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Polycystine radiolaria are exclusively marine protists and are found in all ocean waters, from polar regions to the tropics, and at all water depths. There are approximately 600 distinct described living species and several thousand fossil species of polycystines. Radiolarians in general, and polycystines in particular, have recently been shown to be a major component of the living plankton and important to the oceanic carbon cycle. As fossils radiolarians are also fairly common, and often occur in sediments where other types of fossils are absent. This has made them very valuable for certain types of geologic research, particularly estimating the geologic age of the sediments containing them, and as guides to past oceanic water conditions. As our current understanding of the biology, and even taxonomy of the living fauna is still very incomplete, evolutionary studies based on living polycystines are still rare. However, the common occurrence of numerous specimens for many species, and in a wide variety of oceanic environments, provides an excellent opportunity to study the processes of biologic evolution in the fossil record.
Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria is the first major book on radiolarians to appear in the western literature since 2001. Focusing on living and fossil siliceous shelled radiolarians, it is notable for its emphasis not upon morphologic or taxonomic detail but on concepts and applications. The book attempts to provide a balanced, critical review of what is known of the biology, ecology, and fossil record of the group, as well as their use in evolutionary, biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic research. Full chapters on the history of study, and molecular biology, are the first ever in book form.
Written for an audience of advanced undergraduate to doctoral students, as well as for a broad range of professionals in the biological and Earth sciences, Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria summarizes current understanding of the marine planktonic protist group polycystine radiolaria, both in living and fossil form.
David Lazarus has studied the paleobiology and earth science applications of Cenozoic radiolaria for more than 40 years, formerly holding research positions at Columbia University/Lamont Earth Observatory, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. He is currently Curator for Micropaleontology at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.
Noritoshi Suzuki has studied the taxonomy and species diversity of radiolarians thoughout the Phanerozoic. He started his career in field geology, switched to Devonian radiolarians for his Masters degree, and received his PhD degree for a study of Cenozoic radiolarians from Tohoku University, Japan. He has co-published a monograph on the radiolarians of the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin), and has published integrative studies of radiolarian morphology and phylogenetics. He is currently Associate Professor at Tohoku University.
Kozo Takahashi has studied the distribution and ecology of radiolarians and other siliceous plankton collected from ocean waters for several decades. Following an early career of staff scientist positions at the Woods Hole and Scripps oceanographic institutions he held multiple professorships in Japan, including universities in Sapporo and Kyushu University in Fukuoka.
Yoshiyuki Ishitani is a paleobiologist, focusing on the evolution of radiolarians. He is currently a researcher at the University of Tsukuba, and was formerly at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Glasgow University, and the University of Tokyo.
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. History
Introduction
Scientific context
Early Studies (first half of 19th Century)
Second half of the 19th Century to ca 1920
Legacy of early studies
Early 20th Century (ca 1920-1940)
The Early New period (ca 1940-1970)
The origins of radiolarian biostratigraphy: 1940s to 1950s
Deep Sea Drilling
Taxonomy
Biology
Mid New Period 1970-2000
Current Period 2000-Present
2. Biology
General characteristics of planktonic protist biology
Physical characteristics of the pelagic ocean
Plankton Taxa
Ecologic and Behavioral Constraints due to Small Body Size
Basic radiolarian cellular structure
Skeleton
Skeleton formation and growth
Size
Colonial forms
Life cycle
Longevity
Motility
Feeding
Predators
Abundance and Role in Carbon Cycle
Symbiosis
Bioluminescence
Summary
3. Ecology
Biogeography
Vertical distribution
Tropical submergence
Longitudinal gradients and upwelling assemblages
Latitudinal gradients
Coastal gradients
Seasonal variability
Interannual variability
4. Genetics
Molecular phylogenetic position of 'radiolarians' within eukaryotes
Molecular studies of radiolarian's position within eukaryotes
Relationships of radiolarian clades
Origination times of Radiolarian clades
Family level phylogeny
Spumellaria (shell-bearing radiolarians)
Collodaria (colonial or naked radiolarians)
Nassellaria
Acantharia
Microevolution of Radiolaria
Diversity of pico-radiolarian material
Transcriptomics of Radiolaria
Methodology
DNA Extraction
Reproductive cell method
Dissecting cell method
PCR
5. Taxonomy and Fossil Record
PART 1 - Radiolarian Taxonomy
Principles ofSpecies-Level Taxonomy
Rules for describing and naming species
Current Status of Descriptive Radiolarian Taxonomy
Principles of Higher Level Taxonomy
Haeckel and the Beginnings of Higher Level Radiolarian Taxonomy
Biologic Systematics
Higher-level Taxonomy in Radiolaria
The Observational Basis of Taxonomy: Structures of the Radiolarian Shell
Higher Level Taxonomy in this Book
Formal classification of Polycystina
Cenozoic Taxa
Mesozoic and Paleozoic Taxa
Species-level Variation in Radiolaria
PART 2 - Summary of the Radiolarian Fossil Record
Cambrian and Ordovician
Silurian to the Lower Carboniferous
Late Paleozoic to late Mesozoic siliceous sedimentation
Mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic Era
Basal Mesozoic Scarcity of Radiolarian Fossils and Faunal Turnover (Early Triassic)
Triassic
Triassic-Jurassic boundary mass extinction
Jurassic
Early and Middle Jurassic Radiolaria
Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous
Cretaceous
The K/T Extinction Event and early Paleocene
Cenozoic
6. Preservation and Methods
Preservation
Geographic Variation in Preservation
Diagenesis
Loss of rock record
Differences between Modern and Ancient Oceans
Quality of Radiolarian Fossil Record
Methods
Collecting material from the water column
Collecting sediments
Collecting lithified material from sections on land
Recovering radiolarians from samples
Extracting radiolarians with intact protoplasm
Extracting radiolarian skeletons
Separation of radiolarians from other chemically resistant similar sized components of residue
Mounting radiolarians
Live preparations
Dissection and serial sectioning
Imaging radiolarians
Visualisation (enhanced imagery)
Morphometrics
Automatic Indentification
7. Paleoceanography
Radiolarians as tracers of water masses
Assemblage-based methods of paleoceanographic analysis
Non-temperature uses of assemblage analyses
Radiolarians in bulk: summary indices and non taxonomic uses of radiolarians in paleoceanography
8. Stratigraphy
Biostratigraphy in shallow marine rocks: general aspects
Biostratigraphy in deep-sea sediment sections
Other types of geochronologic information
Radiometric dating and absolute age
Paleomagnetic stratigraphy
Stable isotope stratigraphy
Cyclostratigraphy
Quantitative biostratigraphy
Cenozoic radiolarian stratigraphy
History of Development
Tropical Cenozoic radiolarian stratigraphy
Subtropical North Atlantic to Arctic
North Pacific
Southern Ocean
History
Characteristics
Important Sections
Important Species
Mesozoic Radiolarian Stratigraphy
Europe and southwest North America
Low-latitude western part of Mesotethys
Mid-latitude northern part of Mesotethys
Russian epicontinental seas
East margin of the mid-latitude Pacific
Northwest Pacific
Other regions
The Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary (Tithonian–Berriasian boundary)
Middle and Late Jurassic
Lower Jurassic
Triassic–Jurassic (T-J) boundary
Latest Triassic (Rhaetian)
Carnian and Norian
Late Olenekian to Ladinian
Basal Triassic (Induan) and Permian-Triassic (P-T) boundary
Paleozoic Radiolarian Stratigraphy
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian and Silurian
Ordovician and Cambrian
9. Evolution
Introduction and general principles
Features of the deep-sea microfossil record relevant to the study of evolution
Microevolution
Pattern and processes
Examples of microevolution
Cladogenesis
Anagenesis
Extinction
Hybridization
Macroevolution
Definitions and Theory
Theories of diversity and evolution
Macroevolutionary Patterns in Radiolaria
Origin of radiolarians
Origin of Collodaria and Colonial Radiolaria
Origin of higher taxa within radiolaria - general comments
Diversity history of radiolarians
Methods of diversity reconstruction
Other problems of diversity reconstruction
Data for diversity reconstruction
Global Phanerozoic diversity
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary
Other aspects of Cenozoic radiolarian macroevolutionary change
Phanerozoic diversity - a more modest view
Summary Discussion
References
Index
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