Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Project Management

by Lingard; Helen

• ISBN13: 9780419262107
• ISBN10: 0419262105
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-19
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

With the increase in legislation and the drive for ever-greater efficiency and accountability, health and safety in construction is becoming an increasingly important subject. This book covers the essential issues that apply specifically to construction projects, including the nature and causes of occupational injury or illness, project organisation and OHS, OHS risk management, OHS legislation, the psychology of OHS, behavioural safety management, using IT to manage OHS, and OHS training. Numerous case studies illustrate important points and refer to current successful safety management techniques, giving practical guidance to the practitioner and putting the issues into context for the student. This book will be of specific interest to clients, project managers, specialist consultants, designers, contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xvii
1 Introduction	1	(34)
Occupational health and safety in the construction industry	1	(4)
Construction as a process	5	(1)
Autonomous working and the subcontracting system	6	(1)
The role of client and designer in safety	7	(1)
Designing safety and health into the process	7	(1)
Codes of practice and standards	8	(3)
Falls	8	(1)
Mechanical equipment	9	(3)
Power tools	9	(1)
Hand tools	10	(1)
Temporary works	11	(1)
Manual handling risks on construction sites	12	(1)
Method statements	12	(3)
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders	13	(1)
Hazardous chemicals	14	(1)
Noise exposure	14	(1)
Barriers to improvement	15	(5)
Traditional separation of design and construction	16	(1)
Competitive tendering	17	(1)
The plethora of small businesses	18	(1)
Subcontracting	19	(1)
Emphasis on contractual relationships	19	(1)
Stimuli for change	20	(1)
Safety as a social and moral responsibility	20	(1)
Theories of accident causation	21	(10)
Blaming the worker or the system?	21	(1)
Heinrich's 'domino' theory	22	(1)
An updated domino sequence	23	(1)
Multiple causation models	24	(1)
The epidemiological approach	24	(2)
Psychological models	26	(2)
Energy-damage models	28	(1)
The socio-technical systems approach	28	(2)
Causal factors in construction incidents	30	(1)
OHS as a management responsibility	31	(1)
Mapping the way	32	(2)
Discussion and review questions	34	(1)
2 Occupational health and safety law	35	(63)
Introduction	35	(1)
Sources of law	36	(1)
Preventive OHS legislation	36	(29)
Early OHS legislation	37	(1)
Specification standards	37	(2)
Unsuitability for certain types of risk	37	(1)
Little incentive to improve beyond minimum standard	38	(1)
Lacking in flexibility	38	(1)
The need for reform	39	(1)
The Robens Report	39	(1)
Legislative reform	40	(2)
General duties provisions	40	(1)
Principle-based standards	41	(1)
Qualifying terms	42	(1)
Consultation	42	(2)
OHS committees	43	(1)
Employee OHS representatives	43	(1)
Emphasis on non-statutory codes of practice	44	(1)
Robens in construction	45	(4)
Structure of the industry	46	(1)
Need for prescription	47	(1)
Employee representation	48	(1)
Contractors and contingent workers	49	(4)
Contractors and subcontractors	49	(3)
Non-employees	52	(1)
Criticisms of Robens	53	(2)
Effective OHS legislation	55	(3)
Process-based standards	57	(1)
Process requirements in construction	58	(1)
OHS responsibilities in the construction supply chain	59	(1)
Designers' OHS obligations	60	(2)
Effect of the CDM Regulations	62	(2)
Alternative regulatory models	64	(1)
Enforcement and sanctions	65	(6)
Enforcement strategies	65	(4)
On-the-spot fines	69	(2)
The criminal law	71	(8)
The mental element	71	(1)
Establishing corporate guilt	72	(2)
Establishing individual guilt	74	(1)
Alternative models for attributing corporate guilt	74	(2)
The investigation process	76	(1)
Sanctions for corporate crime	77	(2)
Employees' compensation	79	(8)
Common law actions	79	(6)
Statutory 'no-fault' compensation schemes	82	(1)
The concept of work-relatedness	83	(2)
Workers' compensation and injury/illness prevention	85	(2)
Class ratings	86	(1)
Experience rating	86	(1)
Bonus and penalty schemes	86	(1)
Upfront discounts	86	(1)
Occupational rehabilitation	87	(8)
Rehabilitation in construction	91	(4)
Conclusions	95	(2)
Discussion and review questions	97	(1)
3 Organisational issues	98	(38)
Introduction	98	(1)
Organisation theory: Management and organisation	98	(1)
Roles and relationships of the parties	99	(1)
Regulatory and legislative initiatives	100	(1)
Influence of procurement strategy on OHS	101	(7)
Procurement systems: An overview	102	(1)
Procurement - theoretical foundations	103	(5)
Definitions	108	(1)
Contract strategy: Procurement systems	109	(2)
Traditional	111	(2)
Design-build	113	(4)
Divided-contract approach	117	(3)
Contract strategy variables	120	(7)
Organisation form	121	(1)
Payment methods	121	(1)
Overlap of project phases	122	(1)
Tendering and selection process	122	(1)
Source of project finance	123	(1)
Contract documents	124	(1)
Leadership	124	(1)
Authority and responsibility	125	(1)
Supervision on site	125	(2)
Performance	127	(1)
Construction industry issues	128	(1)
Managing contractors and subcontractors	128	(3)
Discipline and powerlessness	130	(1)
Other subcontracting issues	130	(1)
Partnering	131	(1)
Term contracts, maintenance and facilities management	132	(1)
Lean construction and OHS	132	(2)
Summary	134	(1)
Discussion and review questions	135	(1)
4 Systems management of OHS	136	(47)
Introduction	136	(1)
OHS management	137	(14)
OHS policy	137	(1)
Organising	138	(6)
Consultation	139	(1)
Communicating OHS information	140	(3)
OHS competencies	143	(1)
Training needs analysis	144	(7)
Training design and delivery	146	(3)
Training evaluation	149	(1)
Training transfer	149	(2)
Planning and implementing	151	(5)
Multi-level OHS planning	152	(1)
Job safety analysis	153	(1)
Resourcing	154	(2)
Measuring and monitoring performance	156	(4)
Workplace inspections	158	(2)
Auditing and reviewing	160	(2)
Incident management	162	(7)
First priority	163	(1)
Incident reporting	163	(1)
Incident investigation	163	(5)
Emergency planning	168	(1)
Crisis management	169	(8)
Crisis management process	171	(1)
Crisis management planning	172	(1)
Handling the media	173	(1)
Post-crisis review	174	(3)
Management influence on OHS	177	(2)
Benchmarking OHS	179	(1)
Learning from quality management systems	180	(1)
Conclusions	181	(1)
Discussion and review questions	182	(1)
5 Managing OHS risk	183	(46)
Introduction	183	(1)
The management of risk	184	(1)
Loss control theory	185	(7)
The costs of OHS	189	(1)
An economic approach to OHS risk management	190	(2)
The risk management process	192	(16)
Stage 1: Analyse the business environment	196	(1)
Stage 2: Identify risks	197	(2)
Brainstorming	198	(1)
Zonal analysis	198	(1)
Accident databases	199	(1)
Stage 3: Assess risks	199	(4)
Qualitative risk assessment	199	(1)
Semi-quantitative risk assessment	200	(1)
Quantitative risk analysis (QRA)	201	(2)
Stage 4: Evaluate risks	203	(1)
Stage 5: Control risks	203	(4)
Assessing risk control options	204	(3)
Stage 6: Reviewing and monitoring risks after controls have been implemented	207	(1)
Communicating and consulting	207	(1)
The technical approach to risk	208	(8)
Probability and risk	208	(1)
Quantitative risk analysis (QRA)	209	(5)
Fault tree analysis	209	(2)
Event tree analysis	211	(1)
Failure modes and effects analysis	211	(1)
Example FMEA for a concrete slab	212	(2)
Hazard and operability studies (HAZOPs)	214	(8)
HAZOP studies in construction design	214	(1)
Human reliability assessment (HRA)	215	(1)
Objective versus subjective risk	216	(3)
Psychological approaches to risk	219	(3)
Sociological approaches to risk	222	(2)
The need for a multi-disciplinary approach to risk	224	(1)
Risk communication	224	(2)
Risk compensation	226	(1)
Conclusions	227	(1)
Discussion and review questions	228	(1)
6 Ergonomics in construction	229	(35)
Ergonomics	229	(1)
Construction work	229	(4)
Legislation relevant to ergonomic issues	233	(3)
Manual handling	233	(2)
Occupational Overuse Syndrome	235	(1)
Ergonomic risks in construction	236	(6)
Frequency with which a task is performed (or repetition)	236	(1)
The amount of physical force that is used	237	(1)
Lifting or moving heavy loads (manual handling)	237	(1)
Prolonged static muscular tension	238	(1)
Working posture and position	238	(1)
Vibration from tools or machinery	239	(1)
Working overhead or at extreme ranges of movement	239	(1)
Summary of ergonomic risks in construction	240	(1)
Workplace planning and organisation	241	(1)
Psychosocial factors	241	(1)
Environmental factors	241	(1)
Specific ergonomic risks for construction trade groups	242	(2)
Job and task analysis	244	(6)
Task analysis	244	(3)
Techniques for assessing ergonomic risk	247	(3)
Analysing workplace injury records	247	(1)
Consultation with employees	247	(1)
Direct observation	248	(2)
Managing ergonomic risk	250	(12)
Hierarchy of risk control options	250	(15)
Administrative and personal protective equipment risk controls for manual handling	252	(1)
Job rotation	253	(1)
Ergonomic risk control in construction trades	253	(9)
Conclusion	262	(1)
Discussion and review questions	263	(1)
7 The psychology of OHS	264	(50)
Human error	265	(7)
Skill-based errors	266	(1)
Rule-based mistakes	267	(1)
Knowledge-based mistakes	267	(1)
Latent and active failures	268	(1)
Making sense of errors	268	(2)
Human error and ergonomics	270	(3)
Display equipment	270	(1)
Controls	271	(1)
Violations	272	(1)
Risk cognition	273	(2)
Sources of bias in OHS risk perception	273	(2)
Personality and OHS	275	(7)
Personality and accidents	276	(1)
Accident proneness	277	(1)
Personality and health	278	(1)
Stress and personality	278	(3)
Hardiness	279	(1)
Locus of control	279	(1)
Type-A personality	280	(1)
Negative affectivity	280	(1)
Implications of personality for prevention	281	(1)
The role of attitudes in OHS	282	(5)
What is an attitude?	282	(1)
Attitudes and behaviour	283	(2)
Theory of reasoned action	285	(2)
The role of behavioural control	287	(9)
Changing attitudes	289	(1)
Audience	289	(1)
Persuader	289	(1)
Personality factors	289	(1)
Presentation of issues	290	(1)
Persistence of change	290	(1)
First-aid training and OHS	290	(6)
OHS motivation	296	(8)
What is motivation?	296	(2)
Theories of motivation	298	(4)
Maslow's hierarchy of needs	298	(1)
Herzberg's two-factor theory	298	(2)
Vroom's expectancy theory	300	(2)
Eliciting behaviour change	302	(2)
Group influences on OHS	304	(6)
Stages in group development	305	(1)
Group norms	305	(1)
Group cohesiveness	306	(1)
Intra-group dynamics	307	(1)
Groupthink	308	(2)
The work environment	310	(2)
Conclusions	312	(1)
Discussion and review questions	313	(1)
8 Behavioural safety management	314	(20)
To err is human, or why we behave unsafely	314	(3)
Old style of health and safety management	315	(1)
New style of health and safety management	316	(1)
The behavioural approach to OHS	317	(1)
Why focus on unsafe behaviour?	317	(2)
How does the behavioural approach work?	319	(4)
Benefits and problems	323	(1)
Implementing the behavioural approach	324	(8)
The development of a safety performance measure	325	(1)
Quantifiable measurement	325	(1)
Sensitive	325	(1)
Reliable	325	(1)
Valid	325	(1)
Understandable	325	(1)
Efficient	325	(1)
Universally applicable	325	(1)
The seven characteristics of a safety performance measure	326	(1)
Identifying unsafe behaviours or situations	326	(1)
Developing a safety performance measure	327	(1)
Establishing a safety performance baseline	327	(1)
What to do with the baseline information	328	(1)
Goal-setting	328	(2)
Feedback	330	(2)
Summary of the behavioural approach	332	(1)
Discussion and review questions	333	(1)
9 Innovation and IT in OHS management	334	(30)
Introduction	334	(1)
Technology and innovation	334	(2)
OHS management as a business driver	336	(2)
Role of the design engineer	338	(1)
Barriers to innovation	338	(1)
Information systems	339	(1)
Tracking performance	339	(2)
Accident analysis	339	(2)
Objectives of reporting systems	341	(1)
Benchmarking	341	(2)
Examples of a benchmarking approach	342	(1)
Communication and information	343	(1)
Using databases for risk reduction	344	(2)
Example of the Hong Kong Housing Authority system	345	(1)
Role of method statements	346	(3)
Sharing specialist subcontractor expertise	348	(1)
Inspections and audits	349	(1)
The role of audit	350	(1)
Non such High School for Girls, new classroom block: Health and OHS system	350	(2)
The nature of the audit	351	(1)
Training of auditors	351	(1)
An example of IT in OHS audit: SABRE	351	(1)
Knowledge-based and expert systems	352	(2)
Visualisation	354	(5)
Site layout	355	(1)
OHS hazard identification methods	356	(1)
Visualisation for OHS hazard identification	356	(1)
OHS database	357	(1)
VR functions	358	(1)
nDCAD	359	(2)
Robotics	361	(2)
Discussion and review questions	363	(1)
10 Conclusions	364	(35)
Organisational learning	365	(6)
OHS culture, climate and leadership	371	(11)
Cultural impediments to safe working in construction	373	(2)
Nurturing a good safety culture	375	(2)
Safety climate and OHS outcomes	377	(1)
Multi-level safety climates in construction	378	(1)
Supervisory safety leadership	379	(3)
Work, safety and well-being	382	(7)
Work hours	382	(2)
Work stressors	384	(1)
Human error	384	(2)
Psychological well-being	386	(1)
Work-life balance	387	(1)
Preventive strategies	388	(1)
The scientific evaluation of OHS interventions	389	(4)
Experimental designs	390	(1)
Quasi-experimental designs	390	(1)
Non-experimental designs	390	(1)
Single-case experimental designs	391	(1)
The withdrawal design	391	(1)
The multiple baseline design	392	(1)
Ethical considerations in evaluating OHS interventions	392	(1)
OHS, social responsibility and business ethics	393	(3)
Conclusions	396	(2)
Discussion and review questions	398	(1)
References	399	(36)
Index	435