Open Channel Hydraulics

by Akan

• ISBN13: 9780750668576
• ISBN10: 0750668571
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-06
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

"This book introduces and explains all the main topics required for courses on open channel flows, using numerous worked examples to illustrate the key points."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
CHAPTER: 1 Fundamentals of open-channel flow	1	(23)
1.1 Geometric elements of open channels	1	(1)
1.2 Velocity and discharge	2	(1)
1.3 Hydrostatic pressure	2	(5)
1.4 Mass, momentum and energy transfer in open-channel flow	7	(3)
1.4.1 Mass transfer	7	(1)
1.4.2 Momentum transfer	7	(1)
1.4.3 Energy transfer	8	(2)
1.5 Open-channel flow classification	10	(1)
1.6 Conservation laws	11	(9)
1.6.1 Conservation of mass	11	(1)
1.6.2 Conservation of momentum	12	(2)
1.6.3 Conservation of energy	14	(3)
1.6.4 Steady flow equations	17	(1)
1.6.5 Steady spatially-varied flow equations	18	(2)
1.6.6 Comparison and use of momentum and energy equations	20	(1)
Problems	20	(3)
References	23	(1)
CHAPTER 2 Energy and momentum principles	24	(43)
2.1 Critical flow	24	(4)
2.1.1 Froude number	24	(1)
2.1.2 Calculation of critical depth	25	(3)
2.2 Applications of energy principle for steady flow	28	(19)
2.2.1 Energy equation	28	(3)
2.2.2 Specific energy diagram for constant discharge	31	(9)
2.2.3 Discharge diagram for constant specific energy	40	(1)
2.2.4 Specific energy in rectangular channels	41	(4)
2.2.5 Choking of flow	45	(2)
2.3 Applications of momentum principle for steady flow	47	(17)
2.3.1 Momentum equation	47	(2)
2.3.2 Specific momentum diagram for constant discharge	49	(4)
2.3.3 Discharge diagram for constant specific momentum	53	(1)
2.3.4 Hydraulic jump	54	(4)
2.3.5 Specific momentum in rectangular channels	58	(3)
2.3.6 Hydraulic jump in rectangular channels	61	(2)
2.3.7 Choking and momentum principle	63	(1)
Problems	64	(2)
References	66	(1)
CHAPTER 3 Normal flow	67	(30)
3.1 Flow resistance	67	(7)
3.1.1 Boundary layer and flow resistance	68	(2)
3.1.2 The Darcy–Weisbach equation	70	(1)
3.1.3 The Chezy equation	71	(1)
3.1.4 The Manning formula	72	(2)
3.2 Normal flow equation	74	(2)
3.3 Normal depth calculations in uniform channels	76	(4)
3.4 Normal depth calculations in grass-lined channels	80	(3)
3.5 Normal depth calculations in riprap channels	83	(3)
3.6 Normal flow in composite channels	86	(2)
3.7 Normal flow in compound channels	88	(4)
Problems	92	(4)
References	96	(1)
CHAPTER 4 Gradually-varied now	97	(60)
4.1 Classification of channels for gradually-varied flow	98	(1)
4.2 Classification of gradually-varied flow profiles	99	(2)
4.3 Significance of Froude number in gradually-varied flow calculations	101	(3)
4.4 Qualitative determination of expected gradually-varied flow profiles	104	(6)
4.5 Gradually-varied flow computations	110	(11)
4.5.1 Direct step method	111	(7)
4.5.2 Standard step method	118	(3)
4.6 Applications of gradually-varied flow	121	(20)
4.6.1 Locating hydraulic jumps	121	(3)
4.6.2 Lake and channel problems	124	(6)
4.6.3 Two-lake problems	130	(4)
4.6.4 Effect of choking on water surface profile	134	(7)
4.7 Gradually-varied flow in channel systems	141	(3)
4.8 Gradually-varied flow in natural channels	144	(7)
Problems	151	(5)
References	156	(1)
CHAPTER 5 Design or open channels	157	(43)
5.1 General design considerations	157	(2)
5.2 Design of unlined channels	159	(15)
5.2.1 Maximum permissible velocity method	159	(4)
5.2.2 Tractive force method	163	(9)
5.2.3 Channel bends	172	(2)
5.3 Design of channels with flexible linings	174	(14)
5.3.1 Design of channels lined with vegetal cover	175	(4)
5.3.2 Design of riprap channels	179	(7)
5.3.3 Temporary flexible linings	186	(2)
5.4 Design of rigid boundary channels	188	(6)
5.4.1 Experience curve approach	189	(2)
5.4.2 Best hydraulic section approach	191	(1)
5.4.3 Minimum lining cost approach	192	(2)
5.5 Channel design for non-uniform flow	194	(3)
Problems	197	(1)
References	198	(2)
CHAPTER 6 Hydraulic structures	200	(66)
6.1 Flow measurement structures	200	(12)
6.1.1 Sharp-crested weirs	200	(7)
6.1.2 Broad-crested weirs	207	(2)
6.1.3 Flumes	209	(3)
6.2 Culverts	212	(13)
6.2.1 Inlet control flow	214	(6)
6.2.2 Outlet control flow	220	(5)
6.2.3 Sizing of culverts	225	(1)
6.3 Overflow spillways	225	(7)
6.3.1 Shape for uncontrolled ogee crest	226	(1)
6.3.2 Discharge over an uncontrolled ogee crest	227	(3)
6.3.3 Discharge over gate-controlled ogee crests	230	(2)
6.4 Stilling basins	232	(12)
6.4.1 Position of hydraulic jump	232	(6)
6.4.2 Hydraulic jump characteristics	238	(1)
6.4.3 Standard stilling basin designs	239	(5)
6.5 Channel transitions	244	(17)
6.5.1 Channel transitions for subcritical flow	244	(8)
6.5.2 Channel transitions for supercritical flow	252	(9)
Problems	261	(3)
References	264	(2)
CHAPTER 7 Bridge hydraulics	266	(49)
7.1 Modeling bridge sections	266	(28)
7.1.1 Cross-section locations	266	(3)
7.1.2 Low-flow types at bridge sites	269	(1)
7.1.3 Low-flow calculations at bridge sites	269	(15)
7.1.4 High-flow calculations at bridge sites	284	(10)
7.2 Evaluating scour at bridges	294	(17)
7.2.1 Contraction scour	296	(7)
7.2.2 Local scour at piers	303	(5)
7.2.3 Local scour at abutments	308	(3)
Problems	311	(3)
References	314	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Introduction to unsteady open-channel flow	315	(46)
8.1 Governing equations	315	(3)
8.2 Numerical solution methods	318	(24)
8.2.1 Explicit finite difference schemes	319	(2)
8.2.2 Implicit finite difference schemes	321	(17)
8.2.3 Special considerations	338	(3)
8.2.4 Channel systems	341	(1)
8.3 Approximate unsteady-flow models	342	(5)
8.3.1 Diffusion-wave model for unsteady flow	342	(1)
8.3.2 Finite difference equations	343	(1)
8.3.3 Solution of finite difference equations	344	(3)
8.4 Simple channel-routing methods	347	(10)
8.4.1 The Muskingum method	347	(4)
8.4.2 The Muskingum–Cunge method	351	(6)
Problems	357	(1)
References	358	(3)
Index	361