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Preface to the Second Edition | p. xiii |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xix |
List of Tables | p. xxi |
List of Figures | p. xxv |
The Paleoethnobotanical Approach | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Historical Overview | p. 3 |
Nature and Status of Ethnobotany | p. 6 |
Techniques for Recovering Macroremains | |
Introduction | p. 11 |
In Situ Collection of Material | p. 12 |
Screening Techniques | p. 13 |
Water Recovery: Flotation Techniques | p. 14 |
Terminology | p. 15 |
Development of Flotation in the New World | p. 19 |
Development of Flotation in the Old World | p. 22 |
Machine-Assisted Flotation in North America | p. 26 |
Building and Operating Flotation Systems: Sample Designs | p. 29 |
Manual Flotation | p. 29 |
Machine-Assisted Flotation: Water Separators and SMAP Machines | p. 44 |
Machine-Assisted Flotation: Froth Flotation | p. 59 |
Sampling for Macroremains | p. 66 |
Strategies for Sampling | p. 66 |
Sampling Techniques | p. 69 |
Hints for Good Sampling | p. 75 |
Issues and Directions in Recovery of Macroremains | p. 77 |
Choosing a Recovery System | p. 77 |
Problem Soils | p. 88 |
Chemical Flotation | p. 89 |
Testing Flotation Recovery Rates | p. 93 |
Saltwater Flotation | p. 96 |
Identification and Interpretation of Macroremains | |
Introduction | p. 99 |
Initial Processing of Samples | p. 100 |
Basic Hand-Sorting Procedures | p. 100 |
Subsampling Large Flotation Samples | p. 111 |
Alternatives to Hand Sorting | p. 116 |
Sorting Desiccated and Waterlogged Samples | p. 117 |
Building a Comparative Collection | p. 119 |
Plant-Collecting Procedures | p. 120 |
Pressing and Drying Specimens | p. 124 |
Identification of Comparative Materials | p. 127 |
Preparing a Working Laboratory Collection | p. 128 |
Basic Identification Techniques | p. 133 |
Seeds | p. 133 |
Fruits and Nuts | p. 140 |
Wood | p. 144 |
Roots and Tubers | p. 153 |
Fibers, Leaves, and Non-Woody Stems | p. 162 |
Cultivated Plant Material | p. 168 |
Specialized Identification Techniques | p. 170 |
Embedding, Sectioning, and Grinding | p. 170 |
Electron Microscopy | p. 175 |
Morphometric Analysis | p. 177 |
Residue Analyses | p. 178 |
Presenting and Interpreting Results | p. 188 |
Qualitative Presentation | p. 191 |
Quantitative Analysis | p. 192 |
Reporting Results | p. 224 |
Interpreting Macroremain Data: Case Studies | p. 227 |
Issues and Directions in Macroremain Analysis | p. 239 |
Sources of Seeds | p. 240 |
The Meaning of Abundance Measures | p. 242 |
Sources of Bias in the Paleoethnobotanical Record | p. 244 |
Proof and Falsification | p. 245 |
The Roles of Macroremain Analysis in Paleoethnobotany | p. 247 |
Pollen Analysis | |
Introduction | p. 249 |
Nature and Production of Pollen | p. 251 |
Formation of Pollen | p. 251 |
Pollen Grain Structure | p. 251 |
Pollen Representation | p. 258 |
History of Pollen Analysis | p. 263 |
Field Sampling | p. 270 |
Sampling Strategies | p. 270 |
Taking Soil Samples | p. 279 |
Sampling Modern Vegetation | p. 288 |
Laboratory Analysis | p. 289 |
Sampling a Core | p. 290 |
Soil Extraction Techniques | p. 290 |
Processing Coprolites | p. 297 |
Processing Floral Specimens | p. 300 |
Mounting Slides | p. 301 |
Counting and Identifying Pollen | p. 302 |
Presenting and Interpreting Results | p. 311 |
Presenting Data | p. 312 |
Interpreting Sedimentary Data | p. 318 |
Case Study: Identifying Human Influences on Vegetation, An Example from the Pacific | p. 338 |
Interpreting Archaeological Pollen Data | p. 344 |
Issues and Directions in Archaeological Pollen Analysis | p. 348 |
Preservation | p. 348 |
Context and Sampling Issues | p. 349 |
Methodological Concerns | p. 350 |
The Roles of Pollen Analysis in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany | p. 352 |
Phytolith Analysis | |
Introduction | p. 355 |
Nature and Occurrence of Phytoliths | p. 356 |
What Are Phytoliths? | p. 356 |
The World of Phytoliths | p. 360 |
Identifying Plants Using Phytoliths | p. 375 |
Phytolith Deposition | p. 392 |
Phytoliths and Archaeology: A Brief History | p. 395 |
Field Sampling | p. 399 |
Sampling Soil and Sediments | p. 399 |
Sampling Vegetation | p. 410 |
Laboratory Analysis | p. 411 |
Phytolith Laboratory | p. 411 |
Soil-Processing Procedures | p. 416 |
Processing Comparative Plant Material | p. 435 |
Scanning and Counting Procedures | p. 444 |
Presenting and Interpreting Results | p. 460 |
Presenting Results | p. 460 |
Interpreting Phytolith Data | p. 468 |
How Common Was Maize at Real Alto? | p. 473 |
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction: Integrating Phytolith and Pollen Data | p. 483 |
Issues and Directions in Phytolith Analysis | p. 491 |
What Plants Produce Diagnostic Phytoliths? | p. 491 |
How, and from What Sources, Are Phytoliths Deposited in the Samples We Study? | p. 493 |
How Are Phytoliths Extracted, Scanned, Quantified, and Reported? | p. 493 |
What Are the Roles of Phytolith Analysis in Paleoethnobotany? In Archaeology? | p. 494 |
Integrating Biological Data | |
Indicators of Diet and Health | |
Introduction | p. 498 |
Indirect Dietary Indicators | p. 501 |
Botanical Data | p. 501 |
Faunal Data | p. 507 |
Direct Indicators | p. 520 |
Gut Contents and Coprolites | p. 520 |
Stable Isotopes | p. 522 |
Trace Elements | p. 535 |
Skeletal Indicators of Nutrition and Health | p. 546 |
The Interplay of Dietary Indicators | |
Predictions from Dietary Indicators | p. 561 |
Indirect Indicators: Botanical and Faunal Data | p. 561 |
Coprolite Data | p. 562 |
Isotopes | p. 562 |
Trace Elements | p. 563 |
Nonspecific Indicators of Stress | p. 564 |
Combined Indicators for Eight Neotropical Diets | p. 566 |
Diets 1 and 2 | p. 566 |
Diets 3 and 4 | p. 569 |
Diets 5-8 | p. 572 |
From Model to Reality: Two Archaeological Case Studies | p. 578 |
Coastal Ecuador: Formative Period Diet | p. 579 |
Paloma, Peru Case | p. 588 |
Conclusions | p. 591 |
References | p. 593 |
Index | p. 695 |
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