The Osteology of Infants And Children

by Baker, Brenda J.; Dupras, Tosha L.; Tocheri, Matthew W.

• ISBN13: 9781585444656
• ISBN10: 1585444650
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-15
• Publisher: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY PRESS

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Part One: THE BARE BONES OF SUBADULT SKELETONS	1	(28)
Studying the Bones of Children	3	(8)
Why Are Skeletal Remains of Subadults Important for Interpreting the Archaeological Record?	3	(2)
The Developing Skeleton: A Framework for Understanding How Bones Grow	5	(2)
Anatomical Terms and Directions	7	(3)
Placing Subadult Skeletons in Age and Sex Categories	10	(1)
Excavating the Remains of Fetuses, Infants, and Children	11	(18)
Recognition and Preservation	11	(2)
How to Excavate Subadult Burials	13	(11)
Laboratory Treatment and Curation of Subadult Remains	24	(5)
Part Two: THE SKULL AND TEETH	29	(44)
The Bones of the Cranial Vault	31	(11)
The Frontal	31	(1)
Description at Major Stages	31	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	32	(1)
Siding Techniques	32	(1)
The Parietal	32	(2)
Description at Major Stages	32	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	33	(1)
Siding Techniques	33	(1)
The Occipital	34	(3)
Description at Major Stages	34	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	34	(2)
Siding Techniques	36	(1)
The Temporal	37	(1)
Description at Major Stages	37	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	37	(1)
Siding Techniques	38	(1)
The Auditory Ossicles	38	(1)
Description at Major Stages	38	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	38	(1)
Siding Techniques	38	(1)
The Sphenoid	39	(3)
Description at Major Stages	39	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	40	(1)
Siding Techniques	41	(1)
The Bones of the Face	42	(11)
The Ethmoid	42	(1)
Description at Major Stages	42	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	42	(1)
Siding Techniques	42	(1)
The Inferior Nasal Concha	43	(1)
Description at Major Stages	43	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	43	(1)
Siding Techniques	43	(1)
The Vomer	44	(1)
Description at Major Stages	44	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	44	(1)
The Nasal Bone	44	(1)
Description at Major Stages	44	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	45	(1)
Siding Techniques	45	(1)
The Lacrimal	45	(1)
Description at Major Stages	45	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	45	(1)
Siding Techniques	46	(1)
The Zygomatic	46	(1)
Description at Major Stages	46	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	46	(1)
Siding Techniques	47	(1)
The Palatine	47	(1)
Description at Major Stages	47	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	48	(1)
Siding Techniques	48	(1)
The Maxilla	48	(2)
Description at Major Stages	48	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	49	(1)
Siding Techniques	50	(1)
The Mandible	50	(1)
Description at Major Stages	50	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	50	(1)
Siding Techniques	50	(1)
The Hyoid	51	(2)
Description at Major Stages	51	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	52	(1)
Siding Techniques	52	(1)
The Dentition	53	(20)
Five Steps for Tooth Identification	54	(19)
To Which Tooth Type Does the Tooth Belong?	54	(1)
Incisors	54	(1)
Canines	54	(1)
Premolars	54	(1)
Molars	54	(2)
Is the Tooth Deciduous or Permanent?	56	(1)
Is It a Maxillary or Mandibular Tooth?	57	(1)
Incisors	57	(1)
Canines	57	(1)
Premolars	57	(1)
Molars	58	(4)
What Is the Tooth's Position in the Dentition?	62	(1)
Incisors	62	(1)
Premolars	63	(1)
Molars	63	(1)
Is the Tooth from the Right or Left Side?	64	(1)
Incisors	64	(1)
Canines	65	(1)
Premolars	66	(2)
Molars	68	(5)
Part Three: THE INFRACRANIAL SKELETON	73	(82)
The Vertebral Column and Pelvic Girdle	75	(18)
Cervical Vertebrae	75	(5)
The Atlas (CI)	75	(1)
Description at Major Stages	75	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	76	(1)
Siding Techniques	77	(1)
The Axis (C2)	77	(1)
Description at Major Stages	77	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	78	(1)
Siding Techniques	78	(1)
Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3--C7)	78	(1)
Description at Major Stages	78	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	79	(1)
Siding Techniques	79	(1)
Thoracic Vertebrae	80	(1)
Description at Major Stages	80	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	80	(1)
Siding Techniques	81	(1)
Lumbar Vertebrae	81	(1)
Description at Major Stages	81	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	81	(1)
Siding Techniques	82	(1)
Differentiating Vertebrae from Other Bones	82	(1)
The Sacrum	83	(3)
Description at Major Stages	83	(3)
Differentiation from Other Bones	86	(1)
Siding Techniques	86	(1)
The Coccyx	86	(1)
Description at Major Stages	86	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	86	(1)
The Os Coxa	87	(2)
The Ilium	89	(1)
Description at Major Stages	89	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	89	(1)
Siding Techniques	89	(1)
The Ischium	90	(1)
Description at Major Stages	90	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	90	(1)
Siding Techniques	91	(1)
The Pubis	91	(2)
Description at Major Stages	91	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	91	(1)
Siding Techniques	92	(1)
The Chest and Shoulder Girdle	93	(10)
The Ribs	93	(3)
First Rib	95	(1)
Description at Major Stages	95	(1)
Siding Techniques	95	(1)
Second Rib	95	(1)
Description at Major Stages	95	(1)
Siding Techniques	95	(1)
Ribs 3 through 10	95	(1)
Description at Major Stages	95	(1)
Siding Techniques	95	(1)
Ribs 11 and 12	95	(1)
Description at Major Stages	95	(1)
Siding Techniques	96	(1)
Differentiating Ribs from Other Bones	96	(1)
The Sternum	96	(1)
Description at Major Stages	96	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	97	(1)
The Clavicle	97	(2)
Description at Major Stages	97	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	98	(1)
Siding Techniques	99	(1)
The Scapula	99	(4)
Description at Major Stages	99	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	101	(1)
Siding Techniques	102	(1)
The Bones of the Arms and Legs	103	(21)
The Bones of the Arm	103	(9)
The Humerus	103	(1)
Description at Major Stages	103	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	105	(1)
Siding Techniques	106	(1)
The Radius	107	(1)
Description at Major Stages	107	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	109	(1)
Siding Techniques	109	(1)
The Ulna	109	(1)
Description at Major Stages	109	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	110	(1)
Siding Techniques	111	(1)
The Bones of the Leg	112	(12)
The Femur	112	(1)
Description at Major Stages	112	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	114	(1)
Siding Techniques	115	(1)
The Tibia	116	(1)
Description at Major Stages	116	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	118	(1)
Siding Techniques	118	(1)
The Fibula	119	(1)
Description at Major Stages	119	(2)
Differentiation from Other Bones	121	(1)
Siding Techniques	122	(1)
The Patella	122	(1)
Description at Major Stages	122	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	123	(1)
Siding Techniques	123	(1)
The Bones of the Hands and Feet	124	(1)
The Bones of the Hand	124	(31)
Carpals	124	(14)
Scaphoid	125	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	125	(1)
Siding Techniques	125	(1)
Lunate	125	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	125	(1)
Siding Techniques	126	(1)
Triquetral	126	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	126	(1)
Siding Techniques	126	(1)
Pisiform	126	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	126	(1)
Siding Techniques	127	(1)
Trapezium	127	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	127	(1)
Siding Techniques	127	(1)
Trapezoid	127	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	128	(1)
Siding Techniques	128	(1)
Capitate	128	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	129	(1)
Siding Techniques	129	(1)
Hamate	129	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	129	(1)
Siding Techniques	129	(1)
Metacarpals	130	(1)
First Metacarpal	130	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	130	(1)
Siding Techniques	130	(1)
Second Metacarpal	130	(2)
Differentiation from Other Metacarpals	132	(1)
Siding Techniques	133	(1)
Third Metacarpal	133	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metacarpals	133	(1)
Siding Techniques	133	(1)
Fourth Metacarpal	134	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metacarpals	134	(1)
Siding Techniques	134	(1)
Fifth Metacarpal	134	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metatarsals	135	(1)
Siding Techniques	135	(1)
Differentiating Metacarpals from Metatarsals	135	(1)
Hand Phalanges	135	(1)
Proximal Phalanges	135	(2)
Intermediate Phalanges	137	(1)
Distal Phalanges	137	(1)
Siding Hand Phalanges	137	(1)
Differentiating Hand and Foot Phalanges	137	(1)
The Bones of the Foot	138	(7)
Tarsals	138	(1)
Calcaneus	138	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	139	(1)
Siding Techniques	140	(1)
Talus	140	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	141	(1)
Siding Techniques	141	(1)
Cuboid	141	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	142	(1)
Siding Techniques	142	(1)
Navicular	142	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	143	(1)
Siding Techniques	143	(1)
First or Medial Cuneiform	143	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	144	(1)
Siding Techniques	144	(1)
Second or Intermediate Cuneiform	144	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	144	(1)
Siding Techniques	144	(1)
Third or Lateral Cuneiform	145	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	145	(1)
Siding Techniques	145	(1)
Metatarsals	145	(6)
First Metatarsal	147	(1)
Differentiation from Other Bones	147	(1)
Siding Techniques	148	(1)
Second Metatarsal	148	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metatarsals	148	(1)
Siding Techniques	148	(1)
Third Metatarsal	148	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metatarsals	149	(1)
Siding Techniques	149	(1)
Fourth Metatarsal	149	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metatarsals	150	(1)
Siding Techniques	150	(1)
Fifth Metatarsal	150	(1)
Differentiation from Other Metatarsals	150	(1)
Siding Techniques	150	(1)
Differentiating Metatarsals from Metacarpals	151	(1)
The Foot Phalanges	151	(4)
Proximal Phalanges	151	(1)
Intermediate Phalanges	151	(1)
Distal Phalanges	151	(1)
Siding Foot Phalanges	151	(1)
Differentiating Hand and Foot Phalanges	152	(3)
Part Four: QUICK REFERENCE	155	(18)
Age Estimation and Templates for Identification	157	(16)
Appearance and Fusion of Skeletal Elements	157	(1)
Age-Related Templates	157	(16)
References Cited	173	(2)
Index	175