Occupational Biomechanics, 3rd Edition

by Don B. Chaffin (The Univ. of Michigan, Center for Ergonomics, Ann Arbor); Gunnar B. J. Andersson (Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois); Bernard J. Martin (The Univ. of Michigan, Center for Ergonomics, Ann Arbor)

• ISBN13: 9780471246978
• ISBN10: 0471246972
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Presented in an easy-to-understand manner and supported by over 200 illustrations and numerous examples, Occupational Biomechanics, Fourth Edition remains the premier one-stop reference for students and professionals in the areas of industrial engineering, product and process design, medicine, and occupational health and safety.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii	(2)
Preface	xv	(2)
Acknowledgments	xvii
1. Occupational Biomechanics as a Specialty	1	(16)
1.1 Definition of Occupational Biomechanics	1	(1)
1.2 Historical Development of Occupational Biomechanics	2	(5)
1.2.1 Kinesiological Developments	4	(2)
1.2.2 Developments in Biomechanical Modelling	6	(1)
1.2.3 Anthropometric Developments	6	(1)
1.2.4 Methods for Evaluating Mechanical Work Capacity	6	(1)
1.2.5 Developments in Bioinstrumentation	7	(1)
1.2.6 Developments in Motion Classification and Time Prediction Systems	7	(1)
1.3 The Need for an Occupational Biomechanics Specialty	7	(4)
1.3.1 Epidemiological Support for Occupational Biomechanics	8	(2)
1.3.2 Social and Legal Support for Occupational Biomechanics	10	(1)
1.3.3 Ergonomic Support for Occupational Biomechanics	10	(1)
1.4 Who Uses Occupational Biomechanics?	11	(1)
1.5 Organization of the Book	12	(1)
Review Questions	13	(1)
References	13	(4)
2. The Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System	17	(48)
2.1 Introduction	17	(1)
2.2 Connective Tissue	17	(11)
2.2.1 Ligaments, Tendons, and Fascia	18	(4)
2.2.2 Cartilage	22	(1)
2.2.3 Bone	22	(6)
2.3 Skeletal Muscle	28	(26)
2.3.1 The Structure of Muscles	29	(5)
2.3.2 The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction	34	(1)
2.3.3 The Energy Metabolism of Muscle	35	(1)
2.3.4 The Nerve Impulse Causing Muscle Contraction	36	(1)
2.3.5 Mechanical Aspects of Muscle Contraction	37	(6)
2.3.6 Muscle Fatigue	43	(5)
2.3.7 Quantification and Prediction of Fatigue	48	(2)
2.3.8 The Action of Muscles	50	(4)
2.4 Joints	54	(6)
2.4.1 The Synovial Joint	54	(3)
2.4.2 Joint Lubrication	57	(1)
2.4.3 Osteoarthritis	58	(1)
2.4.4 Intervertebral Discs	59	(1)
Review Questions	60	(1)
References	61	(4)
3. Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics	65	(26)
3.1 Measurement of Physical Properties of Body Segments	65	(15)
3.1.1 Body-Segment Link Length Measurement Methods	66	(5)
3.1.2 Body-Segment Volume and Weight	71	(1)
3.1.3 Body-Segment Locations of Center of Mass	72	(3)
3.1.4 Body-Segment Inertial Property Measurement Methods	75	(5)
3.2 Anthropometric Data for Biomechanical Studies in Industry	80	(7)
3.2.1 Segment Link Length Data	80	(1)
3.2.2 Segment Weight Data	81	(3)
3.2.3 Segment Mass-Center Location Data	84	(1)
3.2.4 Segment Moment-of-Inertia and Radius-of-Gyration Data	84	(3)
3.3 Summary of Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics	87	(1)
Review Questions	87	(1)
References	88	(3)
4. Mechanical Work-Capacity Evaluation	91	(40)
4.1 Introduction	91	(1)
4.2 Joint Motion: Methods and Data	91	(10)
4.2.1 Methods of Measuring Joint Motion	93	(4)
4.2.2 Normal Ranges of Joint Motion	97	(1)
4.2.3 Factors Affecting Range-of-Motion Data	97	(4)
4.3 Muscle Strength Evaluation	101	(23)
4.3.1 Definition of Muscular Strength	101	(4)
4.3.2 Static and Dynamic Strength-Testing Methods	105	(7)
4.3.3 Normal Muscle Strength Values	112	(8)
4.3.4 Personal Factors Affecting Strength	120	(4)
4.4 Summary and Limitations of Mechanical Work-Capacity Data	124	(1)
Review Questions	125	(1)
References	126	(5)
5. Bioinstrumentation for Occupational Biomechanics	131	(50)
5.1 Introduction	131	(1)
5.2 Human Motion Analysis Systems	132	(14)
5.2.1 Basis for Measuring Human Motion	132	(14)
5.3 Applied Electromyography	146	(7)
5.3.1 Theory of the Use of Electromyography in Occupational Biomechanics	146	(4)
5.3.2 EMG Measurement System	150	(3)
5.4 Muscle Strength Measurement Systems	153	(5)
5.4.1 Localized Static Strength Measurement Systems	153	(2)
5.4.2 Whole-Body Static Strength Measurement System	155	(1)
5.4.3 Whole-Body Dynamic Strength Measurement System	156	(2)
5.5 Intradiscal Pressure Measurement	158	(3)
5.5.1 Measurement Concept	158	(2)
5.5.2 Intradiscal Pressure Measurement System	160	(1)
5.5.3 Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics	160	(1)
5.6 Intra-abdominal (Intragastric) Measurements	161	(4)
5.6.1 Measurement Development	161	(1)
5.6.2 Measurement System	162	(1)
5.6.3 Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics	162	(3)
5.7 Stature Measurement System	165	(2)
5.8 Force Platform System	167	(1)
5.9 Measurement of Vibration in Humans	168	(2)
Review Questions	170	(1)
References	170	(11)
6. Occupational Biomechanical Models	181	(98)
6.1 Why Model?	181	(1)
6.2 Planar Static Biomechanical Models	182	(23)
6.2.1 Single-Body-Segment Static Model	182	(6)
6.2.2 Two-Body-Segment Static Model	188	(4)
6.2.3 Static Planar Model of Nonparallel Forces	192	(2)
6.2.4 Planar Static Analysis of Internal Forces	194	(7)
6.2.5 Multiple-Link Coplanar Static Modeling	201	(4)
6.3 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Static Strength	205	(5)
6.4 Dynamic Biomechanical Models	210	(13)
6.4.1 Single-Segment Dynamic Biomechanical Model	211	(4)
6.4.2 Multiple-Segment Biodynamic Model of Load Lifting	215	(4)
6.4.3 Coplanar Biomechanical Models of Foot Slip Potential while Pushing a Cart	219	(4)
6.5 Special Purpose Biomechanical Models of Occupational Tasks	223	(44)
6.5.1 Low-Back Biomechanical Models	224	(28)
6.5.2 Biomechanical Models of the Wrist and Hand	252	(9)
6.5.3 Modeling Muscle Strength	261	(6)
6.6 Future Developments in Occupational Biomechanical Models	267	(1)
Review Questions	268	(1)
References	269	(10)
7. Methods of Classifying and Evaluating Manual Work	279	(36)
7.1 Traditional Methods	279	(4)
7.1.1 Historical Perceptive	282	(1)
7.2 Traditional Work Analysis System	283	(5)
7.2.1 MTM: An Example of a Predetermined Motion-Time System	283	(2)
7.2.2 Benefits and Limitations in Contemporary Work Analysis Systems	285	(3)
7.3 Contemporary Biomechanical Job Analysis	288	(21)
7.3.1 Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problem	288	(3)
7.3.2 Analyzing Biomechanical Risk Factors	291	(1)
7.3.3 Specialized Biomechanical Risk Factor Evaluation	291	(17)
7.3.4 EMGs in Job Evaluations	308	(1)
7.4 Future Impact of Occupational Biomechanics on Work Measurement Systems	309	(1)
Review Questions	310	(1)
References	311	(4)
8. Manual Material-Handling Limits	315	(34)
8.1 Introduction	315	(3)
8.2 Lifting Limits in Manual Material Handling	318	(11)
8.2.1 Scope of NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting	321	(1)
8.2.2 Basis for 1994 NIOSH Recommended Weight-Lifting Limit	322	(2)
8.2.3 Example of NIOSH RWL Procedure	324	(2)
8.2.4 Comments on the Status of the NIOSH Lifting Guide	326	(1)
8.2.5 Alternative Recommendations for Evaluating Manual Lifting Tasks	327	(2)
8.3 Pushing and Pulling Capabilities	329	(7)
8.3.1 Foot-Slip Prevention during Pushing and Pulling	334	(2)
8.4 Asymmetric Load Handling	336	(12)
8.4.1 Toward a Comprehensive Manual Material-Handling Guide	339	(9)
8.5 Summary of Manual Material-Handling Recommendations and Evaluation Methods	348	(1)
Review Questions	349	(1)
References	349	(1)
9. Sitting	349	(44)
9.1 General Considerations Related to Sitting Postures	355	(4)
9.2 Anthropometric Aspects of Seated Workers	359	(2)
9.3 Comfort	361	(2)
9.4 The Spine and Sitting	363	(12)
9.4.1 Clinical Aspects of Sitting Postures	363	(1)
9.4.2 Radiographic Data	364	(2)
9.4.3 Disc Pressure Data During Sitting	366	(4)
9.4.4 Muscle Activity	370	(3)
9.4.5 Sitting Postures and the Spine	373	(2)
9.5 The Shoulder and Sitting	375	(2)
9.6 The Legs and Sitting	377	(3)
9.7 The Sitting Workplace	380	(6)
9.7.1 The Chair	383
9.7.2 The Table
9.7.3 Visual Display Terminal Workstations	385	(1)
9.8 Summary	386	(1)
Review Questions	386	(1)
References	387	(6)
10. Biomechanical Considerations in Machine Control and Workplace Design	393	(42)
10.1 Introduction	393	(8)
10.1.1 Localized Musculoskeletal Injury in Industry	394	(7)
10.2 Practical Guidelines for Workplace and Machine Control Layout	401	(25)
10.2.1 Shoulder-Dependent Overhead Reach Limitations	401	(10)
10.2.2 Shoulder- and Arm-Dependent Forward Reach Limits	411	(7)
10.2.3 Neck-Head Posture Work Limitations	418	(4)
10.2.4 Torso Postural Considerations in Workbench Height Limitations	422	(2)
10.2.5 Biomechanical Considerations in Design of Computer Workstation	424	(2)
10.3 Summary	426	(2)
Review Questions	428	(1)
References	428	(7)
11. Hand-Tool Design Guidelines	435	(28)
11.1 The Need for Biomechanical Concepts in Hand-Tool Design	436	(3)
11.2 Shape and Size Considerations	439	(11)
11.2.1 Shape for Avoiding Wrist Deviation	439	(4)
11.2.2 Shape for Avoiding Shoulder Abduction	443	(1)
11.2.3 Shape to Assist Grip	444	(3)
11.2.4 Size of Tool Handle to Facilitate Grip	447	(1)
11.2.5 Finger Clearance Considerations	448	(1)
11.2.6 Gloves	449	(1)
11.3 Hand-Tool Weight and Use Considerations	450	(3)
11.4 Force Reaction Considerations in Powered Hand-Tool Design	453	(1)
11.5 Keyboard Design Considerations	454
11.5.1 Posture Stress
11.5.2 Keying Exertion Force Repetition	455	(1)
11.6 Summary	456	(1)
Review Questions	456	(1)
References	457	(6)
12. Guidelines for Whole-Body and Segmental Vibration	463	(38)
12.1 Definitions and Measures	463	(8)
12.1.1 Definitions	464	(3)
12.1.2 Measurement of Vibration	467	(4)
12.2 General Effects of Vibration on Human Beings	471	(1)
12.3 Whole-Body Vibration	472	(9)
12.3.1 Effects of Low-Frequency Vibration	472	(1)
12.3.2 Effects of Middle-Frequency Vibration	473	(4)
12.3.3 Biomechanical Effects on the Spine	477	(2)
12.3.4 Physiological Vibration	479	(2)
12.4 Hand-Arm Vibration	481	(4)
12.4.1 Transmission of Vibration in the Upper Extremity	481	(2)
12.4.2 Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome	483	(2)
12.5 Sensorimotor Effects	485	(3)
12.6 Vibration Exposure Criteria	488	(5)
12.6.1 Whole-Body Vibration Recommendations	488	(3)
12.6.2 Hand-Arm Vibration Recommendations	491	(2)
12.7 Control and Prevention	493	(2)
Review Questions	495	(1)
References	495	(6)
13. Worker Selection, Training, and Personal Protective Device Considerations	501	(24)
13.1 Worker Selection	502	(8)
13.1.1 Introduction to Worker Selection	502	(3)
13.1.2 History and Physical Examination	505	(2)
13.1.3 Radiographic Preplacement Examination	507	(1)
13.1.4 Quantitative Physical Preplacement Screening	507	(3)
13.2 Preplacement Training	510	(4)
13.2.1 General Content of Training	511	(1)
13.2.2 How Workers Should be Trained	512	(2)
13.3 Biomechanical Aspects of Back Belts	514	(4)
13.3.1 Passive Stiffness Effects of Back Belts	515	(1)
13.3.2 Abdominal Pressure Effects of Back Belts	516	(1)
13.3.3 Reduced Torso Mobility Effects Due to Back Belts	517	(1)
13.4 Summary	518	(1)
Review Questions	518	(1)
References	519	(6)
14. Summary	525	(4)
Appendix A	529	(10)
Part 1: Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks as Presented by Webb Associates	529	(3)
Part 2: Glossary of Anatomical and Anthropometric Terms (Webb Associates, 1978)	532	(7)
Appendix B Population Weight and Mass-Center Data	539	(6)
Table B-1 Segment Weight Values Derived from Regression Equations Using Total Body Weight as the Independent Variable	540	(1)
Table B-2 Segment Moments of Inertia	541	(1)
Table B-3 Anatomical Location of Segment Centers of Gravity (Centers of Mass)	542	(3)
Appendix C Terms and Units of Measurement in Biomechanics	545	(14)
Appendix D NIOSH 1994 Tables for Conversion of Six Job-Lifting Descriptor Variables to Multiplier Values Used in Computing Recommended Weight Limit	559	(4)
Appendix E Tables	563	(2)
Table E-1 Recommended (90th Percentile) Male and Female Pushing Forces (N) for Initial (Peak) and Sustained (Average) Exertions with Handle Height at 95 cm (Male) and 90 cm (Female)	564	(1)
Table E-2 Recommended (90th Percentile) Male and Female Pulling Forces (N) for Initial (Peak) and Sustained (Average) Exertions with Handle Height at 95 cm (Male) and 90 cm (Female)	564	(1)
Index	565