Paragraphs and Essays A Worktext with Readings

by Brandon, Lee

• ISBN13: 9780618421060
• ISBN10: 0618421068
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-10
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

A mid-level worktext with readings and a handbook, Paragraphs and Essays provides an integrated approach to the writing process and the rhetorical modes typically covered in freshman composition classes. The Ninth Edition retains Brandon's friendly, informal tone, engaging exercises, and offbeat readings that encourage developmental students to persevere and become confident, competent writers. Since writing is not a one-step process or linear, Brandon compares it to the ebb and flow of tides. He uses this visual analogy to convey the recursive nature of writing, comparing the movement of advancing and retreating waves to rethinking, reordering, and rewriting. Icons stress the flow of writing and the critical importance of revision, showing rolling waves proceeding by degrees to students' main goal: a well-written essay. These waves appear at the beginning of each chapter to indicate which steps of the process are covered, and next to writing guidelines and the Writing Process Worksheet where students practice applying what they have learned. A three-step approach to writing asks students to explore, experiment, and gather information in step one; write the controlling idea and organize the supporting details in step two; and draft, revise, and edit their work in step three. Detailed student examples illustrate each stage of the process to reinforce key principles and model good writing. New! Forty-five percent of the reading selections are new. In addition, updated grammar exercises maintain student interest, motivating them to practice their skills. New! The chapter on reading-related writing (previously Chapter 6) now appears at the beginning of the text to stress how reading other texts forms the basis for most college writing. Students learn about underlining, annotating, outlining and summarizing outside sources. A chapter on research guides students through the process of finding and analyzing sources, creating an outline, and writing an essay. Students can model their work on the annotated sample outline, essay, and bibliography included in this chapter. Paired readings in several chapters promote critical thinking and inspire students to respond in writing. A complete handbook at the end of the text gives students a convenient place to turn for help on grammar and bibliographic citations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Student Overview	1	(1)
The Flow of Writing: Icon and Theme	2	(1)
Practice with Principles	2	(1)
Strategies for Self-Improvement	3	(3)
Writing Process Worksheet	6	(1)
Part I: Linking Reading and Writing	7	(20)
Reading-Related Writing	9	(18)
Reading for Writing	10	(4)
Underlining	10	(1)
Annotating	11	(1)
Outlining	12	(2)
Types of Reading-Related Writing	14	(4)
Writing a Summary	15	(1)
Writing a Reaction	16	(1)
Writing a Two-Part Response	17	(1)
Journal Writing	18	(1)
Cross-Curricular and Career-Related Writing	18	(1)
Supporting Ideas with Quotations and References	18	(1)
Basic Documentation	19	(1)
Documentation in Action	20	(1)
Essays and Applications	20	(5)
``The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl''	20	(3)
Elizabeth Wong
``Native American Core Values and Cooperative Learning''	23	(2)
Lee Little Soldier
Writer's Guidelines	25	(2)
Part II: The Writing Process	27	(72)
The Writing Process: Stage One Exploring / Experimenting / Gathering Information	29	(10)
The Writing Process Defined	30	(1)
The Writing Process Worksheet	30	(1)
The Assignment	30	(1)
Your Audience	31	(1)
Stage One Strategies	31	(6)
Freewriting	31	(3)
Brainstorming	34	(2)
Clustering	36	(1)
Gathering Information	37	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	37	(2)
The Writing Process: Stage Two Writing the Controlling Idea / Organizing and Developing Support	39	(13)
Defining the Controlling Idea	40	(1)
Writing the Controlling Idea as a Topic Sentence or Thesis	40	(4)
Organizing Support	44	(6)
Listing	45	(1)
Clustering	45	(1)
Outlining	45	(5)
Writer's Guidelines	50	(2)
The Writing Process: Stage Three Writing / Revising / Editing	52	(19)
Writing the First Draft	53	(1)
Revising	54	(9)
Coherence	54	(2)
Language	56	(2)
Unity	58	(1)
Emphasis	59	(1)
Support	60	(1)
Sentences	61	(2)
Editing	63	(1)
Student Demonstration of All Stages of the Writing Process	64	(6)
Writing Process Worksheet	64	(6)
Writer's Guidelines	70	(1)
Writing the Paragraph	71	(11)
The Paragraph Defined	72	(1)
Basic Paragraph Patterns	72	(3)
The Writing Process and the Paragraph	75	(1)
Student Demonstration of All Stages of the Writing Process	76	(4)
Writing Process Worksheet	76	(4)
Writer's Guidelines	80	(2)
Writing the Essay	82	(17)
The Essay Defined in Relation to the Developmental Paragraph	83	(2)
Special Paragraphs Within the Essay	85	(3)
Introductions	85	(2)
Conclusions	87	(1)
Student Demonstration of All Stages of the Writing Process	88	(8)
Writing Process Worksheet	89	(7)
Writer's Guidelines	96	(3)
Part III: Writing Paragraphs and Essays: Instruction, with Reading Selections	99	(278)
Narration: Moving Through Time	101	(24)
Writing Narration	102	(3)
The Narrative Defined	102	(1)
Basic Patterns	102	(1)
Verb Tense	103	(1)
Point of View	103	(1)
Description	104	(1)
Dialogue	104	(1)
Practicing Narrative Patterns	105	(2)
Connecting Reading and Writing	107	(14)
Professional Writers	107	(1)
``W-A-T-E-R''	107	(1)
Helen Keller
``B. B. King Live!''	108	(1)
Andrea Lee
``No Tears for Frankie''	109	(2)
Gina Greenlee
``Assembly Line Adventure''	111	(4)
Lesley Hazelton
Student Writers	115	(2)
``A Moment in the Sun'' (demonstration with stages)	117	(1)
Karen Bradley
``From Survival to Living''	118	(3)
Jeanne Sewell
Topics for Writing Narration	121	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	121	(1)
General Topics	122	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	123	(1)
Career-Related Topics	123	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	123	(2)
Description: Moving Through Space	125	(24)
Writing Description	126	(4)
Types of Description	126	(1)
Techniques of Descriptive Writing	127	(3)
Practicing Descriptive Patterns	130	(4)
Connecting Reading and Writing	134	(12)
Professional Writers	134	(1)
``The Mousetrap''	134	(1)
Craig Finley
``The Alley''	135	(1)
Amy Tan
``More''	136	(2)
Judith Ortiz Cofer
``In the Land of `Coke Cola'''	138	(3)
William Least Heat-Moon
Student Writers	141	(2)
``The Drag'' (demonstration with stages)	143	(1)
Mike Kavanagh
``My Aircraft Carrier `Bedroom'''	144	(2)
Chanya Werner
Topics for Writing Description	146	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	146	(1)
General Topics	147	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	147	(1)
Career-Related Topics	148	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	148	(1)
Exemplification: Writing with Examples	149	(18)
Surveying Exposition	150	(1)
Writing Paragraphs and Essays of Exemplification	150	(2)
Characteristics of Good Examples	150	(1)
Techniques for Finding Examples: Listing and Clustering	151	(1)
Number and Order of Examples	152	(1)
Practicing Patterns of Exemplification	152	(1)
Connecting Reading and Writing	153	(11)
Professional Writers	153	(1)
``Novelty Sells''	153	(1)
Wayne D. Hoyer
Deborah J. MacInnis
``Colorado Springs---Every Which Way''	154	(1)
Eric Schlosser
``Working in a Chicken-Processing Plant''	155	(2)
Gregory Moorhead
Ricky W. Griffin
``Spanglish Creeps into Mainstream''	157	(2)
Deborah Kong
Student Writers	159	(2)
``Cheating Is Not Worth the Bother'' (demonstration with stages)	161	(1)
Lara Olivas
``Traveling the World at Home''	162	(2)
Garabed Yegavian
Topics for Writing Exemplification	164	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	164	(1)
General Topics	165	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	165	(1)
Career-Related Topics	166	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	166	(1)
Analysis by Division: Examining the Parts	167	(23)
Writing Instruction	168	(1)
Procedure	168	(1)
Organization	168	(1)
Sequence of Parts	168	(1)
Practicing Patterns of Analysis by Division	169	(1)
Connecting Reading and Writing	170	(16)
Professional Writers	170	(1)
``The Family and Its Parts''	170	(1)
Ian Robertson
``The Zones of the Sea''	171	(1)
Leonard Engel
``Low Wages, High Skills''	172	(5)
Katherine S. Newman
``Growing Up Asian in America''	177	(5)
Kesaya E. Noda
Student Writers	182	(2)
``Skin'' (demonstration with stages)	184	(1)
Selin Simon
``Ben Franklin, Renaissance Man''	185	(1)
Allison Udell
Topics for Writing Analysis by Division	186	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	186	(1)
General Topics	187	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	188	(1)
Career-Related Topics	188	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	188	(2)
Process Analysis: Writing About Doing	190	(22)
Writing Process Analysis	191	(2)
Two Types of Process Analysis: Directive and Informative	191	(1)
Working with Stages	191	(1)
Basic Forms	192	(1)
Combined Forms	193	(1)
Useful Prewriting Procedure	193	(1)
Practicing Patterns of Process Analysis	193	(3)
Connecting Reading and Writing	196	(13)
Professional Writers	196	(1)
``The Birth of an Island''	196	(1)
Rachel Carson
``Zen and the Art of Pomegranate Eating''	197	(2)
Will Brock
Saul M. Kassin, and Steven Fein, ``How Low-Balling Works on Your Mind''	199	(2)
Sharon S. Brehm
``Fast, Sleek, and Shiny: Using the Internet to Help Buy New Cars''	201	(2)
Preston Gralla
Student Writers	203	(3)
``Sabzi Polo Mahi'' (demonstration with stages)	206	(1)
Maysim Mondegaran
``What's Behind a Brilliant Smile''	207	(2)
Chanya Werner
Topics for Writing Process Analysis	209	(1)
Reading-Related Topics	209	(1)
General Topics	209	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	210	(1)
Career-Related Topics	210	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	210	(2)
Cause and Effect: Determining Reasons and Outcomes	212	(24)
Writing Cause and Effect	213	(3)
Exploring and Organizing	213	(1)
Composing a Topic Sentence or a Thesis	213	(1)
Writing an Outline	214	(1)
Considering Kinds of Causes and Effects	214	(1)
Evaluating the Importance of Sequence	215	(1)
Introducing Ideas and Working with Patterns	215	(1)
Practicing Patterns of Cause and Effect	216	(2)
Connecting Reading and Writing	218	(14)
Professional Writers	218	(1)
``What Happens to Steroid Studs?''	218	(1)
Anastasia Toufexis
``Family Heroes and Role Models''	219	(1)
Marian Wright Edelman
``The Purposes of Shopping''	220	(1)
Phyllis Rose
``Living in Sin''	221	(5)
Dayana Yochim
``The Seven Sustainable Wonders of the World''	226	(2)
Alan Thein Durning
Student Writers	228	(2)
``More Than the Classroom'' (demonstration with stages)	230	(1)
Richard Blaylock
``Getting High and Living Low''	230	(2)
Sergio Ramos
Topics for Writing Cause and Effect	232	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	232	(1)
General Topics	233	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	234	(1)
Career-Related Topics	234	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	234	(2)
Classification: Establishing Groups	236	(29)
Writing Classification	237	(4)
Selecting a Subject	237	(1)
Using a Principle to Avoid Overlapping	237	(1)
Establishing Classes	237	(1)
Using Simple and Complex Forms	238	(3)
Practicing Patterns of Classification	241	(1)
Connecting Reading and Writing	242	(19)
Professional Writers	242	(1)
``Styles of Leadership''	242	(2)
William M. Pride
Robert J. Hughes
Jack R. Kapoor
``Nobles, Peasants, and Clergy''	244	(1)
T. Walter Wallbank
``Which Stooge Are You?''	245	(4)
Ron Geraci
``The Different Ways of Being Smart''	249	(4)
Sara Gilbert
``How to Deal with a Difficult Boss''	253	(4)
Donna Brown Hogarty
Student Writers	257	(2)
``Doctors Have Their Symptoms, Too'' (demonstration with stages)	259	(1)
Boris Belinsky
``Types of Hepatitis''	260	(1)
Annie Chen
Topics for Writing Classification	261	(3)
Reading-Related Topics	261	(2)
General Topics	263	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	263	(1)
Career-Related Topics	263	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	264	(1)
Comparison and Contrast: Showing Similarities and Differences	265	(31)
Comparison and Contrast Defined	266	(1)
Generating Topics and Working with the 4 Ps	266	(5)
Purpose	266	(1)
Points	267	(1)
Patterns	268	(1)
Presentation	269	(2)
Analogy	271	(1)
Practicing Patterns of Comparison and Contrast	271	(3)
Connecting Reading and Writing	274	(17)
Professional Writers	274	(1)
``Business Battle Tactics''	274	(2)
Robert McGarvey
``Pink Kittens and Blue Spaceships''	276	(1)
Alison Lurie
``The Small Town and the Big City''	277	(1)
Craig Calhoun
``Los Chinos Discover el Barrio''	278	(3)
Luis Torres
Paired Essays on Orderly and Disorderly People	281	(1)
``Neat People vs. Sloppy People''	282	(2)
Suzanne Britt
``The Messy Are in Denial''	284	(3)
Joyce Gallagher
Student Writers	287	(2)
``Disneyland or Magic Mountain: Fantasy or Thrills?'' (demonstration with stages)	289	(1)
Omar Zayas
``The Piper Cherokee and the Cessna 172''	290	(1)
Brittany Markovic
Topics for Writing Comparison and Contrast	291	(3)
Reading-Related Topics	291	(2)
General Topics	293	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	294	(1)
Career-Related Topics	294	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	294	(2)
Definition: Clarifying Terms	296	(28)
Writing Definition	297	(5)
Techniques for Writing Simple Definitions	297	(3)
Techniques for Writing Extended Definitions	300	(2)
Practicing Patterns of Definition	302	(3)
Connecting Reading and Writing	305	(14)
Professional Writers	305	(1)
``Burnout''	305	(1)
Gregory Moorhead
Ricky W. Griffin
``Georgia on My Mind''	306	(1)
Ray Jenkins
``Tortillas''	307	(1)
Jose Antonio Burciaga
``A Working Community''	308	(3)
Ellen Goodman
``Is It Sexual Harassment?''	311	(4)
Ellen Bravo
Ellen Cassedy
Student Writers	315	(2)
``Going Too Far'' (demonstration with stages)	317	(1)
Linda Wong
``Prison Slang''	318	(1)
Louise Rubec
Topics for Writing Definition	319	(3)
Reading-Related Topics	319	(2)
General Topics	321	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	321	(1)
Career-Related Topics	321	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	322	(2)
Literary Analysis: Reacting to Stories	324	(28)
Why We Read Stories	325	(1)
Interpreting Narrative Literature	325	(1)
Writing About Literature	325	(2)
Setting	325	(1)
Conflict	326	(1)
Characters	326	(1)
Plot	326	(1)
Theme	326	(1)
Point of View	326	(1)
Analysis	327	(1)
Connecting Reading and Writing	327	(1)
Reading Selections on the Theme of Love	327	(20)
Professional Writers	327	(1)
``How Do I Love Thee?''	328	(2)
Robert J. Trotter
``The Girls in Their Summer Dresses''	330	(4)
Irwin Shaw
``The Story of an Hour''	334	(3)
Kate Chopin
``Frankie and Johnny''	337	(2)
Anonymous
``My Last Duchess''	339	(3)
Robert Browning
Student Writers	342	(3)
``More Than Just a House Call'' (demonstration with stages)	345	(1)
Ajax Mylonas
``The Use of Self-Analysis''	346	(1)
Gloria Mendez
Finding Topics for Literary Analysis	347	(1)
Analytical Writing	347	(1)
Speculative Writing	348	(1)
Topics for Writing About Stories	348	(2)
Reading-Related Topics	348	(2)
Career-Related Topics	350	(1)
General Topic	350	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	350	(2)
Argument: Writing to Persuade	352	(25)
Writing Paragraphs and Essays of Argument	353	(5)
Techniques for Developing Argument	353	(1)
Your Audience	354	(1)
Kinds of Evidence	354	(1)
Logical Fallacies	355	(3)
Practicing Patterns of Argument	358	(2)
Connecting Reading and Writing	360	(13)
Professional Writers	360	(1)
``Get a Knife, Get a Dog, But Get Rid of Guns''	360	(2)
Molly Ivins
``I Surrender, Dear''	362	(3)
Tamala M. Edwards
``Graffiti: Taking a Closer Look''	365	(4)
Christopher Grant
Student Writers	369	(1)
``My Life to Live---or Not'' (demonstration with stages)	370	(1)
Angela DeSarro
``Teaching Our Kids to Shoot `Em Up''	371	(2)
Tina Sergio
Topics for Writing Argument	373	(3)
Reading-Related Topics	373	(1)
General Topics	374	(1)
Cross-Curricular Topics	375	(1)
Career-Related Topics	375	(1)
Writer's Guidelines	376	(1)
Part IV: Using Sources	377	(26)
Writing the Research Paper	379	(24)
The Research Paper Defined	380	(1)
Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper	380	(14)
Step 1: Select a Topic	380	(1)
Step 2: Find Sources	381	(2)
Step 3: List Sources	383	(6)
Step 4: Take Notes	389	(1)
Step 5: Refine Your Thesis and Outline	390	(1)
Step 6: Write Your First Draft	390	(3)
Step 7: Revise Your First Draft	393	(1)
Step 8: Prepare Your Works Cited Section	393	(1)
Step 9: Write Your Final Draft	393	(1)
Step 10: Submit Required Materials	394	(1)
Student Writer: ``Zoos---An Endangered Species?''	394	(8)
Writer's Guidelines	402	(1)
Part V: Handbook	403	(2)
Handbook: Writing Effective Sentences	405	(120)
Subjects and Verbs	406	(7)
Subjects	406	(1)
Nouns	406	(1)
Pronouns	406	(1)
Compound Subjects	407	(1)
Implied Subjects	407	(1)
Trouble Spot: Prepositional Phrases	407	(1)
Trouble Spot: The Words Here and There	408	(1)
Verbs	408	(1)
Types of Verbs	408	(1)
Verb Phrases	408	(1)
Trouble Spot: Words Such as Never, Not, and Hardly	408	(1)
Compound Verbs	409	(1)
Trouble Spot: Verbals	409	(1)
Location of Subjects and Verbs	409	(4)
Kinds of Sentences	413	(9)
Clauses	413	(1)
Independent Clauses	413	(1)
Dependent Clauses	413	(1)
Relative Clauses	413	(1)
Trouble Spot: Phrases	414	(1)
Types of Sentences	414	(1)
Simple Sentences	414	(1)
Compound Sentences	415	(2)
Complex Sentences	417	(1)
Compound-Complex Sentences	418	(4)
Combining Sentences	422	(9)
Coordination: The Compound Sentence	422	(1)
Punctuation with Coordinating Conjunctions	423	(1)
Semicolons and Conjunctive Adverbs	423	(1)
Punctuation with Semicolons and Conjunctive Adverbs	424	(1)
Subordination: The Complex Sentence	424	(1)
Subordinating Conjunctions	425	(1)
Punctuation with Subordinating Conjunctions	426	(1)
Punctuation and Relative Pronouns	426	(1)
Coordination and Subordination: The Compound-Complex Sentence	426	(1)
Punctuation of Complicated Compound or Compound-Complex Sentences	427	(1)
Other Ways to Combine Ideas	427	(4)
Omissions	431	(1)
Variety in Sentence Types, Order, Length, Beginnings	432	(2)
Type	432	(1)
Order	433	(1)
Length	433	(1)
Beginnings	433	(1)
Correcting Fragments, Comma Splices, and Run-Ons	434	(10)
Fragments	434	(1)
Acceptable Fragments	434	(1)
Dependent Clauses as Fragments: Clauses with Subordinating Conjunctions	435	(1)
Dependent Clauses as Fragments: Clauses with Relative Pronouns	435	(1)
Phrases as Fragments	435	(1)
Fragments as Word Groups Without Subjects or Without Verbs	436	(1)
Comma Splices and Run-Ons	437	(1)
Four Ways to Correct Comma Splices and Run-Ons	437	(1)
Techniques for Spotting Problem Sentences	438	(6)
Verbs	444	(23)
Regular and Irregular Verbs	444	(1)
Regular Verbs	444	(2)
Irregular Verbs	446	(3)
``Problem'' Verbs	449	(3)
The Twelve Verb Tenses	452	(1)
Simple Tenses	452	(1)
Perfect Tenses	452	(1)
Progressive Tenses	452	(1)
Perfect Progressive Tenses	452	(3)
Subject-Verb Agreement	455	(5)
Consistency in Tense	460	(3)
Active and Passive Voice	463	(2)
Strong Verbs	465	(1)
Subjunctive Mood	466	(1)
Pronouns	467	(14)
Pronoun Case	467	(1)
Subjective Case	467	(1)
Objective Case	468	(1)
Techniques for Determining Case	469	(3)
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement	472	(1)
Agreement in Person	472	(2)
Agreement in Number	474	(1)
Agreement in Gender	475	(3)
Pronoun Reference	478	(3)
Adjectives and Adverbs	481	(10)
Selecting Adjectives and Adverbs	481	(2)
Comparative and Superlative Forms	483	(1)
Adjectives	483	(1)
Adverbs	484	(1)
Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly	485	(3)
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers	488	(3)
Balancing Sentence Parts	491	(5)
Basic Principles of Parallelism	491	(1)
Signal Words	492	(1)
Combination Signal Words	492	(4)
Punctuation and Capitalization	496	(18)
End Punctuation	496	(1)
Periods	496	(1)
Question Marks	497	(1)
Exclamation Points	497	(1)
Commas	497	(1)
Commas to Separate	497	(1)
Commas to Set Off	498	(4)
Semicolons	502	(3)
Quotation Marks	505	(1)
Punctuation with Quotation Marks	506	(1)
Italics	507	(1)
Dashes	507	(1)
Colons	508	(1)
Parentheses	508	(1)
Brackets	509	(1)
Apostrophes	509	(1)
Hyphens	510	(1)
Capitalization	510	(4)
Spelling	514	(7)
Spelling Tips	514	(2)
Frequently Misspelled Words	516	(1)
Confused Spelling and Confusing Words	517	(2)
Your Spell Checker	519	(1)
Wordy Phrases	519	(2)
Brief Guide for ESL Students	521	(4)
Using Articles in Relation to Nouns	521	(1)
Articles	521	(1)
Nouns	521	(1)
Rules	521	(1)
Sentence Patterns	522	(1)
Verb Endings	522	(1)
Idioms	523	(1)
More Suggestions for ESL Writers	523	(2)
Appendixes	525	(15)
Appendix A: Parts of Speech	526	(9)
Appendix B: Taking Tests	535	(2)
Appendix C: Writing a Job Application Letter and a Resume	537	(3)
Answer Key	540	(8)
Text Credits	548	(1)
Author and Title Index	549	(4)
Subject Index	553