Origin of Igneous Rocks

by Faure, Gunter

• ISBN13: 9783540677727
• ISBN10: 3540677720
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc

Summary

The origin of different kinds of igneous rocks can be understood in terms of the tectonic setting in which they form and in terms of the isotope compositions of strontium, neodymium, and lead they contain. This book explains the petrogenesis of igneous rocks as a consequence of tectonic processes resulting from interactions between asthenopheric plumes and the overlying lithospheric mantle. The relevant principles of isotope geochemistry are explained in Chapter 1 making this book accessible to university students as well as to professionals. The relevant isotopic data are presented in diagrammatic form. In addition, the text avoids the use of acronyms.

Table of Contents

Chemical Properties and Isotope Systematics	1	(30)
Chemical Properties of Rb and Sr	1	(3)
Isotope Systematics of Rb and Sr	4	(4)
Isotope Abundances	4	(1)
Decay of 87Rb to 87Sr	5	(2)
Isotope Fractionation	7	(1)
Interlaboratory Sr-isotope Standards	8	(1)
The Rb-Sr Method of Dating	8	(2)
Fitting of Isochrons	10	(2)
The Sm-Nd Method of Dating	12	(1)
The Epsilon Notation	12	(2)
Mixtures of Two Components	14	(3)
Two-component Mixtures	14	(1)
Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd	15	(2)
The U-Pb Methods of Dating	17	(3)
The U-Pb Concordia	18	(1)
The Pb-Pb Method	19	(1)
Oxygen Isotope Composition	20	(1)
Fractional Crystallization of Magma	21	(6)
Distribution Coefficients	21	(2)
Rubidium and Strontium Concentrations of Plutonic Igneous Rocks	23	(3)
Trace-Element Modeling	26	(1)
Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization	27	(2)
Meteorites and the Isotope Evolution of Terrestrial Strontium	29	(1)
Summary and Preview	30	(1)
The Origin of Volcanic Rocks in the Oceans	31	(72)
Magma Formation in the Mantle	31	(3)
Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt, Atlantic Ocean	34	(4)
North Atlantic Ocean	34	(1)
Central Atlantic Ocean	35	(1)
South Atlantic Ocean	36	(2)
The Walvis Ridge in the South Atlantic	38	(1)
Iceland	38	(6)
The Tholeiites of Iceland	38	(3)
Rhyolites and Alkali-rich Rocks of Iceland	41	(3)
The Iceland Plume	44	(1)
Canary Islands	44	(3)
Volcanic Rocks of Gran Canaria and Tenerife	44	(2)
Fuerteventura	46	(1)
Ultramafic Inclusions, Hierro	47	(1)
Islands of the Atlantic Ocean	47	(9)
Azores Archipelago	47	(3)
Cape Verde Archipelago	50	(1)
Fernando de Noronha	51	(1)
Ascension Island	51	(2)
St. Helena	53	(1)
Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island	54	(1)
Gough Island	55	(1)
Bouvet Island	56	(1)
Mantle Components and Plumes	56	(4)
Initiation of Plumes	57	(1)
Mantle Components	57	(2)
Interactions of Plumes and Ridges	59	(1)
MORBs of the Pacific Ocean	60	(2)
Islands of the East Pacific Ocean	62	(3)
Galapagos Islands	62	(1)
Easter Island and Sala y Gomez	63	(1)
San Felix and San Ambrosio Islands	64	(1)
Juan Fernandez Islands	64	(1)
Seamounts of the Eastern Pacific Ocean	65	(2)
Seamounts of the East Pacific Rise	65	(1)
Seamounts of the Juan de Fuca Ridge	66	(1)
Pratt-Welker Seamount Chain	66	(1)
The Island Chains of Polynesia	67	(11)
Pitcairn and the Gambier Islands	68	(1)
Marquesas Islands	69	(2)
Society Islands	71	(1)
Austral and Cook Islands	71	(2)
Lessons about the Mantle from the Lavas of Polynesia	73	(2)
Mantle Components of Polynesia	75	(1)
Mantle Isochrons	75	(1)
The Dupal Anomaly	76	(2)
Ontong Java and Manihiki Plateaus	78	(1)
The Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts	79	(5)
The Hawaiian Islands	79	(4)
Hawaiian Xenoliths	83	(1)
Emperior Seamounts	84	(1)
Samoan Islands, Western Pacific	84	(2)
MORBs of the Indian Ocean	86	(3)
Kerguelen and Heard Islands	89	(4)
Kerguelen Islands	91	(1)
Heard Island	91	(1)
Ninetyeast Ridge, Broken Ridge, and the Naturaliste Plateau	92	(1)
Oceanic Islands of the Indian Ocean	93	(4)
Amsterdam and St. Paul	93	(1)
Rodriguez Island	93	(1)
Mascarene Islands (Reunion, Mauritius, and Seychelles)	94	(1)
Comoros	95	(2)
Prince Edwards Islands (Marion and Prince Edward)	97	(1)
Crozet Islands	97	(1)
Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea	97	(2)
Gulf of Aden	97	(1)
Red Sea	98	(1)
Islands in the Red Sea	98	(1)
Summary: The Importance of Plumes	99	(4)
Subduction Zones in the Oceans	103	(54)
Petrogenetic Models	103	(2)
The Mariana Island Arc in the Pacific Ocean	105	(7)
Role of Subducted Sediment	106	(1)
The K2O-depth Relation	107	(2)
Mariana Trough (Back-arc Basin)	109	(1)
Hydrothermal Vents in the Mariana Trough	110	(1)
Shoshonites of the Northern Seamount Province	111	(1)
Boninites of the Bonin and Isu Islands	111	(1)
The Aleutian Islands	112	(4)
Lateral Homogeneity of 87Sr/86Sr Ratios	113	(1)
Amak and Bogoslof Islands	113	(1)
The Plum-pudding Model and Sediment Recycling Revisited	114	(2)
Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands	116	(2)
Kamchatka Peninsula	116	(1)
The Kuril Islands	117	(1)
The Japanese Islands	118	(8)
Granite Plutons on the Japanese Islands	118	(2)
Cretaceous and Miocene Rhyolites of Honshu	120	(1)
Cenozoic Basalts and Andesites of Honshu	121	(2)
The Volcanic Arc of Southwestern Honshu and the Ryukyu Islands	123	(2)
Sea of Japan	125	(1)
Petrogenesis in the Japanese Island-Arc System	126	(1)
Tonga-Kermadec-New Zealand	126	(5)
The Fiji Islands	127	(1)
Tonga-Kermadec Island Arc	128	(1)
Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	129	(2)
Mount Taranaki	131	(1)
The Sunda Islands of Indonesia	131	(5)
Sunda Arc	131	(3)
Banda Arc	134	(1)
Sulawesi and Kalimantan	135	(1)
Philippine Islands and the Luzon Arc	136	(4)
Taiwan and the Luzon Arc	137	(1)
Bataan Arc, Luzon	137	(3)
Other Oceanic Island Arcs in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans	140	(6)
The New Britain Arc, Papua New Guinea	140	(2)
The Alnoite of Malaita, Solomon Islands	142	(1)
The Vanuatu Island Arc	143	(1)
Scotia Arc, South Atlantic Ocean	144	(1)
South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula	145	(1)
The Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea	146	(4)
Islands of the Lesser Antilles	147	(1)
Grenada	148	(2)
Martinique	150	(1)
Mesozoic Basalt, Caribbean Sea	150	(2)
Gorgona Island	151	(1)
Tobago	151	(1)
Mediterranean Sea	152	(3)
Hellenic Island Arc	152	(1)
Eolian Island Arc	153	(1)
Sardinia and Ischia	154	(1)
Sicily	154	(1)
Pantelleria and Linosa	155	(1)
Summary: Petrogenesis in Subduction Zones	155	(2)
The Compressive Margin of the American Continents	157	(32)
Andes of South America	157	(10)
Petrogenesis in the Northern Andes of Colombia	158	(1)
Crustal Contamination of Magmas in the Central Volcanic Zone	159	(4)
Ignimbrites of the Central Volcanic Zone	163	(1)
Crystalline Basement Rocks of Peru	163	(2)
Southern Volcanic Zone	165	(1)
The Austral Andes	166	(1)
Rhyolites and Ignimbrites of Central America and Mexico	167	(5)
Rhyolite Ignimbrites of Central America	167	(1)
Ignimbrites of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico	168	(1)
Rhyolites of the Mexican Volcanic Belt	169	(1)
Standard Model of Rhyolite Ignimbrite Petrogenesis	170	(1)
Quaternary Lavas of San Luis Potosi, Mexico	171	(1)
Rhyolites and Ignimbrites of California	172	(6)
Long Valley Caldera and the Bishop Tuff	172	(2)
Petrogenesis of the Rhyolites at Long Valley	174	(1)
Rhyolites of the Coso Range	175	(1)
Woods Mountains Volcanic Center	176	(1)
Magma Sources, Cima Volcanic Field	177	(1)
Silicic Volcanic Rocks of the Southwestern USA	178	(3)
Superstition Mountains, Arizona	178	(1)
Nuclear Test Site, Nye County, Nevada	179	(1)
Bimodal Basalt-Rhyolite Suites	180	(1)
Mafic Volcanic Rocks, Southwestern USA	181	(2)
Basin and Range Province	181	(1)
Colorado Plateau	182	(1)
San Juan Mountains, Colorado Plateau	182	(1)
The Cascade Range of the Northwestern USA	183	(2)
Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks of the Oregon Plateau	185	(2)
Summary: The Tertiary Ignimbrites of the Americas	187	(2)
Continental Flood Basalt Provinces	189	(92)
Petrogenesis of Flood Basalts	189	(1)
Columbia River Basalt, USA	190	(3)
The Snake River Plain and Yellowstone Caldera	193	(3)
The Snake River Plain, Idaho	194	(1)
Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming	195	(1)
Absaroka Volcanic Field, Wyoming	196	(1)
North Atlantic Igneous Province	196	(16)
Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland	197	(3)
Mull, Inner Hebrides, Scotland	200	(1)
The Faeroe Islands	201	(1)
Rockall Bank, North Atlantic Ocean	202	(1)
Antrim Plateau, Northern Ireland	203	(2)
Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland	205	(3)
Kangerdlugssuaq Syenite Complex, East Greenland	208	(1)
Tertiary Volcanics of Northeast Greenland	208	(1)
Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of West Greenland	209	(2)
Sarqata qaqa Complex of Ubekendt Island	211	(1)
Deccan Plateau, India	212	(3)
Rajmahal Plateau, Northeastern India	215	(1)
The South Atlantic Igneous Province	216	(7)
Parana Plateau of Brazil	217	(3)
Etendeka Group, Namibia	220	(2)
Damaraland Igneous Complexes, Namibia	222	(1)
The Brazil-West Africa Connection	223	(5)
Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil	224	(1)
Cameroon Line, West Africa	225	(2)
Anorogenic Plutons of Cameroon and Nigeria	227	(1)
The Northeastern Brazil-Liberia Connection	228	(5)
Maranhao Plateau, Northeastern Brazil	229	(1)
Late-stage Magmatic Activity of NE Brazil	230	(1)
Mesozoic Diabase Dikes of West Africa	231	(1)
Freetown Layered Gabbro Complex, Sierra Leone	232	(1)
Magmatic Activity Along the Atlantic Coast of North America	233	(4)
Basalt and Diabase of the East Coast of North America	234	(1)
Anorogenic Plutons of New England	235	(1)
New England Seamounts	236	(1)
Monteregian Hills, Quebec	237	(1)
The South Africa-Antarctica Connection	237	(6)
The Karoo Volcanic Province, Southeastern Africa	238	(3)
Basalts of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica	241	(2)
Jurassic Tholeiites of the Transantarctic Mountains	243	(12)
Mesa Range, Northern Victoria Land	244	(2)
Brimstone Volcanic Center, Southern Victoria Land	246	(2)
Queen Alexandra Range, Central Transantarctic Mountains	248	(2)
Ferrar Dolerite Sills	250	(2)
Dufek Intrusion, Pensacola Mountains	252	(1)
Dolerites of Tasmania	253	(1)
Tectonic History of Gondwana	254	(1)
The Siberian Flood-Basalt Province	255	(3)
Cenozoic Basalts of Eastern China	258	(5)
Northern China	260	(1)
Hainan Island and the South China Sea	261	(1)
Khorat Plateau, Thailand	262	(1)
Flood Basalts of Ethiopia and Yemen	263	(8)
Ethiopian Plateau	263	(4)
Afar Region and Djibouti	267	(2)
Plateau Basalts of Western Yemen	269	(1)
The Aden Volcano of Southern Yemen	270	(1)
Continental Basalts of Arabia	271	(6)
Al Lith Area, Saudi Arabia	271	(1)
Volcanic Centers of Saudi Arabia	272	(2)
Evidence for a Fossil Plume	274	(1)
Origin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield	275	(1)
The Pan-African Orogeny in Saudi Arabia	275	(2)
Summary: Plumes Dominate the Mantle	277	(4)
Alkalic Igneous Rocks on the Continents	281	(70)
East African Rift System	282	(9)
Precambrian Shield of East Africa	282	(1)
Gregory Rift, Kenya and Tanzania	283	(1)
Natrocarbonatite of Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania	284	(2)
Carbonatites of East Africa	286	(2)
Xenoliths of Northern Tanzania	288	(2)
Alkalic Rocks of Eastern Uganda	290	(1)
Potassic Rocks of the Western Rift of East Africa	291	(3)
Volcanic Activity of North-Central Africa	294	(3)
Darfur Volcanic Center of Western Sudan	294	(2)
Tibesti Massif, Libya and Chad	296	(1)
Tahalra Volcanic Center, Hoggar, Algeria	296	(1)
Intraplate Alkaline Plutons of Africa	297	(2)
Abu Khruq Complex, Egypt	297	(1)
Alkali-rich Ring Complexes of Sudan	298	(1)
Marangudzi Complex, Zimbabwe	299	(1)
Mediterranean Region	299	(8)
Italy	299	(5)
Southeastern Spain (Alkali-rich Rocks)	304	(2)
Southeastern Spain (Calc-alkaline Lavas)	306	(1)
Monchique Complex, Southern Portugal	306	(1)
Alkali-rich Rocks of Central Europe	307	(10)
Massif Central, France	308	(1)
Central Germany	309	(1)
Laacher See, East Eifel	310	(1)
Xenoliths, West Eifel Mountains	311	(1)
Northern Hessian Depression	312	(1)
Upper Rhine Graben	312	(1)
Kaiserstuhl	313	(1)
Lower Silesia, Southwest Poland	314	(1)
Carpathian Mountains, Hungary	315	(1)
Lamprophyre Dikes	316	(1)
Scandinavia	317	(7)
Oslo Graben, Norway	317	(2)
Fen, Southwestern Norway	319	(2)
Alno, Sweden	321	(1)
Kola Peninsula, Russia	322	(1)
Muntsche-Tundra Pluton	322	(1)
Khibina and Lovozero Intrusives	322	(2)
Western North America	324	(5)
Leucite Hills, Wyoming	325	(1)
Highwood and Crazy Mountains, Montana	326	(1)
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California	327	(1)
Navajo Petrologic Province, Arizona and New Mexico	328	(1)
Hopi Buttes, Arizona	329	(1)
Ultramafic Inclusions, Western North America	329	(5)
New Mexico	330	(1)
Arizona	331	(2)
California	333	(1)
Baja California, Mexico	333	(1)
Australia	334	(8)
New South Wales	334	(1)
Ultramafic inclusions, Kiama, New South Wales	335	(1)
Newer Basalts, Victoria	336	(1)
Ultramafic Inclusions, Newer Volcanics, Victoria	337	(3)
Western Australia: Origin of K-rich Lavas	340	(2)
Antarctica	342	(7)
McMurdo Volcanic Group	343	(1)
Inclusions, McMurdo Volcanic Group, Ross Island	344	(1)
Northern Victoria Land and the Balleny Islands	345	(1)
Marie Byrd and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica	345	(2)
Ultramafic Inclusions, Marie Byrd Land	347	(1)
Peter I. Island	347	(1)
Antarctic Peninsula	347	(1)
Gaussberg	348	(1)
Summary: The Case for Mantle Metasomatism	349	(2)
Differentiated Gabbro Intrusives	351	(28)
Midcontinental Rift System of North America	352	(4)
Mamainse Point Formation, Ontario	352	(1)
Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan	353	(1)
Nonesuch Shale, White Pine, Michigan	354	(1)
Sibley Group, Ontario	355	(1)
Duluth Gabbro and Related Intrusives	355	(1)
Coldwell Complex and Related Alkalic Intrusives	356	(1)
Muskox Intrusion and the Coppermine River Basalt, Canada	356	(3)
Muskox Intrusion	357	(1)
Coppermine River Basalt	358	(1)
Diabase Dikes and Sills of the Canadian Precambrian Shield	359	(1)
Mackenzie Dikes	359	(1)
Nipissing Diabase Sill	360	(1)
Stillwater Complex, Montana	360	(2)
Kiglapait Intrusion, Labrador	362	(1)
Caledonian Gabbros of Northeast Scotland	363	(1)
Rhum Intrusion, Inner Hebrides, Scotland	364	(2)
Bushveld Complex, South Africa	366	(8)
Mafic Rocks of the Layered Suite	366	(1)
Age and Strontium-Isotope Stratigraphy	367	(2)
Platreef, Northern Bushveld	369	(1)
Rooiberg Felsites	370	(2)
Granophyres	372	(1)
Lebowa Granite	372	(1)
Archean Granitoids	373	(1)
Great Dyke, Zimbabwe	374	(1)
Mafic Intrusives of Australia	375	(3)
Windimurra Gabbro, Western Australia	375	(1)
Kalka Intrusion, Giles Complex, Central Australia	376	(2)
Summary: Petrogenesis in the Precambrain	378	(1)
Archean Greenstone Belts and Granitic Gneisses of North America	379	(22)
Greenstone Belts of the Superior Craton	379	(12)
Rainy Lake, Northwestern Ontario	380	(2)
Vermilion Greenstone Belt, Minnesota	382	(1)
Michipicoten and Gamitagama Greenstone Belts, Ontario	383	(2)
Komatiites	385	(1)
Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario and Quebec	386	(4)
Duxbury Massif, Quebec	390	(1)
Mantle-Separation Dates	391	(1)
Isotopic Homogenization of Granitic Gneisses	392	(1)
The Wyoming Craton	393	(2)
Amitsoq Gneiss and Isua Supracrustals, West Greenland	395	(3)
Amitsoq Gneisses, Godthabsfjord	395	(1)
Isua Supracrustals	396	(1)
Malene Supracrustals and Nuk Gneisses	397	(1)
Qorqut Granite	398	(1)
Summary: The Origin of the Oldest Rocks	398	(3)
References	401	(56)
Author Index	457	(12)
Index of Geographic and Geologic Names	469	(26)
Geologic Time Scale	495