Optically Stimulated Luminescence : Fundamentals and Applications

by Yukihara, Eduardo G.; McKeever, Stephen W. S.

• ISBN13: 9780470977064
• ISBN10: 047097706X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2011-01-04
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The book discusses advanced modern applications of optically stimulated luminescence including the appropriate fundamentals of the process. It features major chapters on the use of OSL in space radiation dosimetry, medical physics, personnel dosimetry, security, solid-state physics and other related applications. In each case, the underlying theory is discussed on an as-needed basis for a complete understanding of the phenomena, but with an emphasis of the practical applications of the technique. After an introductory chapter, Chapters 2 to 6 cover basic theory and practical aspects, personal dosimetry, space dosimetry, medical dosimetry and solid-state physics and optical properties. Chapter 7 describes other applications including environmental dosimetry, accident dosimetry, integrated dosimeters, security and temperature sensing. The last chapter discusses future trends .

Author Biography

Stephen W. S. McKeever is Vice President for Research and Technology Transfer at Oklahoma State University (USA). He is also a Regents Professor in the department of physics.  He was named a Noble Research Fellow in Optical Materials in 1987. Professor McKeever was also named the MOST (More Oklahoma Science and Technology) Chair of Experimental Physics in 1999. He is widely known for his research in optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) with specific applications to radiation dosimetry. Major accomplishments in recent years include leading a research team that the developed optically stimulated luminescence as a means of personal radiation dosimetry. The patented technology was used commercially to develop a radiation dosimeter system currently used worldwide. His special interests are space radiation dosimetry to monitor radiation doses to astronauts on long-duration space flights, such as a manned mission to Mars. He has authored or co-authored over 180 scientific publications and five books.

Eduardo G. Yukihara is an Assistant Professor at Oklahoma State University. He has been involved with research on OSL since 2000, and his research group currently focuses on the development of the OSL technique in various fields such as space dosimetry, medical dosimetry, accident dosimetry, neutron dosimetry, as well as investigations in basic properties of OSL materials. He has presented material relating to this book to students in short courses, colloquia, a conference summer school, and invited conference presentations. In addition, he has been invited to write a review paper on applications of OSL in medicine and biology to the journal Physics in Medicine and Biology.

Table of Contents

Preface.

Acknowledgments.

Disclaimer.

List of Acronyms.

1 Introduction.

1.1 A Short History of Optically Stimulated Luminescence.

1.2 Brief Description of Successful Applications.

1.2.1 Personal.

1.2.2 Space.

1.2.3 Medical.

1.2.4 Security.

1.3 The Future.

2 Theory and Practical Aspects.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Basic Aspects of the OSL Phenomenon.

2.2.1 Energy Levels in Perfect Crystals.

2.2.2 Defects in the Crystal.

2.2.3 Excitation of the Crystal by Ionizing Radiation.

2.2.4 Trapping and Recombination at Defect Levels.

2.2.5 Thermal Stimulation of Trapped Charges.

2.2.6 Optical Stimulation of Trapped Charges.

2.2.7 The Luminescence Process.

2.2.8 Rate Equations for OSL and TL Processes.

2.2.9 Temperature Dependence of the OSL Signal.

2.2.10 Other OSL Models.

2.3 OSL Readout.

2.3.1 Basic Elements of an OSL Reader.

2.3.2 Stimulation Modalities.

2.4 Instrumentation.

2.4.1 Light Sources.

2.4.2 Light Detectors.

2.4.3 Optical Filters.

2.4.4 Light Collection.

2.4.5 Sample Heaters.

2.5 Available OSL Readers.

2.5.1 Experimental Arrangements.

2.5.2 Automated Research Readers.

2.5.3 Commercial Dosimetry Readers.

2.5.4 Optical Fiber Systems.

2.5.5 Imaging Systems.

2.5.6 Portable OSL Readers.

2.6 Complementary Techniques.

2.6.1 OSL Emission and Stimulation Spectrum.

2.6.2 Lifetime and Time-Resolved OSL Measurements.

2.6.3 Correlations Between OSL and TL.

2.6.4 Other Phenomena.

2.7 Overview of OSL Materials.

2.7.1 Artificial Materials.

2.7.2 Natural Materials.

2.7.3 Electronic Components.

2.7.4 Other OSL Materials and Material Needs.

3 Personal Dosimetry.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Quantities of Interest.

3.2.1 Absorbed Dose and Other Physical Quantities.

3.2.2 Protection Quantities.

3.2.3 Operational Quantities.

3.3 Dosimetry Considerations.

3.3.1 Definitions.

3.3.2 Dose Calculation Algorithm.

3.3.3 Reference Calibration Fields for Personal and Area Dosimeters.

3.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis and Expression of Uncertainty.

3.4 Detectors.

3.4.1 General Characteristics.

3.4.2 Al₂O₃:C Detectors.

3.4.3 BeO Detectors.

3.5 Dosimetry Systems.

3.5.1 Luxel+ Dosimetry System.

3.5.2 InLight Dosimetry System.

3.6 Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors.

3.6.1 Development of Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors.

3.6.2 Properties of OSLN Detectors.

3.6.3 Ionization Density Effects.

4 Space Dosimetry.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Space Radiation Environment.

4.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR).

4.2.2 Earth’s Radiation Belts (ERB).

4.2.3 Solar Particle Events (SPEs).

4.2.4 Secondary Radiation.

4.3 Quantities of Interest.

4.3.1 Absorbed Dose, D.

4.3.2 Dose Equivalent, H.

4.3.3 Equivalent Dose, HT.

4.3.4 Effective Dose, E.

4.3.5 Gray-Equivalent, GT.

4.4 Health Risk..

4.5 Evaluation of Dose in Space Radiation Fields Using OSLDs (and TLDs).

4.5.1 The Calibration Problem for Space Radiation Fields.

4.5.2 Thermoluminescence, TL.

4.5.3 Optically Stimulated Luminescence, OSL.

4.5.4 OSL Response in Mixed Fields.

4.6 Applications.

4.6.1 Use of OSLDs (and TLDs) in Space-Radiation Fields.

4.6.2 Example Applications.

4.7 Future Directions.

5 Medical Dosimetry.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Radiation Fields in Medical Dosimetry.

5.2.1 Diagnostic Radiology.

5.2.2 Radiation Therapy and Radiosurgery.

5.2.3 Proton and Heavy-Ion Therapy.

5.3 Practical OSL Aspects Applied to Medical Dosimetry.

5.3.1 A Proposed Formalism.

5.3.2 Calibration and Readout Protocols.

5.3.3 A Checklist for Reporting OSL Results.

5.4 Optical-Fiber OSL Systems for Real-time Dosimetry.

5.4.1 Basic Concept.

5.4.2 Optical-Fiber OSL System Designs and Materials.

5.4.3 Readout Approaches.

5.5 Properties of Al2O3:C OSL Detectors for Medical Applications.

5.5.1 Influence Factors and Correction Factors.

5.5.2 Correction Factors for Beam Quality.

5.6 Clinical Applications.

5.6.1 Quality Assurance in External Beam Radiation Therapy.

5.6.2 Brachytherapy.

5.6.3 Measurement of Dose Profiles in X-ray Computed Tomography (CT).

5.6.4 Proton Therapy.

5.6.5 Fluoroscopy (Patient and Staff Dosimetry).

5.6.6 Mammography.

5.6.7 Out-of-field Dose Assessment in Radiotherapy.

5.6.8 Dose Mapping.

5.6.9 Final Remarks on Clinical Applications.

6 Other Applications and Concepts.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Retrospective and Accident Dosimetry.

6.2.1 Basic Considerations.

6.2.2 Methodological Aspects.

6.2.3 Building Materials.

6.2.4 Household Materials.

6.2.5 Electronic Components.

6.2.6 Dental Enamel and Dental Ceramics.

6.3 Environmental Monitoring.

6.4 UV Dosimetry.

6.5 Integrated Sensors.

6.6 Passive/Active Devices.

6.7 Other Potential Security Applications.

References.

Index.