Parasitology An Integrated Approach

by Gunn, Alan; Pitt, Sarah J.

• ISBN13: 9780470684245
• ISBN10: 0470684240
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-04-30
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Parasitology: An Integrated Approach, provides a concise, student-friendly account of parasites and parasite relationships that is supported by case studies and suggestions for student projects. The book focuses strongly on parasite interactions with other pathogens and in particular parasite-HIV interactions, as well as looking at how host behaviour contributes to the spread of infections. There is a consideration of the positive aspects of parasite infections, how humans have used parasites for their own advantage and also how parasite infections affect the welfare of captive and domestic animals. The emphasis of Parasitology is on recent research throughout and each chapter ends with a brief discussion of future developments. This text is not simply an updated version of typical parastitology books but takes an integrated approach and explains how the study of parasites requires an understanding of a wide range of other topics from molecular biology and immunology to the interactions of parasites with both their hosts and other pathogens.

Author Biography

Dr Alan Gunn, Senior Lecturer; Programme Leader: Biology and Zoology; School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University.

Dr Sarah Jane Pitt, Sussex Pathology Network Training Facilitator, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK; Also based at: Department of Pathology, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Animal associations	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Animal associations	p. 1
Symbiosis	p. 2
Commensalism	p. 5
Phoresis	p. 5
Mutualism	p. 6
Parasitism	p. 7
Intra-specific parasites	p. 8
Parasitoids	p. 9
The concept of harm	p. 10
Parasite hosts	p. 11
Protozoa and helminths as hosts	p. 11
Classes of hosts for parasites	p. 12
The co-evolution of parasites and their hosts	p. 13
Evolutionary relationships between host and parasite	p. 14
Parasites and the evolution of sexual reproduction	p. 15
Parasitism as a 'lifestyle': advantages and limitations	p. 16
Main advantages of a parasitic lifestyle	p. 17
Main limitations of a parasitic life style	p. 17
The economic cost of parasitic diseases	p. 18
Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of humans	p. 18
Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of domestic animals	p. 19
Estimating the costs of morbidity due to disease	p. 19
Economic consequences of parasitic diseases of wildlife	p. 20
Why parasitic diseases remain a problem	p. 21
Taxonomy	p. 24
The binomen system 25 Questions	p. 27
Parasitic protozoa, fungi and plants	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Parasitic protozoa	p. 28
Kingdom Protista	p. 28
Phylum Rhizopoda	p. 29
Genus Entamoeba	p. 29
Other species of pathogenic amoebae	p. 33
Phylum Metamonada	p. 34
Order Diplomonadida	p. 34
Order Trichomonadida	p. 37
Phylum Apicomplexa	p. 40
Genus Plasmodium	p. 42
Plasmodium life cycle	p. 43
Genus Theileria	p. 45
Genus Babesia	p. 46
Subclass Coccidiasina	p. 50
Suborder Eimeriorina	p. 50
Isospora group	p. 51
Genus Cyclospora	p. 52
Family Sarcocystidae	p. 53
Genus Toxoplasma	p. 54
Genus Neospora	p. 58
Family Cryptosporidiidae	p. 60
Phylum Kinetoplastida	p. 62
Genus Leishmania	p. 63
Leishmania life cycle	p. 66
Genus Trypanosoma	p. 70
Phylum Chlorophyta	p. 81
Genus Prototheca	p. 82
Kingdom fungi	p. 83
Microsporidia	p. 83
Kingdom plantae 85 Questions	p. 85
Helminth parasites	p. 86
Introduction: invertebrate taxonomy	p. 86
Phylum Platyhelminthes	p. 87
Class Trematoda	p. 87
Family Fasciolidae	p. 89
Family Cathaemasiidae: Genus Ribeiroia	p. 93
Family Dicrocoeliidae	p. 95
Family Opisthorchiformes	p. 96
Family Paragonomidae	p. 98
Family Schistosomatidae	p. 99
Class Cestoda	p. 103
Order Pseudophyllidea/Diphyllobothriidea	p. 103
Order Cyclophyllidea	p. 104
Family Taeniidae	p. 105
Family Anoplocephalidae	p. 110
Phylum Acanthocephala	p. 112
Phylum Nematoda (Nemata)	p. 114
Class Enoplea	p. 117
Class Rhabdita	p. 121
Family Onchocercidae	p. 129
Family Dracunculidae 132 Questions	p. 135
Arthropod parasites	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Phylum Chelicerata	p. 138
Family Demodicidae	p. 139
Family Sarcoptidae	p. 140
Family Psoroptidae	p. 143
Suborder Ixodida	p. 144
Family Argasidae	p. 145
Family Ixodidae	p. 146
Tick paralysis	p. 147
Phylum Crustacea	p. 148
Subclass Copepoda	p. 148
Infra-Class Cirripedia	p. 150
Subclass Branchiura	p. 150
Subclass Pentastomida - tongue worms	p. 151
Sub-phylum Hexapoda	p. 153
Order Phthiraptera (lice)	p. 155
Order Siphonaptera (fleas)	p. 159
Order Diptera (true flies)	p. 162
Suborder Nematocera	p. 162
Suborder Brachycera	p. 163
Family Calliphoridae	p. 166
Genus Chrysomya	p. 168
Genus Cochliomyia	p. 168
Genus Auchmeromyia	p. 169
Genus Cordylobia	p. 170
Family Sarcophagidae	p. 170
Family Oestridae	p. 171
Subfamily Gasterophilinae	p. 173
Subfamily Hypodermatinae	p. 174
Subfamily Cuterebrinae	p. 176
Family Streblidae	p. 177
Family Nycteribiidae 178 Questions	p. 178
Parasite transmission	p. 180
Introduction	p. 180
Contaminative transmission	p. 181
Transmission associated with reproduction	p. 184
Sexual transmission	p. 184
Transmission within the gametes	p. 187
Congenital transmission	p. 188
Autoinfection	p. 189
Nosocomial transmission	p. 190
Active parasite transmission	p. 191
Hosts and vectors	p. 192
Paratenic hosts	p. 192
Intermediate hosts	p. 193
Vectors	p. 194
Host factors	p. 196
Host identification	p. 196
The influence of host behaviour on parasite transmission	p. 197
Co-transmission and interactions between infectious agents	p. 199
How religion can influence parasite transmission	p. 202
The influence of war on parasite transmission	p. 204
The influence of parasites on host behaviour	p. 205
Environmental factors	p. 207
Natural environmental variables	p. 207
Pollution	p. 207
Global warming 209 Questions	p. 211
Immune reactions to parasitic infections	p. 212
Introduction	p. 212
Invertebrate immunity	p. 213
Vertebrate immunity	p. 215
Innate immunity	p. 215
Adaptive immunity	p. 218
Cell-mediated immunity	p. 220
Innate immunity to parasitic infection	p. 221
Physical factors	p. 221
Chemical and microbial factors	p. 222
The acute inflammatory response	p. 223
Cell-mediated immunity	p. 225
Adaptive immunity	p. 226
Avoiding the host immune response	p. 227
Depression of the immune system	p. 232
Immunity to malaria	p. 233
Schistosoma mansoni and Hepatitis C virus interactions	p. 237
HIV-AIDS and parasitic disease	p. 238
Parasites and the transmission of HIV	p. 239
Parasite-HIV co-infections	p. 240
Leishmania-HIV co-infections	p. 240
Malaria-HIV co-infections	p. 242
Toxoplasma-HIV co-infections	p. 243
Microsporidia-HIV co-infections 243 Questions	p. 243
Pathology	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Factors that influence pathogenesis	p. 245
Host factors that influence pathogenesis	p. 245
Parasite factors that influence pathogenesis	p. 246
Mechanisms by which parasites induce pathology	p. 247
Direct damage	p. 248
Indirect damage	p. 249
Types of pathology	p. 250
Abortion and obstetric pathology	p. 250
Anaemia	p. 251
Anorexia	p. 253
Apoptosis	p. 253
Calcification	p. 254
Cancer	p. 255
Castration	p. 257
Delusional parasitosis	p. 258
Diarrhoea	p. 258
Elephantiasis	p. 260
Fever	p. 261
Granulation and fibrosis	p. 262
Hyperplasia	p. 264
Hypertrophy	p. 265
Inflammation and ulceration	p. 265
Jaundice	p. 267
Metaplasia	p. 267
Pressure atrophy	p. 267
Psychological disturbance	p. 268
Damage to specific organs	p. 269
The bladder	p. 269
The brain	p. 270
The digestive system	p. 273
The genitalia	p. 276
The kidney	p. 277
The liver	p. 279
The lungs	p. 281
The skin	p. 284
The spleen	p. 288
Co-infections and pathogenesis 289 Questions	p. 290
The useful parasite	p. 292
Introduction: the goodness of parasites?	p. 292
The importance of parasites for the maintenance of a healthy immune system	p. 293
The hygiene hypothesis	p. 293
Type 1 diabetes mellitus	p. 294
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	p. 296
Inflammatory bowel disease	p. 297
The use of parasites to treat medical conditions	p. 297
Helminth therapy	p. 298
Larval therapy	p. 302
Leech therapy	p. 304
Malaria therapy (malariotherapy)	p. 305
Parasites as sources of novel pharmaceutically-active compounds	p. 308
Parasites as biological control agents	p. 309
Life cycle of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema	p. 310
Parasites as forensic indicators 312 Questions	p. 314
Identification of protozoan and helminth parasites	p. 316
Introduction	p. 316
The importance of correct identification	p. 316
Properties of an ideal diagnostic test	p. 318
Isolation of parasites	p. 320
Identification from gross morphology	p. 323
Morphological identification of Entamoeba	p. 325
Morphological identification of Plasmodium and Babesia	p. 326
Morphological identification of Taenia tapeworms	p. 327
Morphological identification of filarial nematode infections	p. 327
Biochemical techniques	p. 329
Immunological techniques	p. 329
Molecular techniques	p. 331
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)	p. 334
Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria	p. 335
Rapid diagnostic test for filariasis	p. 337
MALDI-TOF MS 337 Questions	p. 338
Parasite treatment and control	p. 339
Introduction	p. 339
Importance of understanding parasite life cycles for effective treatment and control	p. 339
Treatment of parasitic diseases	p. 341
The ideal antiparasitic drug	p. 341
Pharmaceutical drugs	p. 345
DNA/RNA technology	p. 347
Molecular chaperones (heat shock proteins)	p. 349
Nanotechnology	p. 350
Quantum dots	p. 352
Natural remedies	p. 353
Homeopathy	p. 355
Vaccines against parasitic diseases	p. 356
Attenuated vaccines	p. 358
Killed vaccines	p. 359
Recombinant vaccines	p. 359
Toxoid vaccines	p. 360
DNA vaccines	p. 361
Vaccine administration	p. 362
Control of parasitic diseases	p. 362
Eradication, elimination and control of parasitic diseases	p. 362
Education	p. 364
Environmental modification and cultural control	p. 365
Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS technology	p. 368
Treating the individual or the population	p. 369
Piggy-backing control programmes	p. 370
Disruptions to control programmes	p. 371
Role of governments, foundations, and aid organisations	p. 371
Questions	p. 373
References	p. 375
Index	p. 431
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