	208	(2)
Three-Tier Architecture	210	(2)
Personal Computers	212	(1)
Network Computers	213	(1)
The Internet and the World Wide Web	214	(1)
Intranets	215	(1)
Extranets and Virtual Private Networks	215	(1)
Client-Server versus Distributed Architectures	216	(2)
Depicting Network Topology in UML	218	(2)
Designing for Concurrency	220	(2)
Designing for Security	222	(3)
Digital Encryption and Decryption	223	(2)
General Security Rules	225	(1)
Partitioning Software	225	(12)
Systems and Subsystems	226	(1)
Layers	227	(3)
Java Layers: Applet plus RMI	230	(3)
Message Flow in Layers	233	(4)
Summary	237	(3)
Further Reading	238	(1)
Review Questions	238	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	239	(1)
Choosing Technologies	240	(30)
Introduction	242	(1)
Client Tier Technologies	242	(2)
Client Tier to Middle Tier Protocols	244	(2)
Middle Tier Technologies	246	(1)
Middle Tier to Data Tier Technologies	247	(1)
Other Technologies	248	(2)
Typical Front-End Configurations	250	(8)
HTML/CGI-with-Scripts	250	(2)
HTML/CGI-with-Servlets	252	(2)
RMI	254	(1)
CORBA	255	(1)
EJB	256	(2)
Back-End Configurations	258	(1)
Java E-Commerce Configuration	258	(4)
UML Packages	262	(5)
Summary	267	(3)
Further Reading	267	(1)
Review Questions	267	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	268	(2)
Designing the Subsystems	270	(56)
Introduction	272	(1)
Mapping the Analysis Class Model into the Design Class Model	273	(11)
Mapping Operations	273	(1)
Variable Types	274	(1)
Visibility of Fields	274	(1)
Accessors	275	(1)
Mapping Classes, Attributes and Compositions	276	(1)
Mapping Other Types of Association	277	(5)
Universal Identifier	282	(2)
Handling Persistence with a Relational Database	284	(14)
Database Management Systems	285	(1)
The Relational Model	286	(2)
Mapping Entity Classes	288	(1)
Mapping Associations	289	(3)
Mapping Object State	292	(6)
Finalizing the User Interfaces	298	(6)
Designing the Business Services	304	(8)
Using Proxies and Copies	305	(2)
Classifying Business Services	307	(2)
Session Identifiers	309	(1)
Business Service Realization	310	(2)
Using Patterns, Frameworks and Libraries	312	(1)
Transactions	312	(3)
Pessimistic and Optimistic Concurrency	313	(1)
General Guidelines for Using Transactions with Objects	314	(1)
Transactions in Upper Layers	315	(1)
Handling Multiple Activities	315	(6)
Controlling Multiple Tasks	315	(1)
Controlling Multiple Threads	316	(2)
Thread Safety	318	(3)
Summary	321	(5)
Further Reading	321	(1)
Review Questions	322	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	323	(3)
Reusable Design Patterns	326	(46)
Introduction	328	(2)
A Brief History of Patterns	328	(1)
Software Patterns Today	329	(1)
A Pattern Template	330	(1)
Common Design Patterns	331	(36)
Observer	331	(6)
Singleton	337	(4)
Multiton	341	(1)
Iterator	342	(4)
Factory Method and Abstract Factory	346	(1)
State	347	(5)
Facade	352	(2)
Adapter	354	(2)
Strategy and Template Method	356	(2)
Flyweight	358	(3)
Composite	361	(3)
Proxy	364	(3)
Using Patterns	367	(1)
Discovering, Combining and Adapting Patterns	367	(3)
Summary	370	(2)
Further Reading	371	(1)
Specifying the Interfaces of Classes	372	(34)
Introduction	374	(1)
What Is a Specification?	375	(1)
Formal Specification	376	(2)
Informal Specification	378	(2)
Dynamic Checking	380	(2)
Object-Oriented Specification	382	(3)
Formal Specification in OCL	383	(1)
Informal Specification in Eiffel	384	(1)
Design by Contract	385	(11)
Contracts and Inheritance	389	(2)
Reducing Error-Checking Code	391	(3)
Enforcing the Contract	394	(1)
Application Firewalls	395	(1)
Informal Specification in Java	396	(6)
Documenting a Contract using Comments	396	(1)
Checking Conditions Dynamically	396	(1)
Signaling Contract Violations using Runtime Exceptions	397	(1)
External Systems	398	(2)
Enabling and Disabling Dynamic Checks	400	(2)
Summary	402	(4)
Further Reading	403	(1)
Review Questions	403	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	404	(2)
Continuous Testing	406	(40)
Introduction	408	(1)
Testing Terminology	408	(3)
Black-Box Testing	409	(1)
White-Box Testing	410	(1)
Types of Test	411	(10)
Unit Testing	412	(1)
Integration Testing	412	(1)
Alpha Testing	413	(1)
Beta Testing	413	(1)
Use Case Testing	414	(1)
Component Testing	414	(1)
Build Testing	415	(2)
Load Testing	417	(1)
Installation Testing	418	(1)
Acceptance Testing	418	(1)
Regression Tests	419	(1)
Documentation Tests	419	(1)
Testing for Security	419	(1)
Metrics	420	(1)
Automating Tests	421	(1)
Preparing for Testing	422	(2)
Testing Strategies	424	(2)
Testing During Development	424	(1)
Testing During the Testing Phase	425	(1)
Testing After Release	426	(1)
What to Test For	426	(4)
Test-Driven Development	430	(1)
An Example of Test-Driven Development using JUnit	431	(14)
Testing the Car Class	433	(1)
Implementing the Car Class	434	(1)
Refactoring Tests	435	(4)
Creating a Test Suite for Regression Testing	439	(2)
Testing Across Methods	441	(1)
Completing the Store Class	442	(3)
Summary	445	(1)
Further Reading	445	(1)
A Ripple Summary	446	(4)
B iCoot Case Study	450	(76)
Business Requirements	450	(6)
Customer's Mission Statement	450	(1)
Actor List	450	(1)
Use Case List	451	(1)
Use Case Communication Diagrams	452	(1)
Use Case Activity Diagrams	452	(1)
Use Case Details	452	(4)
System Requirements	456	(10)
User Interface Sketches	456	(4)
Actor List	460	(1)
Use Case List	460	(1)
Use Case Diagram	460	(1)
Use Case Survey	461	(1)
Use Case Details	462	(3)
Supplementary Requirements	465	(1)
Use Case Priorities	465	(1)
Analysis	466	(10)
Class Diagram	466	(1)
Attributes	467	(1)
Operation List	467	(2)
State Machine for a Reservation	469	(1)
Use Case Realization	470	(6)
System Design	476	(7)
Technology Choices	476	(1)
Layer Diagram	477	(2)
Layer Interaction Policy	479	(1)
Packages	479	(1)
Deployment Diagram	479	(3)
Security Policy	482	(1)
Concurrency Policy	482	(1)
Subsystem Design	483	(25)
Business Services	483	(1)
ServletsLayer Class Diagram	483	(1)
ServletsLayer Field List	484	(1)
ServletsLayer Message List	484	(1)
ServerLayer Class Diagram	485	(1)
ServerLayer Field List	486	(1)
ServerLayer Message List	486	(1)
BusinessLayer Class Diagram	487	(1)
BusinessLayer Field List	488	(4)
Protocol Objects Class Diagram	492	(2)
Database Schema	494	(1)
User Interface Design	494	(1)
Business Service Realization	494	(14)
Class Specification	508	(4)
Server Class Specification	508	(1)
Business Logic Class Specification	509	(3)
Outline Test Plan	512	(5)
Introduction	512	(1)
The Impact of Spirals and Increments	512	(1)
Testing of Non-Code Artifacts	513	(1)
Code Reviews	513	(1)
Test-Driven Development	513	(1)
Assertions	514	(1)
Testing Phase	514	(1)
Documentation Testing	515	(1)
Build Testing	515	(1)
Test Documentation and Logging	515	(1)
Testing Activities by Phase	516	(1)
Glossary	517	(9)
C Summary of UML Notation Used	526	(12)
Bibliography	538	(3)
Index	541