Optics and Photonics An Introduction

by Smith, F. Graham; King, Terry A.; Wilkins, Dan

• ISBN13: 9780470017838
• ISBN10: 047001783X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-06-05
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

The Second Edition of this successful textbook provides a clear, well-written introduction to both the fundamental principles of optics and the key aspects of photonics to show how the subject has developed in the last few decades, leading to many modern applications. Optics and Photonics: An Introduction, Second Edition thus provides a complete undergraduate course on optics in a single integrated text, and is an essential resource for all undergraduate physics, science and engineering students taking a variety of optics based courses. Specific changes for this edition include: New material on modern optics and photonics Rearrangement of chapters to give a logical progression, comprising groups of chapters on geometric optics, wave optics and photonics Many more worked examples and problems Substantial revisions to chapters on Holography, Lasers and the Interaction of Light with Matter

Author Biography

Sir Francis Graham Smith. Old School House, Henbury, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9PH, UK
Now retired, Graham Smith has had a distinguished career in radio astronomy having held the post of Astronomer Royal 1982 – 1990, and most recently was Langworthy Professor of Physics at Manchester University.

Professor Terry King. School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Currently head of the Laser Photonics Group, Terry King has many years experience in research, teaching and consultancy.

Professor Daniel Wilkins. Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182-0266, USA
Dan Wilkins holds the Milo Bail Chair of Physics at Nebraska and has taught optics and a wide variety of undergraduate courses for many years. His main research focus is general relativity theory.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Light as Waves, Rays and Photons	p. 1
The nature of light
Waves and rays
Total internal reflection
The light wave
Electromagnetic waves
The electromagnetic spectrum
Stimulated emission: the laser
Photons and material particles
Geometric Optics	p. 19
The thin prism: the ray approach and the wavefront approach
The lens as an assembly of prisms
Refraction at a spherical surface
Two surfaces; the simple lens
Imaging in spherical mirrors
General properties of imaging systems
Separated thin lenses in air
Ray tracing by matrices
Locating the cardinal points: position of a nodal point, focal point, principal point, focal length, the other cardinal points
Perfect imaging
Perfect imaging of surfaces
Ray and wave aberrations
Wave aberration on-axis - spherical aberration
Off-axis aberrations
The influence of aperture stops
The correction of chromatic aberration
Achromatism in separated lens systems
Adaptive optics
Optical Instruments	p. 57
The human eye
The simple lens magnifier
The compound microscope
The confocal scanning microscope
Resolving power; conventional and near-field microscopes
The telescope
Advantages of the various types of telescope
Binoculars
The camera
Illumination in optical instruments
Periodic and Non-Periodic Waves	p. 83
Simple harmonic waves
Positive and negative frequencies
Standing waves
Beats between oscillators
Similarities between beats and standing wave patterns
Standing waves at a reflector
The Doppler effect
Doppler radar
Astronomical aberration
Fourier series
Modulated waves: Fourier transforms
Modulation by a non-periodic function
Convolution
Delta and grating functions
Autocorrelation and the power spectrum
Wave groups
An angular spread of plane waves
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 115
Maxwell's equations
Transverse waves
Reflection and transmission: Fresnel's equations
Total internal reflection: evanescent waves
Energy flow
Photon momentum and radiation pressure
Blackbody radiation
Fibre and Waveguide Optics	p. 135
The light pipe
Guided waves
The slab dielectric guide
Evanescent fields in fibre optics
Cylindrical fibres and waveguides
Numerical aperture
Materials for optical fibres
Dispersion in optical fibres
Dispersion compensation
Modulation and communications
Fibre optical components
Hole-array light guide; photonic crystal fibres
Optical fibre sensors
Fabrication of optical fibres
Polarization of Light	p. 163
Polarization of transverse waves
Analysis of elliptically polarized waves
Polarizers
Liquid crystal displays
Birefringence in anisotropic media
Birefringent polarizers
Generalizing Snell's law for anisotropic materials
Quarter- and half-wave plates
Optical activity
Formal descriptions of polarization
Induced birefringence
Interference	p. 185
Interference
Young's experiment
Newton's rings
Interference effects with a plane-parallel plate
Thin films
Michelson's spectral interferometer
Multiple beam interference
The Fabry-Perot interferometer
Interference filters
Interferometry: Length, Angle and Rotation	p. 205
The Rayleigh interferometer
Wedge fringes and end gauges
The Twyman and Green interferometer
The standard of length
The Michelson-Morley experiment
Detecting gravitational waves by interferometry
The Sagnac ring interferometer
Optical fibres in interferometers
The ring laser gyroscope
Measuring angular width
The effect of slit width
Source size and coherence
Michelson's stellar interferometer
Very long baseline interferometry
The intensity interferometer
Diffraction	p. 231
Diffraction at a single slit
The general aperture
Rectangular and circular apertures: uniformly illuminated single slit: two infinitesimally narrow slits: two slits with finite width: uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture: uniformly illuminated circular aperture
Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction
Shadow edges - Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge
Diffraction of cylindrical wavefronts
Fresnel diffraction by slits and strip obstacles
Spherical waves and circular apertures: half-period zones
Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory
Babinet's principle
The field at the edge of an aperture.
The Diffraction Grating and its Applications	p. 259
The diffraction grating
Diffraction pattern of the grating
The effect of slit width and shape
Fourier transforms in grating theory
Missing orders and blazed gratings
Making gratings
Concave gratings
Blazed, echellette, echelle and echelon gratings
Radio antenna arrays: end-fire array shooting equally in both directions: end-fire array shooting in only one direction: the broadside array: two-dimensional broadside arrays
X-ray diffraction with a ruled grating
Diffraction by a crystal lattice
The Talbot effect
Spectra and Spectrometry	p. 281
Spectral lines
Linewidth and lineshape
The prism spectrometer
The grating spectrometer
Resolution and resolving power
Resolving power: the prism spectrometer
Resolving power: grating spectrometers
The Fabry-Perot spectrometer
Twin beam spectrometry; Fourier transform spectrometry
Irradiance fluctuation, or photon-counting spectrometry
Scattered laser light
Coherence and Correlation	p. 307
Temporal and spatial coherence
Correlation as a measure of coherence
Temporal coherence of a wavetrain
Fluctuations in irradiance
The van Cittert-Zernike theorem
Autocorrelation and coherence
Two-dimensional angular resolution
Irradiance fluctuations: the intensity interferometer
Spatial filtering
Holography	p. 339
Reconstructing a plane wave
Gabor's original method
Basic holography analysis
Holographic recording: off-axis holography
Aspect effects
Types of hologram
Holography in colour
The rainbow hologram
Holography of moving objects
Holographic interferometry
Holographic optical elements
Holographic data storage
Lasers	p. 349
Stimulated emission
Pumping: the energy source
Absorption and emission of radiation
Laser gain
Population inversion
Threshold gain coefficient
Laser resonators
Beam irradiance and divergence
Examples of important laser systems: gas lasers, solid state lasers, liquid lasers
Laser Light	p. 371
Laser linewidth
Spatial coherence: laser speckle
Temporal coherence and coherence length
Laser pulse duration: Q-switching, mode-locking
Laser radiance
Focusing laser light
Photon momentum: optical tweezers and trapping; optical tweezers; laser cooling
Non-linear optics
Semiconductors and Semiconductor Lasers	p. 395
Semiconductors
Semiconductor diodes
LEDs and semiconductor lasers; heterojunction lasers
Semiconductor laser cavities
Wavelengths and tuning of semiconductor lasers
Modulation
Organic semiconductor LEDs and lasers
Sources of Light	p. 415
Classical radiation processes: radiation from an accelerated charge; the Hertzian dipole
Free-free radiation
Cyclotron and synchrotron radiation
Free electron lasers
Cerenkov radiation
The formation of spectral lines: the Bohr model; nuclear mass; quantum mechanics; angular momentum and electron spin
Light from the Sun and Stars
Thermal sources
Fluorescent lights
Luminescence sources
Electroluminescence
Interaction of Light With Matter	p. 435
The classical resonator
Rayleigh scattering
Polarization and refractive index in dielectrics
Free electrons
Faraday rotation in a plasma
Resonant atoms in gases
The refractive index of dense gases, liquids and solids
Anisotropic refraction
Brillouin scattering
Raman scattering
Thomson and Compton scattering by electrons
A summary of scattering processes
The Detection of Light	p. 449
Photoemissive detectors
Semiconductor detectors
Semiconductor junction photodiodes
Imaging detectors
Noise in photodetectors
Image intensifiers
Photography
Thermal detectors
Optics and Photonics in Nature	p. 465
Light and colour in the open air
The development of eyes
Corneal and lens focusing
Compound eyes
Reflection optics
Fluorescence and photonics in a butterfly
Biological light detectors
Photosynthesis
Answers to Selected Problems	p. 477
Radiometry and Photometry	p. 481
Refractive Indices of Common Materials	p. 485
Spectral Lineshapes and Linewidths	p. 487
Further Reading	p. 491
Index	p. 499
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