Organization Theory A Public and Nonprofit Perspective

by Gortner, Harold F.; Nichols, Kenneth L.; Ball, Carolyn

• ISBN13: 9780495006800
• ISBN10: 0495006807
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-10-02
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Preface. 1. Organization Research and Theory. 2. Blurring Sectors. 3. Pivotal Controversies. 4. Structure. 5. Communication. 6. Accountability and Transparency. 7. Decision Making. 8. Motivation and Culture. 9. Leadership. 10. Change and Stability. Glossary. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Varieties of Organization Research and Theory	1	(18)
Introduction	2	(1)
What Is an Organization?	2	(5)
Public Organizations	5	(1)
Bureaucracy	6	(1)
What Is Organization Theory?	7	(3)
Varieties of Organization Theory	10	(5)
Differences in Subject	10	(1)
Differences in Type	11	(2)
Differences in Purpose	13	(2)
Our Theoretical Perspective	15	(1)
Chapter Topics for This Text	15	(1)
For Further Reading	16	(1)
Review Questions	17	(1)
References	17	(2)
Blurring Sectors: Public and Private	19	(36)
Generic Theory and Public Organizations	20	(4)
Organization Theory in a Blurred Environment	22	(1)
The Public--Private Continuum	22	(2)
Public Organizations: How Are They Different? How Aren't They?	24	(20)
Legal Differences: The Constitution, the Law, and Public Management	24	(7)
Economic Differences: Nature of the Public Organization's Role and the Market	31	(7)
Political Differences: Internal and Environmental Politics of Public Organizations	38	(6)
How Are Organizations Along the Public--Private Continuum the Same?	44	(6)
Scale	44	(1)
Shared Public Environment	44	(2)
Ethics	46	(1)
Postmodernism	47	(2)
The Organizational Jumble	49	(1)
Conclusion: Public and Private Organizations Look Similar but Differ Fundamentally	50	(1)
For Further Reading	50	(1)
Review Questions	51	(1)
References	52	(3)
The Pivotal Controversies	55	(50)
Models of Organization	59	(5)
The Controversy Around the Four Perspectives	64	(17)
Law and Legal Authority	64	(4)
Efficiency and Rationality	68	(6)
Psychology and Social Relations	74	(5)
Politics and Power	79	(2)
Reading 3--1 On the Primary Role and Essential Importance of Associations in America	81	(1)
Reading 3--2 Government: A Necessary Evil	82	(11)
Public Organization Theory Today	93	(1)
For Further Reading	94	(1)
Review Questions	95	(1)
References	95	(2)
Reading 3--3 Organization Theory and Political Theory	97	(8)
Structure	105	(49)
The Value of Models	106	(2)
Reading 4--1 Merger/Reorganization in County Government	108	(2)
Reading 4--2 The Creation of the Department of Homeland Security	110	(1)
Structure as a Theoretical Construct	111	(2)
Theories of Organizational Structure	113	(4)
Specialization	114	(1)
Integration and Span of Control	115	(1)
Centralization	116	(1)
Reading 4--3 Centralization or Decentralization: What Is Right?	117	(6)
Departmentalization	120	(3)
Reading 4--4 No Switch in Bills for Some Communities	123	(3)
Line and Staff	124	(1)
Formalization	124	(2)
Alternative Structures	126	(7)
Project Management and Matrix Organizations	126	(3)
Ad Hoc Structures	129	(1)
Participative Organizations	129	(1)
Virtual Organizations	130	(3)
Organizations as Adaptive Open Systems	133	(2)
Reading 4--5 Normal Accidents: A Day in the Life	135	(5)
Inputs from the Environment	138	(1)
The Throughput: The Role of Technology	139	(1)
Responses to Environmental Change	140	(7)
Partnerships and Collaboration	140	(1)
Boundary-Spanning Units	141	(2)
Learning Organizations	143	(3)
Complexity in Open Systems	146	(1)
Alternative Paradigms?	147	(1)
Conclusion	148	(1)
For Further Reading	148	(1)
References	149	(5)
Communication	154	(40)
Reading 5--1 Ride a Pale Horse	157	(1)
Interpersonal Communication: An Interactive Model	158	(2)
Communication in Organizations	160	(5)
Formal and Informal Networks	161	(4)
Directions of Organization Communication	165	(9)
Downward Communication	166	(2)
Upward Communication	168	(1)
Horizontal Communication	169	(2)
Communication with the Rest of the World	171	(3)
Individuals in the Communication Process	174	(4)
Distortion and Interference in Bureau Communication	178	(8)
Systemic Problems	180	(1)
Sender/Receiver Problems	181	(2)
Interpersonal Problems	183	(3)
Reading 5--2 Inflated Style, Euphemism, and Evasion: A Special Use of Jargon	186	(1)
Coping with Distortion	187	(2)
Conclusion	189	(1)
For Further Reading	190	(1)
Review Questions	190	(1)
References	191	(3)
Accountability to Transparency	194	(48)
Accountability	198	(3)
Types of Accountability	200	(1)
External Accountability	201	(3)
Political Accountability and Board Accountability	201	(3)
Accrediting and Contractual Requirements	204	(1)
Internal Accountability	204	(16)
Performance Measurement	204	(13)
Employee Involvement in Accountability Systems	217	(2)
Employee Supervision and Monitoring	219	(1)
Reading 6--1 Punching Around-the-Clock Time Clocks	220	(6)
Organizational Commitment and Socialization	224	(2)
Responsiveness	226	(2)
Responsibility	228	(5)
Individual Responsibility	228	(2)
Professional Responsibility	230	(3)
Self-Regulating Organizations	233	(1)
Conclusion: Toward Transparency	234	(1)
Reading 6--2 Homeland Secrecy	234	(2)
Mechanisms Fostering Transparency	235	(1)
Accountability, Transparency, and Control	236	(1)
For Further Reading	236	(1)
References	237	(5)
Decision Making	242	(44)
The Decision-Making Process: Search, Analysis, and Choice	244	(2)
The Setting of Decision Making in Public Organizations	246	(2)
The Rational--Policy analysis method	248	(4)
Criticisms of the Rational--Policy Analysis Method	249	(3)
The Incremental Model and Related Methods	252	(6)
Innovation and Incrementalism	255	(1)
Satisficing	256	(1)
Mixed Scanning	257	(1)
Criticisms	257	(1)
Participative Methods of Decision Making	258	(10)
Strategic Planning	260	(6)
Alternative Scenarios	266	(1)
Questions and Criticisms	267	(1)
Other Decision Models and Tools	268	(5)
The Garbage Can and the ``Nondecision'' Models	268	(2)
Ethical Decision Making	270	(2)
Decision Support Techniques and Tools	272	(1)
Summary and Contrast of the Methods	273	(6)
Culture	273	(1)
Search	274	(1)
Analysis	275	(1)
Choice	276	(3)
Action	279	(1)
The Possibility of a Contingency Theory	279	(2)
Conclusion: Good Decision Making Emerges from Prepared Administrators	281	(1)
For Further Reading	282	(1)
Review Questions	283	(1)
References	283	(3)
Motivation and Organizational Culture	286	(47)
Organization Types and Cultures	288	(2)
Content Theories	290	(11)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	290	(2)
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory	292	(1)
Alderfer's ERG Theory	293	(1)
McClelland's Social Motives	294	(3)
Katz and Kahn's Motivational Patterns	297	(2)
Content Theories Summarized	299	(2)
Cognitive Process Theories of Work Motivation	301	(7)
Expectancy Models	301	(6)
Summary of Cognitive Process Theories	307	(1)
Behaviorist Theory and Work Motivation	308	(2)
Summary of Behaviorist Motivation Theory	310	(1)
Reading 8--1 Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes	310	(1)
Motivation as Explanation and Tool in Public Sector Organizations	311	(9)
The Decision to Join and Participate	311	(6)
Motivation and Organizational Commitment	317	(3)
Reading 8--2 Some Things Never Change!	320	(3)
Reading 8--3 Motivating Public Workers: Lessons from Nonprofit Management	323	(4)
Motivation and Leadership	326	(1)
Conclusion	327	(2)
For Further Reading	329	(1)
Review Questions	329	(1)
References	330	(3)
Leadership	333	(41)
Definitions: The Nature of Leadership	334	(5)
Defining Leadership	334	(4)
Four Levels of Leadership	338	(1)
Setting the Goals: Executive Leadership	339	(3)
Decision Making	340	(2)
Reading 9--1 Managing in the Public Sector	342	(5)
Leadership Style	345	(1)
Transactional versus Transformational Leadership	345	(2)
Executive Morality and Responsibility	347	(1)
Reading 9--2 Executive Responsibility	347	(3)
Leadership in the Middle: the Managers	350	(6)
Manager Effectiveness	352	(3)
Managerial Tasks and the Fulfillment of Multiple Roles	355	(1)
Group Leadership: Supervisors and Team Leaders	356	(8)
Supervisor/Team Leader Effectiveness	357	(2)
Situational Theories of Group Leadership	359	(5)
Reading 9--3 Catastrophes and Leadership	364	(2)
Informal and Self-Leadership	366	(1)
Women and Leadership	367	(1)
Conclusion	368	(1)
For further reading	369	(1)
Review questions	370	(1)
References	370	(4)
Change and Stability	374	(48)
Yin and Yang: Stability and Change	375	(10)
Turbulence in an Organization's Environment	375	(1)
Levels of Society	376	(1)
Change as a Vector	377	(3)
Drivers of Change	380	(5)
Planned and Unplanned Change	385	(2)
Theories about Change	386	(1)
Planned Change	387	(22)
Planned Change in Behavior and Values	387	(3)
Planned Change in Structure	390	(6)
Planned Change in Process and Technology	396	(7)
The Folly of ``Mono-Change''	403	(1)
Change and Conflict	404	(2)
The Continuing Debate over Planned Organizational Change	406	(3)
Unplanned change	409	(4)
Change in the Political System: The Focus for Public Organizations	410	(3)
Conclusion: We Have the Responsibility and Ability to Shape Public Organizations Thoughtfully	413	(1)
For Further Reading	414	(2)
Review questions	416	(1)
References	417	(5)
Name Index	422	(6)
Subject Index	428