Parallel Finite-difference Time-domain Method

by Yu, Wenhua; Mittra, Raj; Su, Tao; Liu, Yongjun; Yang, Xiaoling

• ISBN13: 9781596930858
• ISBN10: 1596930853
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-30
• Publisher: Artech House

Summary

The finite-difference time-domain (FTDT) method has revolutionized antenna design and electromagnetics engineering. This book raises the FDTD method to the next level by empowering it with the vast capabilities of parallel computing. It shows engineers how to exploit the natural parallel properties of FDTD to improve the existing FDTD method and to efficiently solve more complex and large problem sets. Professionals learn how to apply open source software to develop parallel software and hardware to run FDTD in parallel for their projects. The book features hands-on examples that illustrate the power of parallel FDTD and presents practical strategies for carrying out parallel FDTD. This detailed resource provides instructions on downloading, installing, and setting up the required open source software on either Windows or Linux systems, and includes a handy tutorial on parallel programming.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Chapter 1 FDTD Method	1	(14)
1.1 FINITE-DIFFERENCE CONCEPT	1	(2)
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FDTD	3	(5)
1.3 NUMERICAL DISPERSION	8	(2)
1.4 STABILITY ANALYSIS	10	(1)
1.5 NONUNIFORM MESH	11	(2)
REFERENCES	13	(2)
Chapter 2 Boundary Conditions	15	(18)
2.1 PEC AND PMC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS	16	(2)
2.2 MUR'S ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITION	18	(3)
2.3 UNSPLIT PML	21	(5)
2.4 STRETCHED COORDINATE PML	26	(1)
2.5 TIME CONVOLUTION PML	27	(5)
REFERENCES	32	(1)
Chapter 3 Improvement of the FDTD	33	(36)
3.1 CONFORMAL FDTD FOR PEC OBJECTS	33	(7)
3.2 CONFORMAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIELECTRIC	40	(2)
3.3 ALTERNATING DIRECTION IMPLICIT (ADI) ALGORITHM	42	(11)
3.3.1 Update for ADI Equations	43	(4)
3.3.2 PML Truncation Techniques for ADI-FDTD	47	(2)
3.3.3 Separable Backward-Central Difference	49	(4)
3.4 SIMULATION OF DISPERSIVE MEDIA	53	(7)
3.4.1 Recursive Convolution	53	(5)
3.4.2 Pole Extraction Techniques	58	(1)
3.4.3 Simulation of Double-Negative Materials	59	(1)
3.5 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS	60	(7)
REFERENCES	67	(2)
Chapter 4 Excitation Source	69	(28)
4.1 INTRODUCTION	69	(2)
4.2 TIME SIGNATURE	71	(2)
4.3 LOCAL SOURCE	73	(5)
4.4 SOURCES FOR UNIFORM TRANSMISSION LINES	78	(9)
4.5 POWER INTRODUCED BY LOCAL EXCITATION SOURCES	87	(2)
4.6 PHASE DIFFERENCE AND TIME DELAY	89	(1)
4.7 PLANE WAVE SOURCES	90	(5)
REFERENCES	95	(2)
Chapter 5 Data Collection and Post-Processing	97	(22)
5.1 TIME-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION	97	(3)
5.2 MODE EXTRACTION OF TIME SIGNAL	100	(3)
5.3 CIRCUIT PARAMETERS	103	(3)
5.4 NEAR-TO-FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION	106	(11)
5.4.1 Basic Approach	106	(3)
5.4.2 Far-Field Calculation for Planar Structures	109	(4)
5.4.3 Data Compression and Its Application	113	(4)
REFERENCES	117	(2)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Parallel Computing Systems	119	(26)
6.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE PARALLEL SYSTEM	120	(5)
6.1.1 Symmetric Multiprocessor	121	(1)
6.1.2 Distributed Shared Memory System	122	(1)
6.1.3 Massively Parallel Processing	123	(1)
6.1.4 Beowulf PC Cluster	124	(1)
6.2 PARALLEL PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES	125	(1)
6.3 MPICH ARCHITECTURE	126	(4)
6.4 PARALLEL CODE STRUCTURE	130	(5)
6.5 EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL FDTD	135	(8)
REFERENCES	143	(2)
Chapter 7 Parallel FDTD Method	145	(34)
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MPI LIBRARY	146	(1)
7.2 DATA EXCHANGING TECHNIQUES	147	(3)
7.3 DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE	150	(2)
7.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARALLEL FDTD METHOD	152	(13)
7.4.1 Data Exchange Along the x-Direction	156	(6)
7.4.2 Data Exchange Along the y-Direction	162	(1)
7.4.3 Data Exchange Along the z-Direction	163	(2)
7.5 RESULT COLLECTION	165	(5)
7.5.1 Nonuniform Mesh Collection	165	(1)
7.5.2 Result Collection	166	(1)
7.5.3 Far-Field Collection	167	(1)
7.5.4 Surface Current Collection	167	(3)
7.6 ASSOCIATED PARALLEL TECHNIQUES	170	(4)
7.6.1 Excitation Source	170	(3)
7.6.2 Waveguide Matched Load	173	(1)
7.6.3 Subgridding Technique	173	(1)
7.7 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES	174	(4)
7.7.1 Crossed Dipole	175	(1)
7.7.2 Circular Horn Antenna	175	(1)
7.7.3 Patch Antenna Array Beam Scanning	176	(2)
REFERENCES	178	(1)
Chapter 8 Illustrative Engineering Applications	179	(14)
8.1 FINITE PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY	179	(6)
8.2 FINITE CROSSED DIPOLE ANTENNA ARRAY	185	(7)
REFERENCES	192	(1)
Chapter 9 FDTD Analysis of Bodies of Revolution	193	(22)
9.1 BOR/FDTD	193	(1)
9.2 UPDATE EQUATIONS FOR BOR/FDTD	194	(4)
9.3 PML FOR BOR/FDTD	198	(2)
9.4 NEAR-TO-FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION IN BOR/FDTD	200	(7)
9.5 SINGULAR BOUNDARY IN THE BOR/FDTD	207	(1)
9.6 PARTIALLY SYMMETRIC PROBLEM	208	(5)
9.6.1 Normally Incident Plane Wave	209	(1)
9.6.2 Obliquely Incident Plane Wave	210	(3)
REFERENCES	213	(2)
Chapter 10 Parallel BORJFDTD	215	(14)
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO PARALLEL BOR/FDTD	215	(1)
10.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF PARALLEL BOR/FDTD	216	(4)
10.3 EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL BOR/FDTD	220	(2)
10.4 REFLECTOR ANTENNA SYSTEM	222	(6)
10.4.1 Reflector Antenna Simulation	222	(2)
10.4.2 Combination with Reciprocity Principle	224	(2)
10.4.3 Simulation of the Reflector Antenna System	226	(2)
REFERENCES	228	(1)
Appendix A Introduction to Basic MPI Functions	229	(16)
A.1 SELECTED MPICH FUNCTIONS IN FORTRAN	229	(7)
A.2 SELECTED MPICH FUNCTIONS IN C/C++	236	(5)
A.3 MPI DATA TYPE	241	(1)
A.4 MPI OPERATOR	242	(1)
A.5 MPICH SETUP	243	(1)
A.5.1 MPICH Installation and Configuration for Windows	243	(1)
A.5.2 MPICH Installation and Configuration for Linux	243	(1)
REFERENCES	244	(1)
Appendix B PC Cluster-Building Techniques	245	(12)
B.1 SETUP OF A PC CLUSTER FOR THE LINUX SYSTEM	245	(8)
B.1.1 PC Cluster System Description	246	(1)
B.1.2 Linux Installation	246	(2)
B.1.3 Linux System Configuration	248	(3)
B.1.4 Developing Tools	251	(1)
B.1.5 MPICH	252	(1)
B.1.6 Batch Processing Systems	253	(1)
B.2 PARALLEL COMPUTING SYSTEM BASED ON WINDOWS	253	(1)
B.2.1 System Based on Windows	254	(1)
B.2.2 System Based on a Peer Network	254	(1)
B.3 USING AN EXISTING BEOWULF PC CLUSTER	254	(2)
REFERENCES	256	(1)
List of Notations	257	(2)
About the Authors	259	(2)
Index	261