Oracle Database 10g Real Application Clusters Handbook

by Gopalakrishnan, K.

• ISBN13: 9780071465090
• ISBN10: 007146509X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-13
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Learn cutting-edge technology from Oracle expertsWritten by Oracle insiders, this comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about Real Application Clusters -- low-cost hardware platforms that can rival and exceed the quality of service, availability, and scalability of the most expensive mainframe systems. Concepts covered are applicable to all previous versions of Oracle Tuning and troubleshooting tips, providing insight on the most advanced diagnostics available Detailed coverage of advanced RAC concepts Working code for all examples available online

Author Biography

K Gopalakrishnan is a Principal Consultant with Oracle Solution Services (India). He is the co-author of Oracle Wait Interface: A Practical Guide to Performance Diagnostics and Tuning (Oracle Press).

Vijay Lunawat is Principal Member of the Technical Staff with Oracle Corporation.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xvii
Introduction	xix
PART I High Availability Architecture and Clusters
Introduction to High Availability and Scalability	3	(12)
High Availability	4	(10)
HA Terminology	5	(1)
Planned and Unplanned Outages	5	(1)
An End-to-End Perspective	6	(1)
Cost of Downtime	6	(3)
Building Redundant Components	9	(1)
Common Solutions for HA	10	(1)
Cluster, Cold Failover, and Hot Failover	10	(3)
HA Option Pros and Cons	13	(1)
Scalability	14	(1)
Oracle Real Application Cluster Solution	14	(1)
In a Nutshell	14	(1)
Clustering Basics and History	15	(20)
Grid Computing with Clusters	17	(2)
Shared Storage in Clustering	19	(5)
Types of Clustering Architectures	19	(5)
History of Oracle RAC	24	(1)
Oracle Parallel Server Architecture	25	(8)
Components of an OPS Database	26	(6)
Limitations of Oracle Parallel Server	32	(1)
The Oracle RAC Solution	33	(1)
Availability	33	(1)
Scalability	33	(1)
Reliability	33	(1)
Affordability	33	(1)
Transparency	34	(1)
Commoditization	34	(1)
In a Nutshell	34	(1)
RAC Architecture	35	(28)
Single Instance vs. RAC Environment	37	(1)
RAC Components	38	(16)
Shared Disk System	39	(5)
Oracle Clusterware	44	(7)
Cluster Interconnect	51	(3)
Oracle Kernel Components	54	(6)
Global Cache and Global Enqueue Services	54	(1)
Global Resource Directory	54	(1)
RAC Background Processes	54	(6)
In a Nutshell	60	(3)
PART II Installation, Configuration, and Storage
RAC Preinstallation	63	(24)
Preinstallation Tasks	65	(21)
Set up the Groups and Users	66	(1)
Configure Raw Devices	66	(1)
Secure Shell Configuration	67	(1)
Configure the Kernel Parameters	68	(1)
Configure the Hangcheck-Timer Module	69	(1)
Run the Cluster Verification Utility	69	(3)
CRS Installation	72	(14)
In a Nutshell	86	(1)
RAC Installation	87	(22)
Automatic Storage Management	90	(6)
Real Application Clusters Installation	96	(11)
Creating the RAC Database	99	(8)
In a Nutshell	107	(2)
Automatic Storage Management	109	(22)
Facts about Automatic Storage Management	110	(6)
ASM Building Blocks	111	(5)
ASM Administration and Management	116	(7)
ASM Instance Management	116	(7)
ASM Tools	123	(3)
ASMCMD ASM Command-Line Utility	123	(1)
ASM FTP Utility	124	(2)
ASMLib	126	(2)
Installing ASMLib	126	(1)
Configuring ASMLib	126	(2)
OCFS and ASM Comparison	128	(1)
In a Nutshell	128	(3)
PART III RAC Administration and Management
RAC Basic Administration	131	(20)
Initialization Parameters	132	(8)
Unique Parameters	133	(2)
Identical Parameters	135	(3)
Instance-Specific Parameters	138	(1)
Managing the Parameter File	139	(1)
Starting and Stopping Instance(s)	140	(1)
Using srvctl to Start/Stop Instance(s)	140	(1)
Using SQL *Plus to Start/Stop Instance(s)	141	(1)
Administering Undo	141	(2)
Automatic Undo Management	141	(1)
Manual Undo Management	142	(1)
Administering a Temporary Tablespace	143	(1)
Administering Online Redologs	144	(1)
Enabling Archive Logs in the RAC Environment	144	(1)
Enabling the Flashback Area	145	(1)
Managing Database Configuration with SRVCTL	146	(2)
Managing Database Objects	148	(1)
Managing Tablespaces	148	(1)
Managing Sequences	148	(1)
Managing Tables	148	(1)
Managing Indexes	148	(1)
In a Nutshell	149	(2)
RAC Advanced Administration	151	(16)
Understanding Services	152	(1)
Service Characteristics	152	(1)
Administering Services	153	(3)
Creating Services	153	(3)
Administering Cluster Ready Services	156	(6)
Starting and Stopping CRS---Oracle 10g R1	156	(1)
Starting and Stopping CRS---Oracle 10g R2	157	(1)
Disabling and Enabling CRS	157	(1)
CRS Utilities	158	(4)
Administering OCR	162	(3)
Administering the Voting Disk	165	(1)
In a Nutshell	166	(1)
RAC Backup and Recovery	167	(22)
Introduction to Backups	168	(1)
Oracle Backup Options	168	(1)
Oracle Backup Basics	169	(2)
Performing Backups in Oracle	169	(2)
Instance Recovery in RAC	171	(2)
Redo Threads and Streams	171	(1)
Redo Records and Change Vectors	171	(1)
Checkpoints	172	(1)
Crash Recovery	173	(1)
Steps in Crash Recovery (Single Instance)	174	(1)
Crash Recovery in RAC	174	(1)
Instance Recovery	174	(2)
Instance Recovery in OPS	175	(1)
Instance Recovery in RAC	175	(1)
Crash Recovery and Media Recovery	176	(3)
Bounded Recovery	176	(1)
Block Written Record (BWR)	176	(1)
Past Image (PI)	177	(1)
Two-Pass Recovery	177	(1)
Cache Fusion Recovery	178	(1)
Dynamic Reconfiguration and Affinity Remastering	179	(7)
Fast Reconfiguration in RAC	180	(2)
Internals of Cache Fusion Recovery	182	(4)
Backup and Recovery of the Voting Disk and OCR	186	(1)
Backup and Recovery of Voting Disks	186	(1)
Backup and Recovery of OCR	186	(1)
In a Nutshell	187	(2)
RAC Performance Management	189	(28)
RAC Design Considerations	190	(2)
Oracle Design Best Practices	190	(1)
RAC-Specitic Design Best Practices	191	(1)
Partitioning the Workload	192	(1)
Scalability and Performance	193	(1)
Choosing the Block Size for an RAC Database	194	(1)
Using Automatic Segment Space Management	194	(1)
Limitations of ASSM	195	(1)
Introduction to V$ and GV$ Views	195	(1)
V$ Views Containing Cache Fusion Statistics	196	(1)
RAC Wait Events	196	(7)
Enqueue Tuning in RAC	203	(1)
AWR and STATSPACK	204	(5)
Interpreting the AWR Report	206	(3)
GCS and GES Messaging Statistics Section	209	(3)
Statspack	211	(1)
ADDM	212	(1)
Tuning the Cluster Interconnect	213	(1)
Verify That Private Interconnect Is Used	213	(1)
Verify That Network Interconnect Is Not Saturated	213	(1)
In a Nutshell	214	(3)
PART IV Advanced Concepts in RAC
Global Resource Directory	217	(24)
Cache Coherency	218	(4)
Resources and Enqueues	219	(3)
Global Enqueue Services	222	(7)
Latches and Enqueues	222	(2)
Global Locks Database and Structure	224	(3)
Messaging in RAC	227	(2)
Global Cache Services	229	(9)
Lock Modes and Lock Roles	230	(3)
Consistent Read Processing	233	(3)
Lock Mastering and Remastering	236	(2)
In a Nutshell	238	(3)
A Closer Look at Cache Fusion	241	(38)
Key Components in Cache Fusion	243	(2)
Ping	243	(1)
Deferred Ping	244	(1)
Past Image (PI) Blocks	244	(1)
Lock Mastering	245	(1)
Types of Contention	245	(1)
Cache Fusion I or Consistent Read Server	245	(4)
Cache Fusion II or Write/Write Cache Fusion	249	(27)
Cache Fusion in Operation	251	(7)
Cache Fusion Walkthrough	258	(18)
Resource Mastering and Remastering	276	(1)
Background Process and Cache Fusion	276	(2)
Lmon: Lock Monitor Process	276	(1)
LMS: Lock Manager Server	277	(1)
LMD: Lock Manager Daemon Process (LMDn)	277	(1)
LCKn: Lock Process (LCKO)	277	(1)
DIAG: Diagnostic Daemon (DIAG)	277	(1)
In a Nutshell	278	(1)
Workload and Connection Management	279	(32)
Workload Distribution and Load Balancing	280	(2)
Hardware and Software Load Balancing	282	(1)
Load Balancing and Oracle Net Services	282	(7)
Client-Side Load Balancing	282	(4)
Server-Side Load Balancing	286	(3)
Transparent Application Failover	289	(7)
TAF Considerations	289	(7)
Workload Management	296	(13)
Oracle Services	296	(2)
Workload Balancing	298	(4)
High Availability Features	302	(7)
In a Nutshell	309	(2)
RAC Troubleshooting	311	(20)
Log Directory Structure in Cluster Ready Services	312	(1)
Log Directory Structure in the Oracle RDBMS	313	(4)
The Lamport Algorithm	316	(1)
RAC On and Off	317	(1)
Database Performance Issues	318	(3)
Hung Database	318	(3)
Debugging Node Eviction Issues	321	(7)
Instance Membership Recovery	321	(7)
Debugging CRS and GSD Using DTRACING	328	(1)
In a Nutshell	328	(3)
PART V Deploying RAC
RAC Extensions	331	(10)
Design Considerations	332	(1)
Speed of Light	332	(3)
Network Connectivity	333	(1)
Data Storage	334	(1)
Common Techniques for Data Mirroring	335	(2)
Array-Based Mirroring	335	(1)
Host-Based Mirroring	336	(1)
Challenges in Extended Clusters	336	(1)
Extended RAC Limitations	337	(2)
Extended RAC vs. Data Guard	339	(1)
In a Nutshell	340	(1)
Developing Applications for RAC	341	(18)
Application Partitioning	344	(2)
Best Practice: Application Partitioning Schemes	345	(1)
Data Partitioning	346	(1)
Best Practice: Guidance Systems	346	(1)
Buffer Busy Waits/Block Contention	347	(1)
Index Partitioning	348	(3)
Buffer Busy Waits: Index Branch/Leaf Blocks Contention	349	(1)
Sorted Hash Clusters	350	(1)
Working with Sequences	351	(2)
Cache and Noorder	351	(1)
Cache and Order	352	(1)
Nocache and Order	352	(1)
Best Practice: Use Different Sequences for Each Instance	352	(1)
Connection Management	353	(1)
Full Table Scans	354	(2)
Identifying Full Table Scans	354	(1)
Interconnect Protocol	355	(1)
Library Cache Effect in the Parsing	356	(1)
Commit Frequency	357	(1)
In a Nutshell	358	(1)
RAC Reference	359	(24)
Adding and Removing Cluster Nodes	383	(8)
References	391	(8)
Index	399