Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner

by Frans C. Stades; M. Boeve; Willy Neumann; Milton Wyman

• ISBN13: 9783877064887
• ISBN10: 3877064884
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-01
• Publisher: Schlutersche

Summary

Here is a useful new reference volume that identifies and masterfully illustrates common ophthalmologic disorders of small domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, as well as horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and birds. The text emphasizes disease that can typically by difficult to diagnose without specialised experience or specific instruments. Rare sign are also described to complete the range of possible ophthalmic disorders - making differential diagnosis easier for the veterinarian.This book encourages and helps equip a practitioner to attempt treatment of veterinary ophthalmologic cases, yet clearly shows the therapeutic limits faced by the nonspecialist. Description includes preliminary measures that can be taken before referral as well as potential professional errors.Each chapter begins with an introduction to specific anatomy and physiology of the eye and supporting structure, noting pathogenesis, etiology, clinical course and therapy. Systemic congenial disorders are discussed, especially ophthalmologic conditions brought about by external influences, such as trauma, intoxication or deficiency. The text then progresses to inflammation and infectious diseases. At the end of a chapter, discussion covers degenerative processes, autoimmune disease and neoplasia.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Clinical and Differential Diagnostic Procedures
Description of the patient	11	(1)
Patient history	11	(3)
Animal handling, equipment, and instruments	14	(1)
Restraining and sedation	14	(1)
Materials and instruments	14	(1)
Examination of the eye and its adnexa	14	(6)
Head, skull, and orbital area	15	(1)
Tear film and tear production	15	(1)
Ocular discharge	15	(1)
Eyelids (palpebrae)	16	(1)
Conjunctiva	16	(1)
Globe (bulbus)	17	(1)
Sclera	18	(1)
Cornea	18	(1)
Anterior and posterior chambers	18	(1)
Pupil and iris	19	(1)
Lens	19	(1)
Vitreous	19	(1)
Fundus	19	(1)
Additional and specific examinations	20	(1)
Differential diagnosis	20	(2)
Introduction	20	(1)
The ``red'' eye	20	(1)
Epiphora without distinct blepharospasm	20	(1)
Blepharospastic/painful eye (Schirmer tear test not decreased)	20	(1)
Protrusion of the nictitating membrane with enophthalmos	21	(1)
Exophthalmos	21	(1)
The ``blue-white'' cornea	21	(1)
The ``pigmented'' eye	21	(1)
The ``blind'' eye	21	(1)
Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Eye Diseases
Introduction	22	(3)
Into the conjunctival sac	22	(2)
Subconjunctival	24	(1)
Retrobulbar	24	(1)
Intraocular	24	(1)
General rules	24	(1)
Ocular therapeutic agents	25	(3)
Vasoconstrictors/antihistamines	25	(1)
Antiglaucoma agents	25	(1)
Mydriatics	26	(1)
Antimicrobial agents	26	(1)
Corticosteroids	26	(1)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	27	(1)
Local anesthetics	27	(1)
Vitamins, epithelializing agents, and neutral agents	27	(1)
Collyria	27	(1)
Other ``drugs'' for ocular use	27	(1)
Radiation	28	(1)
Protective devices	28	(1)
Surgical possibilities	28	(3)
Anesthesia	28	(1)
Preparation of the operative field	28	(1)
Positioning on the operating table	28	(1)
Draping	28	(1)
Magnification equipment	29	(1)
Surgical equipment	29	(1)
Suture material	29	(1)
Hemostasis	29	(1)
Cryosurgery	29	(1)
Laser techniques	29	(2)
Ocular Emergencies
Introduction	31	(1)
Luxation or proptosis of the globe	31	(3)
Chemical burns	34	(1)
Blunt trauma	35	(1)
Orbital fractures	35	(1)
Contusion	35	(1)
Penetrating or perforating trauma	36	(8)
Lid lacerations	36	(2)
Conjunctival lacerations	38	(1)
Corneal lacerations	38	(6)
Orbital and Periorbital Structures
Introduction	44	(1)
Congenital abnormalities	45	(1)
Trauma	45	(1)
Enophthalmos	45	(1)
Enophthalmos due to loss of support	45	(1)
Enophthalmos due to Horner's syndrome	46	(1)
Exophthalmos	46	(3)
Exophthalmos due to swelling of the temporal muscles	46	(1)
Exophthalmos due to retrobulbar processes	47	(2)
Enucleation of the globe including the conjunctiva	49	(3)
Evisceration of the globe	52	(1)
Enucleation of the globe	52	(1)
Exenteration of the orbit	52	(1)
Orbitotomy	52	(2)
Lacrimal Apparatus
Introduction	54	(1)
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)	55	(3)
Tear stripe formation	58	(2)
Micropunctum or stenosis of the lacrimal punctum	59	(1)
Atresia and secondary closure of the punctum	59	(1)
Dacryocystitis	60	(2)
Lacerations	62	(1)
Cysts and neoplasia	62	(2)
Eyelids
Introduction	64	(1)
Ankyloblepharon	65	(1)
Aplasia palpebrae	65	(2)
Dermoids/dysplasia of the lid	67	(1)
Distichiasis	67	(2)
Entropion	69	(5)
Entropion in sheep and horse	74	(1)
Ectropion/oversized or overlong palpebral fissure (Ect/OPF)	74	(3)
Shortening of the lower palpebral conjunctiva	76	(1)
V-Y-Method	76	(1)
Blaskovic's method	77	(1)
Kuhnt-Szymanowski's method	77	(1)
Z-plasty/free transplants	77	(1)
Trichiasis	77	(4)
Nasal fold trichiasis	77	(2)
Upper eyelid trichiasis	79	(2)
Blepharophimosis	81	(1)
Oversized/overlong palpebral fissure	81	(1)
Injuries	81	(1)
Ptosis	81	(1)
Lagophthalmos	81	(1)
Medial canthoplasty	82	(1)
Lateral canthoplasty	82	(1)
Blepharitis	82	(3)
Chalazion/hordeolum	83	(1)
Blepharitis adenomatosa (meibomianitis)	84	(1)
Juxtapalpebral defects/granulomatous changes	84	(1)
Eosinophilic granuloma	84	(1)
Blepharitis in birds	85	(1)
Blepharitis in horses	85	(1)
Neoplasia of the eyelids	85	(4)
Sarcoids in horses	86	(3)
Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane
Introduction	89	(1)
Non-pigmented margin of the nictitating membrane	90	(1)
Dermoid	90	(1)
Ectopic cilia	90	(1)
Protrusion of the nictitating membrane	91	(1)
Cysts	91	(1)
Eversion/inversion of the nictitating membrane	91	(2)
Hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the gland of the nictitating membrane (``cherry eye'')	93	(3)
Subconjunctival hemorrhages	96	(1)
Injuries	96	(1)
Conjunctivitis	96	(5)
Catarrhal (or serous) conjunctivitis	97	(1)
Purulent conjunctivitis	97	(1)
Follicular conjunctivitis	98	(1)
Plasmacellular conjunctivitis	99	(1)
Papillary/nodular/granulomatous conjunctivitis	100	(1)
Conjunctivitis neonatorum	100	(1)
Infectious bovine/ovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)	101	(1)
Eosinophilic granuloma	101	(1)
Conjunctival adhesions	101	(1)
Symblepharon	101	(1)
Conjunctival stricture in the rabbit	102	(1)
Neoplasia of the conjunctiva	102	(2)
Globe
Introduction	104	(1)
Exophthalmos, enophthalmos	104	(1)
Pseudo-exophthalmos/pseudoenophthalmos	104	(1)
Setting sun phenomenon	104	(1)
Strabismus	104	(1)
Nystagmus	105	(1)
Anophthalmia, cyclopia, microphthalmia	105	(1)
Phthisis bulbi	106	(1)
Macrophthalmia	106	(1)
Buphthalmia/hydrophthalmia	106	(1)
Endophthalmitis/panophthalmitis	106	(1)
Cornea and Sclera
Introduction	107	(4)
Symptoms of corneal disease	107	(2)
Localization and causes of corneal abnormalities	109	(1)
Corneal regeneration	110	(1)
Retardation of healing	111	(1)
Microcornea	111	(1)
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)	111	(1)
Dermoid	111	(1)
Trauma	112	(1)
Keratitis	112	(12)
Superficial keratitis (without defects)	112	(2)
Deep or interstitial keratitis or keratitis profunda (without defects)	114	(1)
Ulcerative keratitis	114	(8)
Corneal sequestration/cornea nigrum/corneal necrosis/corneal mummification	122	(1)
Keratitis punctata	123	(1)
Infectious bovine/ovine keratoconjunctivitis	123	(1)
Corneal cyst/abscess	123	(1)
Dystrophic/degenerative deposits in the cornea	124	(2)
Corneal dystrophies	124	(1)
Local degenerative crystal deposits	125	(1)
Deposits resulting from systemic diseases	126	(1)
Corneal edema in the Manx cat	126	(1)
Mucopolysaccharidosis	126	(1)
GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis	126	(1)
(Epi)scleritis	126	(1)
Neoplasms	126	(2)
Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma
Introduction	128	(1)
Glaucoma	129	(3)
Etiology	129	(1)
Irido-corneal angle abnormalities	130	(1)
Conditions of the filtration angle	130	(1)
Length of time of development and progression of glaucoma	130	(2)
Clinical aspects of glaucoma	132	(6)
Acute glaucoma	133	(2)
Chronic glaucoma	135	(1)
Therapeutic possibilities in glaucoma	135	(3)
Secondary glaucoma	138	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with the lens or vitreous	138	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with uveal changes	138	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with trauma	139	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with intraocular neoplasia	139	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with medication	139	(1)
Secondary glaucoma associated with ocular surgery	139	(1)
Phthisis bulbi	139	(2)
Anterior Uvea
Introduction	141	(2)
Iris	141	(1)
Ciliary body	142	(1)
Choroid	143	(1)
Persistent pupillary/epipupillary membrane	143	(1)
Coloboma	144	(1)
Acorea/aniridia	144	(1)
Heterochromia of the iris	145	(1)
Blue iris/white coat	145	(1)
Ocular and cutaneous albinism and deafness	145	(1)
Partial ocular and cutaneous albinism	145	(1)
Acquired color differences in the iris	145	(1)
Iris cysts	145	(1)
Hyphema	146	(1)
Dysplastic abnormalities	146	(1)
Trauma	146	(1)
Leaking of vessels	146	(1)
Coagulation disorders	146	(1)
Uveitis (anterior)	146	(1)
Neoplasms	146	(1)
Uveitis (anterior)	146	(6)
Traumatic iritis (uveitis)	146	(1)
Metabolic uveitis	146	(1)
Infections	147	(1)
Immune reactions	148	(1)
Idiopathic uveitis	149	(1)
Pseudo-uveitis caused by neoplasia	149	(2)
Equine recurrent (chronic) uveitis (ERU)	151	(1)
Anterior uveitis in the rabbit	151	(1)
Iris atrophy	152	(1)
Dysautonomia or pupil dilatation syndrome (Key-Gaskell)	152	(1)
Horner's syndrome	152	(1)
Other pupillary abnormalities	153	(1)
Neoplasia	153	(1)
Posterior uvea	153	(2)
Lens and Vitreous
Introduction	155	(2)
Ontogenesis	155	(1)
Anatomy and physiology	156	(1)
Vitreous	157	(1)
Developmental disorders of the lens	157	(1)
Aphakia/coloboma/spherophakia/microphakia/lenticonus/lentiglobus	157	(1)
Persistent hyaloid artery (PHA)	157	(1)
Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV)	158	(1)
Cataract	159	(6)
Types of cataract	160	(1)
Secondary cataract	160	(2)
Therapeutic possibilities	162	(3)
Prevention of cataract	165	(1)
Lens luxation or ectopic lens	165	(3)
Vitreous floaters, asteroid hyalosis, and synchysis scintillans	168	(1)
Vitreous floaters	169	(1)
Asteroid hyalosis	169	(1)
Synchysis scintillans	169	(1)
Hemorrhages and/or exudates in the vitreous	169	(1)
Blood	169	(1)
Hemorrhagic or other exudate	169	(1)
Retinal detachment and intraocular neoplasms	170	(1)
Fundus and Optic Nerve
Introduction	171	(3)
Ontogenesis	171	(1)
Retina	171	(1)
Optic nerve or tract	172	(1)
Vascular supply	173	(1)
Choroid (vascular membrane)	173	(1)
Symptoms, pathologic changes, and reaction patterns of the fundus	174	(3)
Aplasia	177	(1)
Micropapilla and hypoplastic papilla	177	(1)
Coloboma	178	(1)
Retinal dysplasia	178	(1)
Collie eye anomaly (CEA)	179	(1)
Inherited enzyme deficiencies	180	(1)
Hereditary (progressive) retinal dysplasias/atrophies/degenerations (PRA)	181	(2)
Hereditary progressive night-blindness	181	(1)
Hereditary (stationary) night-blindness	182	(1)
Hereditary day-blindness	182	(1)
Pigment epithelial dystrophy (PED)	183	(1)
Hemorrhages and other vascular abnormalities	183	(1)
Vascular occlusion	183	(1)
Hyperlipoproteinemia	184	(1)
Trauma	184	(1)
Intoxications	184	(1)
Abnormalities of nutritional origin	184	(1)
Vitamin A and vitamin E deficiencies	184	(1)
Thiamine (aneurine) or vitamin B1 deficiency	184	(1)
Taurine deficiency	184	(1)
Posterior uveitis/chorioretinitis/retinitis	185	(1)
Retinal detachment	186	(1)
Non-hereditary degenerative abnormalities	187	(1)
Feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD)	187	(1)
Papilledema	187	(1)
Papillitis, optic neuritis	188	(1)
Neoplasia	188	(1)
Amblyopia/amaurosis	188	(3)
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD)	189	(2)
Breed Predispositions and Hereditary Eye Diseases
Introduction	191	(1)
Modes of inheritance	191	(1)
Simple inheritance	191	(1)
Multiple (polygenic) transmission	192	(1)
Is the abnormality inherited?	192	(1)
Breed predispositions and inherited eye abnormalities	193	(4)
Breed predispositions and inherited eye abnormalities in the dog	194	(2)
Breed predispositions and inherited eye abnormalities in the cat	196	(1)
Glossary of Terms Relating to the Eye	197	(3)
Index	200