Optical WDM Networks Concepts and Design Principles

by Zheng, Jun; Mouftah, Hussein T.

• ISBN13: 9780471671701
• ISBN10: 0471671703
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-04
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

The essential guide to the state of the art in WDM and its vast networking potential As a result of its huge transmission capacity and countless other advantages, fiber optics has fostered a bandwidth revolution, addressing the constantly growing demand for increased bandwidth. Within this burgeoning area, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has emerged as a breakthrough technology for exploiting the capacity of optical fibers. Today, WDM is deployed by many network providers for point-to-point transmission-but there is strong momentum to develop it as a full-fledged networking technology in its own right. The telecommunications industry, network service providers, and research communities worldwide are paying close attention. Optical WDM Networks presents an easy-to-follow introduction to basic concepts, key issues, effective solutions, and state-of-the-art technologies for wavelength-routed WDM networks. Responding to the need for resources focused on the networking potential of WDM, the book is organized in terms of the most important networking aspects, such as: * Network control architecture * Routing and wavelength assignment * Virtual topology design and reconfiguration * Distributed lightpath control and management * Optical-layer protection and restoration * IP over WDM * Trends for the future in optical networks Each chapter includes examples and problems that illustrate and offer practical application of concepts, as well as extensive references for further reading. This is an essential resource for professionals and students in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science as well as network engineers, designers, planners, operators, and managers who seek a backbone of knowledge in optical networks.

Author Biography

JUN ZHENG, PhD, is a research scientist with the School of Information Technology and Engineering at the University of Ottawa, Canada. He received his PhD from the University of Hong Kong. He has been involved in extensive research and development in telecommunications engineering for many years. An award-winning scientist in the communications technology field, Zheng is a member of IEEE. <BR> HUSSEIN T. MOUFTAH, PhD, is Canada Research Chair Professor in the School of Information Technology and Engineering at the University of Ottawa, Canada. Formerly a professor and associate head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen&#146;s University, he is an IEEE Fellow and served as editor-in-chief of IEEE Communications magazine and later as IEEE Communications Society Director of Magazines. Dr. Mouftah is author or coauthor of three books and more than 700 technical papers and eight patents.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
1. Introduction	1	(22)
1.1. Optical networks: a brief picture	1	(2)
1.2. WDM technology	3	(3)
1.3. WDM network architectures	6	(8)
1.3.1. Broadcast-and-select WDM networks	6	(2)
1.3.2. Wavelength-routed WDM networks	8	(6)
1.4. Focus of this book	14	(4)
1.4.1. Routing and wavelength assignment	14	(1)
1.4.2. Virtual topology design and reconfiguration	15	(1)
1.4.3. Lightpath control and management	15	(1)
1.4.4. Optical layer survivability	16	(1)
1.4.5. IP over WDM	17	(1)
1.5. Outline of this book	18	(2)
Problems	20	(1)
References	20	(3)
2. Fundamentals of WDM Network Devices	23	(22)
2.1. Introduction	23	(1)
2.2. Optical fibers	23	(4)
2.3. Couplers	27	(2)
2.4. Optical amplifiers	29	(2)
2.5. Transmitters	31	(1)
2.6. Receivers	32	(1)
2.7. Optical add/drop multiplexers	33	(1)
2.8. Optical cross-connects	33	(3)
2.9. Wavelength-convertible cross-connects	36	(4)
2.10. Wavelength converters	40	(2)
2.11. Summary	42	(1)
Problems	43	(1)
References	43	(2)
3. Routing and Wavelength Assignment	45	(44)
3.1. Introduction	45	(1)
3.2. RWA problem	46	(3)
3.2.1. Static RWA and dynamic RWA	47	(1)
3.2.2. Centralized RWA and distributed RWA	48	(1)
3.3. Static RWA	49	(7)
3.3.1. ILP formulations for SLE without wavelength conversion	49	(4)
3.3.2. ILP formulation for SLE with wavelength conversion	53	(1)
3.3.3. ILP formulation for static routing	54	(1)
3.3.4. Static wavelength assignment	55	(1)
3.4. Dynamic RWA	56	(12)
3.4.1. Routing	57	(2)
3.4.2. Wavelength assignment	59	(6)
3.4.3. RWA algorithms	65	(3)
3.5. RWA for Fairness	68	(3)
3.5.1. Wavelength reservation	70	(1)
3.5.2. Threshold protection	70	(1)
3.5.3. Limited alternate routing	70	(1)
3.6. Wavelength Rerouting	71	(13)
3.6.1. Need for wavelength rerouting	71	(2)
3.6.2. Problems in wavelength rerouting	73	(1)
3.6.3. Lightpath migration operations	73	(3)
3.6.4. Lightpath rerouting schemes	76	(4)
3.6.5. Wavelength rerouting algorithms	80	(4)
3.7. Summary	84	(1)
Problems	85	(1)
References	85	(4)
4. Virtual Topology Design	89	(42)
4.1. Introduction	89	(1)
4.2. Virtual topology design problem	90	(8)
4.2.1. Physical and virtual topologies	92	(2)
4.2.2. Subproblems in virtual topology design	94	(3)
4.2.3. Virtual topology optimization	97	(1)
4.3. Virtual topology design formulation	98	(5)
4.3.1. Terminology	98	(1)
4.3.2. Formulation	99	(4)
4.4. Heuristics	103	(20)
4.4.1. Bounds	104	(3)
4.4.2. Heuristics design	107	(2)
4.4.3. Heuristics for regular topology design	109	(5)
4.4.4. Heuristics for predetermined topology design	114	(2)
4.4.5. Heuristics for arbitrary topology design	116	(7)
4.5. Virtual topology reconfiguration	123	(4)
4.5.1. Reconfiguration for traffic changes	125	(1)
4.5.2. Reconfiguration for topology changes	126	(1)
4.6. Summary	127	(1)
Problems	127	(1)
References	128	(3)
5. Distributed Lightpath Establishment	131	(34)
5.1. Introduction	131	(1)
5.2. Problems in distributed lightpath establishment	132	(4)
5.2.1. Routing	133	(2)
5.2.2. Wavelength assignment	135	(1)
5.2.3. Wavelength reservation	135	(1)
5.3. Routing	136	(6)
5.3.1. Explicit routing	136	(1)
5.3.2. Hop-by-hop routing	137	(5)
5.3.3. Flooding-based routing	142	(1)
5.4. Wavelength reservation	142	(12)
5.4.1. Parallel reservation	143	(1)
5.4.2. Sequential reservation	144	(6)
5.4.3. Reservation policies	150	(4)
5.5. Distributed control protocols for lightpath establishment	154	(7)
5.5.1. Source routing with forward reservation	154	(1)
5.5.2. Source routing with backward reservation	155	(1)
5.5.3. Destination routing with backward reservation	156	(1)
5.5.4. Alternate-link routing with backward reservation	157	(1)
5.5.5. Flooding-based routing with backward reservation	158	(1)
5.5.6. Multiple-path routing with backward reservation	159	(1)
5.5.7. Neighborhood-information-based routing with backward reservation	160	(1)
5.6. Summary	161	(1)
Problems	162	(1)
References	163	(2)
6. Optical Layer Survivability	165	(46)
6.1. Introduction	165	(1)
6.2. Need for optical layer survivability	166	(2)
6.3. Protection and restoration for optical layer survivability	168	(12)
6.3.1. Protection for point-to-point WDM links	169	(2)
6.3.2. Static protection and dynamic restoration	171	(1)
6.3.3. Dedicated protection and shared protection	172	(1)
6.3.4. Link protection and path protection	173	(3)
6.3.5. Link restoration and path restoration	176	(2)
6.3.6. Segment protection	178	(1)
6.3.7. Considerations in survivable network design	179	(1)
6.4. Survivable network design for static traffic	180	(4)
6.4.1. Survivable network design problem	180	(1)
6.4.2. ILP formulations	181	(3)
6.5. Survivable routing for dynamic traffic	184	(9)
6.5.1. Dedicated and shared survivable routing	185	(1)
6.5.2. Cost function	185	(2)
6.5.3. Static and dynamic survivable routing	187	(3)
6.5.4. Separate and joint survivable routing	190	(2)
6.5.5. Centralized and distributed survivable routing	192	(1)
6.6. Dynamic restoration	193	(13)
6.6.1. Problems in dynamic restoration	193	(2)
6.6.2. Source-initiated restoration	195	(2)
6.6.3. Destination-initiated restoration	197	(2)
6.6.4. Bi-initiation-based restoration	199	(3)
6.6.5. Multi-initiation-based restoration	202	(4)
6.7. Summary	206	(1)
Problems	207	(1)
References	207	(4)
7. IP over WDM	211	(40)
7.1. Introduction	211	(1)
7.2. IP over WDM layered models	212	(5)
7.2.1. IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM	214	(1)
7.2.2. IP over SONET/SDH over WDM	215	(1)
7.2.3. IP over WDM	216	(1)
7.3. IP over WDM network model	217	(2)
7.3.1. Network model	217	(1)
7.3.2. UNI and NNI	218	(1)
7.4. IP over WDM service models	219	(2)
7.4.1. Domain service model	219	(1)
7.4.2. Unified service model	220	(1)
7.5. IP over WDM interconnection models	221	(3)
7.5.1. Overlay model	221	(1)
7.5.2. Peer model	222	(1)
7.5.3. Augmented model	223	(1)
7.6. Control plane for optical networks	224	(2)
7.6.1. Requirements for optical control plane	224	(1)
7.6.2. MPLS-based optical control planes	225	(1)
7.7. Multiprotocol Label Switching	226	(4)
7.7.1. Packet forwarding and label swapping	226	(2)
7.7.2. Routing and path establishment	228	(1)
7.7.3. Traffic engineering with MPLS	228	(2)
7.8. Multiprotocol Lambda Switching	230	(2)
7.8.1. Analogy between MPLS and MPLmS	230	(1)
7.8.2. Extensions to routing and signaling protocols	231	(1)
7.9. Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching	232	(7)
7.9.1. Forwarding hierarchy	233	(2)
7.9.2. Link bundling	235	(1)
7.9.3. Unnumbered links	236	(1)
7.9.4. Extensions to routing and signaling protocols	236	(2)
7.9.5. Link management protocol	238	(1)
7.10. Survivability in IP over WDM networks	239	(6)
7.10.1. Survivability in WDM networks	239	(2)
7.10.2. Survivability in IP networks	241	(2)
7.10.3. Multilayer survivability in IP over WDM networks	243	(2)
7.11. Summary	245	(1)
Problems	246	(1)
References	247	(4)
8. Future Trends in Optical Networks	251	(14)
8.1. Introduction	251	(2)
8.2. IP over WDM	253	(1)
8.3. Optical packet switching	254	(2)
8.4. Optical burst switching	256	(2)
8.5. Optical metro networks	258	(2)
8.6. Optical access networks	260	(1)
Problems	261	(1)
References	261	(4)
Appendices	265	(12)
A. Basics of graph theory	265	(4)
B. Dijkstra's Algorithm	269	(4)
C. Acronyms	273	(4)
Index	277