Oral Microbiology And Immunology

by Lamont, Richard J.; Burne, Robert A.; Lantz, Marilyn S.; Leblanc, Donald J.

• ISBN13: 9781555812621
• ISBN10: 1555812627
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-10-01
• Publisher: Amer Society for Microbiology

Summary

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. Textbook details the ecology, virulence, molecular biology, and immunogenicity of oral bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and examines their interface with host cells and secretions. Provides practical information on infection control and antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. For students. Softcover. DNLM: Mouth Diseases - microbiology.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xvii
Preface	xxi
About the Editors	xxiii
SECTION I GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORAL MICROBIOLOGY	1	(230)
General Microbiology	3	(20)
Robert A. Burne
Introduction	3	(1)
Classification Schemes for Bacteria	4	(1)
Bacterial Classification	5	(2)
Bacterial Architecture	7	(8)
Membranes	7	(2)
Lipopolysaccharides	9	(1)
Cell Wall Peptidoglycan	10	(1)
Lipoteichoic Acids	10	(2)
Other Important Components Produced by Bacteria	12	(3)
Genetic Organization of Bacteria	15	(2)
The Bacterial Chromosome	15	(1)
Chromosome Replication in Bacteria	15	(1)
Gene Transfer in Bacteria	16	(1)
Bacterial Growth and Nutrition	17	(3)
Growth	17	(2)
Nutrient Acquisition	19	(1)
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts of Oral Microbial Ecology	20	(2)
Microbial Biofilms	20	(2)
Ecology of the Oral Microbiota and Development of Oral Diseases	22	(1)
Key Points	22	(1)
The Immune System and Host Defense	23	(24)
Peter M. Lydyard
Michael F. Cole
Introduction	23	(1)
Innate Immunity	23	(5)
Cells Involved in Early Defense	23	(1)
Molecules Involved in Early Defense	24	(4)
The Lymphoid System	28	(3)
Lymphocyte Heterogeneity	29	(1)
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues	29	(2)
Antibodies: Specificities, Classes, and Functions	31	(6)
Generalized Structure and Specificity	31	(3)
Antibody Classes	34	(1)
Differential Properties of Antibodies	34	(1)
Antibody-Mediated Protection against Microbes	35	(2)
Recognition of Antigen by Lymphocytes	37	(2)
B Lymphocytes	37	(1)
T Lymphocytes	38	(1)
The Adaptive Immune System in Action	39	(5)
Initiation of Adaptive Immune Responses: the Interface between the Innate and Adaptive Systems	39	(3)
Most B Cells Require Help from T Cells	42	(1)
T-Cell Mechanisms in Host Defense: Cell-Mediated Immunity	43	(1)
Key Points	44	(1)
Core Reading	45	(1)
Further Reading	45	(2)
The Oral Environment	47	(26)
Frank A. Scannapieco
Introduction	47	(1)
General Features of the Oral Environment	47	(4)
Teeth	47	(3)
The Oral Soft Tissues (Periodontium, Oral Mucosa, and Tongue)	50	(1)
Physical and Host Parameters Affecting Oral Microbial Colonization	51	(2)
Temperature	51	(1)
pH	51	(1)
Oxygen	52	(1)
Mechanical Abrasive Forces	52	(1)
Fluid Flow	53	(1)
Host Age	53	(1)
The Oral Microbiota	53	(8)
Tooth (Dental) Plaque: Early Determinants of Plaque Formation	53	(5)
Calculus	58	(3)
The Mucosal Microbiota	61	(1)
Recent Concepts of Dental Biofilm Formation	61	(2)
Oral Fluids: Saliva and Saliva-Bacterium Interactions	63	(3)
Clearance of Bacteria from the Oral Cavity: Agglutinins	66	(2)
Pellicle Adhesion Receptors	68	(1)
Antimicrobial Components in Saliva	69	(1)
Saliva as a Source of Bacterial Nutrition	70	(1)
Gingival Crevicular Fluid	71	(1)
Key Points	71	(1)
Further Reading	72	(1)
Isolation, Classification, and Identification of Oral Microorganisms	73	(16)
Eugene J. Leys
Ann L. Griffen
Purnima S. Kumar
Mark F. Maiden
Introduction	73	(1)
Diversity of the Oral Microbiota	73	(1)
The Ribosomal 16S Gene and Bacterial Identification and Classification	74	(1)
16S and Phylogeny	74	(1)
Sampling Oral Bacteria	75	(1)
Identifying Oral Bacteria	76	(7)
Molecular Techniques for Bacterial Identification	76	(7)
Naming of Bacteria and Molecular Analysis	83	(1)
Direct Observation of Oral Bacteria	83	(1)
Cultivation of Oral Bacteria	84	(4)
Oxygen Requirements	84	(2)
Culture Media	86	(1)
Classification of Cultured Bacteria	87	(1)
Antibiotic Susceptibility	87	(1)
Key Points	88	(1)
Further Reading	88	(1)
Oral Microbial Ecology	89	(18)
Howard F. Jenkinson
Richard J. Lamont
Introduction	89	(1)
Acquisition of Oral Bacteria	90	(1)
Colonization by Oral Bacteria	91	(7)
Surface Structures and Molecules Involved in Adhesion	91	(3)
Mechanisms of Adhesion	94	(2)
Host Surface-Specific Constraints on Bacterial Adhesion	96	(1)
Adhesion and Metabolism	96	(2)
Gene Regulation	98	(1)
Bacterial Communication	99	(2)
Communication with Host Cells	101	(3)
Key Points	104	(1)
Further Reading	105	(2)
Oral Microbial Physiology	107	(18)
Robert E. Marquis
Overview	107	(1)
Acid-Base Physiology of Oral Microorganisms	108	(7)
Acid-Base Cycling in the Mouth	108	(1)
The Range of Acid Tolerance among Oral Bacteria Related to Oral Ecology	109	(2)
Acid Tolerance Related to Specific Functions	111	(1)
Constitutive and Adaptive Acid Tolerance	112	(2)
Alkali Production and Tolerance	114	(1)
Acid-Base Physiology, Virulence, and Disease	115	(1)
Oxygen Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Adaptation	115	(6)
Sources of Oxygen for Oral Bacteria	115	(1)
Oxygen Levels and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials in Dental Plaque	116	(1)
Oxygen Metabolism in Oral Bacteria, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Oxidative Damage	117	(3)
Repair Systems	120	(1)
Physiology of Oral Biofilms	121	(3)
Physicochemical Gradients in Oral Biofilms and Concentrative Capacities of Biofilms for Fluoride and Other Antimicrobials	121	(2)
Plaque Nutrition Related to Biofilm Physiology	123	(1)
Key Points	124	(1)
Further Reading	124	(1)
Genetics and Molecular Biology of Oral Microorganisms	125	(44)
Susan Kinder Haake
Donald J. Leblanc
Introduction	125	(1)
Genomes and Genetic Transfer in Nature	126	(12)
Gene Transfer in Nature	130	(8)
Molecular Analysis of Oral Microorganisms	138	(3)
Vectors and Their Utility	141	(22)
Features of Plasmids Essential for Vector Construction	146	(5)
Use of Native Plasmids in Molecular Analyses	151	(6)
Use of Nonnative or Broad-Host-Range Plasmids in Molecular Analyses	157	(2)
Integration Vectors	159	(4)
Transposon Mutagenesis	163	(3)
Key Points	166	(3)
Applied Molecular Biology and the Oral Microbes	169	(18)
Hansel M. Fletcher
Ann Progulske-Fox
Jeffrey D. Hillman
Introduction	169	(1)
Investigating Gene Expression: Genetic Approaches	169	(6)
DNA Cloning	169	(3)
PCR	172	(3)
Investigating Gene Function	175	(3)
Understanding Gene Regulation	178	(4)
IVIAT: a Method To Identify Microbial Genes Expressed Specifically during Human Infections	180	(2)
Genomics: Approaches and Challenges	182	(1)
Transcriptomics and Proteomics	183	(3)
Transcriptomics	183	(2)
Proteomics	185	(1)
Key Points	186	(1)
Further Reading	186	(1)
Population Genetics of Oral Bacteria	187	(14)
Mogens Kilian
Introduction	187	(1)
Bacterial Species Show Different Patterns of Evolution	187	(2)
Localized Sex in Bacteria	189	(1)
Differences in Pathogenicity of Strains	190	(1)
Specific Host Adaptation of Bacterial Clones	190	(1)
Population Sizes of Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria	191	(1)
Oral Bacteria Show Varying Degrees of Genetic Diversity	192	(1)
The Oral Microbiota Is a Dynamic Population Undergoing Constant Changes	193	(1)
Virulence Differences within Species of Oral Bacteria?	194	(1)
Methods of Strain Differentiation and Search for Virulent Clones	195	(2)
Population Genetic Structure of Oral Bacteria	197	(2)
Key Points	199	(1)
Further Reading	200	(1)
Oral Microbiology and the Immune Response	201	(30)
Michael F. Cole
Peter M. Lydyard
General Principles	201	(2)
Introduction	203	(1)
Innate Host Defense	204	(25)
Oral Surfaces	204	(4)
Fluid Phase: Saliva	208	(6)
Acquired Specific Immunity in the Mouth	214	(15)
Key Points	229	(1)
Further Reading	229	(2)
SECTION II ORAL DISEASES OF MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY	231	(146)
Caries	233	(20)
Robert G. Quivey, Jr.
Overview	233	(2)
Caries in Populations	235	(2)
Bacterial Etiology of Dental Caries	237	(1)
Where Do Caries Occur?	237	(2)
Supragingival Tooth Structures	237	(1)
Root Surface Caries	238	(1)
Animal Models in Caries Research	239	(3)
The Rat Caries Model	240	(1)
Infection of Rodents for Caries Studies	240	(1)
Caries Scoring in Rats	241	(1)
Caries Models in the Future	241	(1)
Immunology of Dental Caries and the Possibility of a Caries Vaccine	242	(5)
Secretory IgA Is the Dominant Antibody in Saliva	243	(1)
Vaccine Candidate Antigens and Delivery Systems	244	(1)
Cross-Reacting Antibodies to Streptococcal Antigens	245	(2)
Application of Molecular Techniques to the Study of Dental Caries	247	(5)
Molecular Approaches to Adherence and Colonization	247	(3)
S. mutans
Characterization of Stress Responses and Their Role in Pathogenesis	250	(1)
The Genomic and Postgenomic Eras of Caries Research in Oral Bacteria	251	(1)
Key Points	252	(1)
Further Reading	252	(1)
Periodontal Diseases	253	(42)
Susan Kinder Haake
Diane Hutchins Meyer
Paula M. Fives-Taylor
Harvey Schenkein
General Concepts	253	(8)
Definitions	253	(2)
The Role of Plaque Bacteria in Periodontal Disease: Nonspecific, Specific, and Ecological Plaque Hypotheses	255	(3)
Suspected Pathogens in Periodontal Diseases	258	(3)
Virulence Traits of Suspected Periodontal Pathogens	261	(18)
P. gingivalis	262	(6)
A. actinomycetemcomitans	268	(5)
T. denticola	273	(2)
E. corrodens	275	(2)
F. nucleatum	277	(1)
P. intermedia	277	(2)
Capnocytophaga spp.	279	(1)
Immunopathogenic Mechanisms of Tissue Destruction in Periodontitis	279	(13)
Pathogenesis of Gingivitis	280	(1)
Pathogenesis of Periodontitis	281	(1)
Bacterial Virulence and Evasion of the Immune System	282	(1)
Destruction of Periodontal Tissues by Immunopathologic Means	283	(1)
A Model for Periodontal Pathogenesis	283	(2)
Immune Cells and Bone Resorption	285	(1)
Use of Animal Models To Study Pathogenesis of Periodontitis	286	(3)
Genetic Factors That Influence Responses to Periodontal Infections	289	(3)
Key Points	292	(2)
Further Reading	294	(1)
Oral Virology	295	(38)
Matti Sallberg
Introduction	295	(2)
What Is Oral Virology?	295	(1)
What Is a Virus?	295	(2)
The Viral Life Cycle	297	(7)
Virus Taxonomy	304	(4)
Oral Virology: the Viruses	308	(1)
Viruses That Can Cause Pathologies in the Oral Cavity	308	(6)
Picornaviridae	308	(1)
Human Herpesviruses	309	(4)
Human Papillomaviruses	313	(1)
Viruses Present in the Oral Cavity	314	(8)
Hepatitis B Virus	314	(3)
Hepatitis D Virus	317	(1)
Hepatitis C Virus	317	(2)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	319	(3)
Immune Responses to Viruses	322	(4)
Viruses and the Innate Immune System	322	(1)
Viruses and the Adaptive Immune System	323	(3)
Antiviral Vaccines and Therapies	326	(5)
The History of Viral Vaccines	326	(1)
Antiviral Immunoglobulin Preparations and Vaccines	327	(2)
Antiviral Compounds and Therapies	329	(2)
Key Points	331	(1)
Further Reading	332	(1)
Fungi and Fungal Infections of the Oral Cavity	333	(16)
Richard D. Cannon
Norman A. Firth
Introduction	333	(1)
Biology	333	(2)
Morphology	334	(1)
Replication	335	(1)
Pathogenesis	335	(2)
Acquisition	335	(1)
Virulence	336	(1)
Host Defenses against Fungal Infection	337	(1)
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms	337	(1)
Specific Defense Mechanisms	338	(1)
Antifungal Therapy	338	(2)
Growth and Identification of Fungi	338	(1)
Principles of Antifungal Chemotherapy	339	(1)
Clinical Conditions	340	(8)
Candidiasis	341	(4)
Aspergillosis	345	(1)
Cryptococcosis	346	(1)
Histoplasmosis	346	(1)
Blastomycosis	346	(1)
Paracoccidioidomycosis	347	(1)
Mucormycosis	347	(1)
Key Points	348	(1)
Further Reading	348	(1)
Endodontic Microbiology	349	(12)
Burton Rosan
Louis Rossman
Introduction	349	(1)
History	349	(2)
Sources of Infection	351	(2)
Bacteriology of Root Canal Infections	353	(3)
To Culture or Not To Culture	356	(1)
One-Visit Endodontics	357	(1)
Microbiological Considerations for Obturation	357	(1)
Antibacterial Agents Used in Endodontics	358	(1)
Focal Infection Today	359	(1)
Summary	359	(1)
Key Points	360	(1)
Systemic Disease and the Oral Microbiota	361	(16)
Susan Camp
Yu Lei
Massimo Costalonga
Yongshu Zhang
Alexandre Zaia
Reka Vajna
Karen F. Ross
Mark C. Herzberg
Introduction	361	(1)
Routes from Oral to Systemic Compartments	361	(1)
Breaches in the Oral Mucosa	361	(1)
Transport and Translocation of Microbes	362	(1)
The Potential of Commensals To Behave as Pathogens	362	(4)
Microbial Chameleons: Changing Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Signals	363	(3)
Host Defenses	366	(2)
Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Microbes	368	(2)
Infective Endocarditis	368	(2)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation	370	(1)
Other Possible Associations between Oral Microbes and Systemic Disease	370	(5)
Heat Shock Proteins	370	(1)
Autorecognition Induced by Oral Microorganisms	371	(1)
Inflammation---a Link between Local Dental Disease and Systemic Pathology?	372	(3)
Key Points	375	(1)
Further Reading	375	(2)
SECTION III CONTROL OF ORAL INFECTIONS	377	(70)
Antibiotics and the Treatment of Infectious Diseases	379	(44)
Donald J. LeBlanc
Thomas R. Flynn
Constantine Simos
Marilyn S. Lantz
Antibiotics: a Class of Therapeutic Agent	379	(14)
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis	380	(5)
Inhibitors of Translation	385	(3)
Inhibitors of Transcription and Replication	388	(2)
Miscellaneous Antibiotics	390	(1)
Treatment of Tuberculosis	391	(1)
Antibiotic Combinations	391	(1)
Measurements of Antibiotic Potency	392	(1)
Use of Antibiotics in the Practice of Dentistry	393	(12)
Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Odontogenic Infections	394	(2)
Selection of Antibiotics for the Treatment of Odontogenic Infections	396	(4)
Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis	400	(2)
Use of Antibiotics for the Prevention of Infection (Antibiotic Prophylaxis)	402	(1)
Additional Considerations for the Use of Antibiotics in Dental Practice: Drug Interactions	402	(3)
Antibiotic Resistance	405	(13)
Resistance to Antibiotics Follows Their Introduction into Clinical Practice	405	(1)
R Factors and Other Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids	405	(2)
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance	407	(1)
Transposons and Other Mobile Genetic Elements Carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes	408	(4)
The Role of Mutations in Antibiotic Resistance	412	(2)
Efflux Pumps: Association with Acquired and Intrinsic Resistance and Mutation to Resistance	414	(2)
Oral Microbial Resistance	416	(2)
Antibiotic Resistance in the 21st Century	418	(3)
Genetic Elements in Resistance Spread	418	(1)
The Many Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance	419	(2)
Key Points	421	(1)
Further Reading	422	(1)
Infection Control in Dentistry	423	(24)
J. Christopher Fenno
Wilson A. Coulter
Dennis E. Lopatin
Introduction	423	(2)
Introduction to Risk Control	425	(1)
Quality Assurance Is the Promise of Performance	425	(1)
Cross-Infection Control Is Essentially a Set of Management Strategies for Risk Control	425	(1)
What Is Risk Management?	425	(1)
Cross-Infection Risks in Dentistry	426	(9)
Routes of Spread of Infection	427	(3)
Management of Recently Identified Infection Control Risks	430	(5)
Practical Application of Infection Control Measures in General Dentistry	435	(11)
Definitions of Terms	435	(1)
Problems Posed for Prevention of Cross-Infection in General Dental Practice	435	(2)
Universal Precautions	437	(3)
Infection Control Checklist	440	(1)
Sterilization of Instruments	441	(5)
Key Points	446	(1)
Further Reading	446	(1)
Index	447