Optical Properties of Solids

by Fox, Mark

• ISBN13: 9780198506133
• ISBN10: 0198506139
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780198506126
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-17
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This book gives an introduction to the optical properties of solids, including many new topics that have not been previously covered in other solid state texts at this level. The fundamental principles of absorption, reflection, luminescence and light scattering are discussed for a wide range of materials, including crystalline insulators and semiconductors, glasses, metals, and molecular materials. Classical and quantum models are used where appropriate along with recent experimental data. Examples include semiconductor quantum wells, organic semiconductors, vibronic solid state lasers, and nonlinear optics.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(24)
Classification of optical processes	1	(1)
Optical coefficients	2	(3)
The complex refractive index and dielectric constant	5	(3)
Optical materials	8	(7)
Crystalline insulators and semiconductors	8	(3)
Glasses	11	(1)
Metals	12	(1)
Molecular materials	13	(1)
Doped glasses and insulators	14	(1)
Characteristic optical physics in the solid state	15	(5)
Crystal symmetry	16	(2)
Electronic bands	18	(1)
Vibronic bands	19	(1)
The density of states	19	(1)
Delocalized states and collective excitations	19	(1)
Microscopic models	20	(5)
Classical propagation	25	(24)
Propagation of light in a dense optical medium	25	(4)
Atomic oscillators	26	(2)
Vibrational oscillators	28	(1)
Free electron oscillators	29	(1)
The dipole oscillator model	29	(11)
The Lorentz oscillator	29	(5)
Multiple resonances	34	(3)
Comparison with experimental data	37	(2)
Local field corrections	39	(1)
The Kramers-Kronig relationships	40	(1)
Dispersion	40	(2)
Optical anisotropy: birefringence	42	(7)
Interband absorption	49	(27)
Interband transitions	49	(2)
The transition rate for direct absorption	51	(3)
Band edge absorption in direct gap semiconductors	54	(9)
The atomic physics of the interband transitions	54	(2)
The band structure of a direct gap III-V semiconductor	56	(1)
The Joint density of states	57	(1)
The frequency dependence of the band edge absorption	58	(2)
The Franz-Keldysh effect	60	(1)
Band edge absorption in a magnetic field	61	(2)
Band edge absorption in indirect gap semiconductors	63	(3)
Interband absorption above the band edge	66	(2)
Measurement of absorption spectra	68	(1)
Semiconductor photodetectors	69	(7)
Photodiodes	69	(2)
Photoconductive devices	71	(1)
Photovoltaic devices	71	(5)
Excitons	76	(16)
The concept of excitons	76	(1)
Free excitons	77	(5)
Binding energy and radius	77	(2)
Exciton absorption	79	(1)
Experimental data for free excitons in GaAs	80	(2)
Free excitons in external fields	82	(2)
Electric fields	82	(1)
Magnetic fields	83	(1)
Free excitons at high densities	84	(2)
Frenkel excitons	86	(6)
Rare gas crystals	87	(1)
Alkali halides	87	(1)
Molecular crystals	88	(4)
Luminescence	92	(23)
Light emission in solids	92	(3)
Interband luminescence	95	(3)
Direct gap materials	95	(1)
Indirect gap materials	96	(2)
Photoluminescence	98	(5)
Excitation and relaxation	98	(2)
Low carrier densities	100	(1)
Degeneracy	101	(1)
Photoluminescence spectroscopy	102	(1)
Electroluminescence	103	(12)
General principles of electroluminescent devices	103	(3)
Light emitting diodes	106	(1)
Diode lasers	107	(8)
Semiconductor quantum wells	115	(28)
Quantum confined structures	115	(2)
Growth and structure of semiconductor quantum wells	117	(2)
Electronic levels	119	(5)
Separation of the variables	119	(1)
Infinite potential wells	119	(2)
Finite potential wells	121	(3)
Optical absorption and excitons	124	(7)
Selection rules	125	(2)
Two-dimensional absorption	127	(2)
Experimental data	129	(1)
Excitons in quantum wells	130	(1)
The quantum confined Stark effect	131	(2)
Optical emission	133	(2)
Intersubband transitions	135	(1)
Bloch oscillators	135	(1)
Quantum dots	136	(7)
Semiconductor doped glasses	137	(1)
Self-organized III-V quantum dots	138	(5)
Free electrons	143	(22)
Plasma reflectivity	143	(2)
Free carrier conductivity	145	(2)
Metals	147	(7)
The Drude model	148	(3)
Interband transitions in metals	151	(3)
Doped semiconductors	154	(6)
Free carrier reflectivity and absorption	154	(4)
Impurity absorption	158	(2)
Plasmons	160	(5)
Molecular materials	165	(21)
Introduction to molecular materials	166	(1)
Electronic states in conjugated molecules	167	(2)
Optical spectra of molecules	169	(8)
Electronic-vibrational transitions	170	(1)
Molecular configuration diagrams	171	(2)
The Franck-Condon principle	173	(3)
Experimental spectra	176	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	177	(2)
Conjugated polymers	179	(2)
Organic optoelectronics	181	(5)
Luminescence centres	186	(18)
Vibronic absorption and emission	186	(3)
Colour centres	189	(3)
Paramagnetic impurities in ionic crystals	192	(4)
The crystal field effect and vibronic coupling	192	(1)
Rare earth ions	193	(2)
Transition metal ions	195	(1)
Solid state lasers and optical amplifiers	196	(3)
Phosphors	199	(5)
Phonons	204	(23)
Infrared active phonons	204	(2)
Infrared reflectivity and absorption in polar solids	206	(8)
The classical oscillator model	206	(3)
The Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relationship	209	(1)
Restrahlen	210	(2)
Lattice absorption	212	(2)
Polaritons	214	(1)
Polarons	215	(3)
Inelastic light scattering	218	(4)
General principles of inelastic light scattering	218	(2)
Raman scattering	220	(2)
Brillouin scattering	222	(1)
Phonon lifetimes	222	(5)
Nonlinear optics	227	(28)
The nonlinear susceptibility tensor	227	(3)
The physical origin of optical nonlinearities	230	(6)
Non-resonant nonlinearities	230	(4)
Resonant nonlinearities	234	(2)
Second-order nonlinearities	236	(7)
Nonlinear frequency mixing	237	(2)
Crystal symmetry	239	(2)
Phase matching	241	(2)
Third-order nonlinear effects	243	(12)
Overview of third-order phenomena	243	(4)
Isotropic third-order nonlinear media	247	(2)
Resonant nonlinearities in semiconductors	249	(6)
A Electromagnetism in dielectrics	255	(8)
A.1 Electromagnetic fields and Maxwell's equations	255	(3)
A.2 Electromagnetic waves	258	(5)
B Quantum theory of radiative absorption and emission	263	(8)
B.1 Einstein coefficients	263	(3)
B.2 Quantum transition rates	266	(3)
B.3 Selection rules	269	(2)
C Band theory	271	(9)
C.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators	271	(2)
C.2 The nearly free electron model	273	(3)
C.3 Example band structures	276	(4)
D Semiconductor p-i-n diodes	280	(2)
Solutions to exercises	282	(8)
Bibliography	290	(5)
Symbols	295	(2)
Index	297