Oceanographic History : The Pacific and Beyond

by Benson, Keith R.

• ISBN13: 9780295982397
• ISBN10: 029598239X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Univ of Washington Pr

Summary

From a study of knowledge of the sea among indigenous cultures in the South Seas to inquiries into the subject of sea monsters, from studies of Pacific currents to descriptions of ocean-going research vessels, the sixty-three essays presented here reflect the scientific complexity and richness of social relationships that characterize ocean-ographic history. Based on papers presented at the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography held at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (the first ICHO meeting following the cessation of the Cold War), the volume features an unusual breadth of contributions.Oceanography itself involves the full spectrum of physical, biological, and earth sciences in their formal, empirical, and applied manifestations. The contributors to Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond undertake the interdisciplinary task of telling the story of oceanography's past, drawing on diverse methodologies. Their essays explore the concepts, techniques, and technologies of oceanography, as well as the social, economic, and institutional determinants of oceanographic history. Although focused on the Pacific, the geographic range of subjects is global and includes Micronesia, East Africa, and Antarctica; the bathymetric range comprises inshore fisheries, coral reefs, and the "azoic zone."The seventy-one contributors represent every continent of the globe except Antarctica, bringing together material on the history of oceanography never before published.Keith R. Benson is professor of history at the University of Washington. Philip F. Rehbock was professor of history at the University of Hawaii.

Table of Contents

Introduction	ix
Philip F. Rehbock
Keith R.l3enson
1. The Scripps Heritage
Scripps Benefactions: The Role of the Scripps Family in the Founding of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography	2	(5)
Deborah Day
Charles Kofoid's Role in Establishing the Scripps Institution of Oceanography	7	(10)
Fred Noel Spiess
Contexts for Constructing an Ocean Science: The Career of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957)	17	(13)
Robert Marc Friedman
2. Pacific Remembrances
The Sverdrup Years: A Personal Recollection	30	(2)
Walter H. Munk
Deep Sea Drilling: Lessons Learned	32	(9)
William A. Nierenberg
The NORPAC Expedition	41	(4)
Joseph L. Reid
The Development of Research Vessel Design	45	(8)
George G. Shor, Jr.
Reflections on My Knowledge in the Indo-Pacific Myth and Natural Knowledge of the Sea	53	(7)
Klaus Wyrtki
3. Myth and Natural Knowledge of the Sea
Sea Monsters: Myth or Genuine Relic of the Past	60	(11)
Sherrie Lyons
Suggestions for Study of the Native Knowledge of Marine Animals in the Eastern Caroline Islands	71	(15)
Alan Eugene Davis
4. Exploration: The Pacific and Beyond
The Western Boundary Current in the Pacific: The Development of Our Oceanographic Knowledge	86	(10)
Joyce E. Jones
Ian S.F. Jones
Russian Oceanographic Investigations of the Pacific Ocean: History and Some Results	96	(7)
Arkady V. Alekseev
Igor D. Rostov
Research Vessel Vityaz: A Contribution to Oceanographic Science in the Past and Present	103	(4)
Svetlana G. Sivkova
Germania in Pacifico: Humboldt, Chamisso and Other Early German Contributors to Pacific Research, 1741-1876	107	(11)
Gerhard Kortum
The Aspirations of Alfred Merz, Georg Wust, and Albert Defant: From Berlin to Pacific Oceanography	118	(6)
Walter Lenz
Some Aspects of Early Twentieth-Century Oceanography: The German Antarctic Expedition	124	(9)
Maurice M. Raraty
Early Exploratory Voyages and Antarctic Expeditions: The Argentine Perspective	133	(22)
Ramiro P. Sanchez
History of Marine Science in Chile	155	(12)
Tarsico Antezana
Nibaldo Bahamonde
The History of Oceanography along the Mexican Pacific Coast	167	(7)
Richard A. Schwartzlose
Saul Alvarez-Borrego
The Oceanographic Work of Captain Scott's Discovery, 1901-31	174	(12)
Ann Savors
Investigations of the Humboldt Current following a Long Series of Misadventures: The Voyage of the William Scoresby, 1931	186	(10)
Rosalinde Rolfe
Gunther Marsden
The Danish Dana Expedition, 1928-30: Purpose and Accomplishments, Mainly in the Indo-Pacific	196	(8)
Torben Wolff
Italian Contributions to the Knowledge of the Southeast Pacific Ocean	204	(6)
Nornberto della Croce
Deep-Sea Plankton Exploration in Historical Perspective	210	(5)
Baruch Kimor
The Educational Mission of Marine Sciences: A Case Study of East Africa, the Early Initiatives, 1930-80	215	(9)
Selim Morcos
School and Popular Marine Science Education in the United Kingdom	224	(6)
J. Malcolm Walker
5. Pioneers of Ocean Science
Anders Sparrman, 1748-1820	230	(5)
David Dyrssen
The Discovery of the Deep-Sea Atlantic Fauna	235	(13)
Luiz Saldanha
George Wallace Melville: His Influence Through Polar Exploration and Marine Engineering	248	(11)
A. Aristides Yayanos
Claude Zobell, Hadal Bacteria, and the ``Azoic Zone''	259	(12)
Donald J. McGraw
The Pioneers of Oceanographic Research in Romania	271	(4)
G. Serpoinau
V. Malciu
Romanian Developmental Contributions of Emil Racovitza and Grigore Antipa to the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean	275	(5)
Alexandru S. Bologa
Alexandru Marinescu
Four Centuries of Physical Oceanography in Croatia	280	(8)
Mirko Orlic
6. North American Oceanography and Marine Biology
Four Men and an Albatross: The Growth of American Oceanography, 1882-1921	288	(10)
Larry T. Spencer
Marine Biology or Oceanography: Early American Developments in Marine Science on the West Coast	298	(5)
Keith R. Benson
Pacific Waters and the POG: The Origin of Physical Oceanography on the West Coast of Canada	303	(13)
Eric L. Mills
The Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions (1931-1962) and Their Contributions to Marine Biology	316	(4)
Anwar Abdel Aleem
Selling Bellevue: The Emergence of American Naval Oceanography	320	(12)
Gary E. Weir
Marine Biology/Biological Oceanography and the Federal Patron: The NSF Initiative in Biological Oceanography in the 1960s	332	(11)
Toby A. Appel
Challenges and Opportunities in Naval Oceanography in the Post Cold War World	343	(8)
Timothy Coffey
Oceanography: The Next Fifty Years Technique and Technology	351	(7)
John A. Knauss
7. Technique and Technology
Swedish Oceanographic Instruments up to 1950	358	(4)
Artur Svansson
The History of Chemical Determinations of Salinity	362	(7)
William J. Wallace
Early Attempts at Determination of the Salinity of Seawater from Measurement of Its Electric Conductivity	369	(5)
Jens Smed
The History of Chemical Oceanography in Australian Waters, 1874-1974	374	(4)
Andrew McTaggart
The Role of Spectra in Ocean Wave Physics	378	(9)
David Irvine
Submersibles in Oceanographic Research	387	(5)
Bruce H. Robison
8. Fisheries Science and Management
The Uses and Abuses of Scientific Expertise in English Inshore Oyster Fishery, 1860-1910	392	(13)
Gill Parsons
History of Fisheries: Science in Japan	405	(12)
Yoshiaki Matsuda
One Hundred Years of the Sergestid Shrimp Fishing Industry in Suruga Bay: Development of Administration and Social Policy	417	(6)
Makoto Omori
Transformation in Fisheries Management: A Study of William C. Herrington	423	(10)
Amy L. Toro
Ocean Food and Energy from California Mariculture: An Evaluation of the US Marine Biomass Project, from 1972-1986	433	(13)
Peter Neuschul
Lawrence Badash
9. Coral Reef Research
Beyond Darwin: Coral Reef Research in the Twentieth Century	446	(4)
Daphne G. Fautin
Caribbean Contributions to Coral Reef Science	450	(8)
Robert A. Kinzie III
From Steady State to Stochastic Systems: The Revolution in Coral Reef Biology	458	(10)
Patricia Mather
Coral Reefs Science, and Politics: Relationships and Criteria for Decisions over Two Centuries-A French Case History	468	(12)
Bernard Salvat
10. Plate Tectonics
Evolution of the Tectogene Concept, 1930-1905	480	(13)
Alan O. Allwardt
The Accreted Terrane Controversy, or Continental Geologists Strike Back	493	(9)
Homer E. LeGrand
William Glen
Gravity Surveys in the ``Permanent'' Ocean Basins: An Instrumental Chink in a Theoretical Suit of Armor	502	(9)
Naomi Oreskes
Geologic Mapping of the Deep-Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands, Using Sidescan and Swath Sonar Imaging, 1966-1992	511	(15)
J.B. Wilson
W.R. Normark
11. Archival Resources for the History of Oceanography
Resources for the Study of Oceanography at the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography	526	(6)
Deborah Day
Sources for the History of Oceanography at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Archives	532	(5)
Pamela M. Henson
The Stazione Zoologica: A Clearing House for Marine Organisms	537	(12)
Christiane Groeben
Index	549