Particle Physics And Cosmology: The Quest For Physics Beyond The Standard Model(s) : Tasi 2002 Boulder, Colorado, USA3 2- 28 June 2002

by Haber, Howard E.

• ISBN13: 9789812388926
• ISBN10: 9812388923
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-01
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

This book contains the lecture courses conducted at the School of the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI, Colorado, USA) on Elementary Particle Physics in 2002. In this School, three series of lectures are presented in parallel in the area of phenomenology, TeV-scale physics, and astroparticles physics. The phenomenology lecture series covered a broad spectrum of standard research techniques used to interpret present day and future collider data. The TeV-scale physics lecture series focused on modern speculations about physics beyond the Standard Model, with an emphasis on supersymmetry and extra-dimensional theories. The lecture series on astroparticle physics treated recent developments in theories of dark matter and dark energy, the cosmic microwave background, and prospects for the upcoming era of gravitational wave astronomy.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Lecturers, local organizing committee and directors	ix
Student seminars	xii
PART I: Phenomenology Lecture Series
Neutrinos	5	(46)
Yuval Grossman
Introduction	6	(1)
Neutrino masses	7	(7)
Fermion masses	7	(2)
Neutrino masses in the SM	9	(1)
Neutrino masses beyond the SM	10	(3)
Neutrino mixing	13	(1)
Methods for probing neutrino masses	14	(9)
Kinematic tests	15	(1)
Neutrinoless double β decay	15	(1)
Neutrino vacuum oscillation	16	(2)
Matter effects	18	(1)
Non-uniform density	19	(3)
Neutrino oscillation experiments	22	(1)
Solar neutrinos	23	(9)
Solar neutrinos production	23	(1)
Solar neutrinos propagation	24	(1)
Solar neutrinos detections	25	(1)
Chlorine: Homestake	26	(1)
Gallium: Sage, Gallex and GNO	27	(1)
Water Cerenkov: Kamiokande and SuperKamiokande	27	(1)
Heavy Water: SNO	28	(1)
Solar neutrinos: fits	29	(3)
Atmospheric neutrinos	32	(3)
Atmospheric neutrino production	32	(1)
Atmospheric neutrino propagation	32	(1)
Atmospheric neutrino detection	33	(1)
Atmospheric neutrino data	33	(2)
The atmospheric neutrino problem	35	(1)
Terrestrial neutrinos	35	(3)
K2K	36	(1)
KamLand	36	(1)
LSND	37	(1)
Theoretical implications	38	(4)
Two neutrino mixing	38	(2)
Three neutrino mixing	40	(1)
Four neutrino mixing	41	(1)
Models for neutrino masses	42	(3)
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs)	42	(1)
Flavor physics	43	(2)
Conclusions	45	(6)
Precision Electroweak Physics	51	(50)
Konstantin Matchev
Preliminary Remarks	53	(2)
What is it all about?	53	(1)
Useful references for further reading	54	(1)
The Tools of the Trade	55	(6)
Theory	55	(2)
Fundamental parameters, input parameters and observables	57	(1)
Experimental facilities	58	(3)
Precision Measurements at the Z Pole	61	(6)
Z resonance parameters	63	(1)
Branching ratios and partial widths	63	(2)
Unpolarized forward-backward asymmetry	65	(1)
Left-right asymmetry	66	(1)
Left-right forward-backward asymmetry	66	(1)
Tau polarization	66	(1)
Precision Measurements at LEP-II	67	(4)
Precision Measurements at the Tevatron	71	(3)
Top mass measurement	71	(2)
W mass measurement	73	(1)
Theoretical Interpretation of the Precision Electroweak Data	74	(16)
Testing the Standard Model	76	(1)
Fixed parameters	77	(1)
Floating parameters	78	(1)
Comparing the values for the electroweak observables	79	(1)
The Higgs mass prediction	80	(1)
Impact of the MW measurement on mh	80	(6)
Impact of the asymmetry measurements on mh	86	(3)
A Higgs puzzle?	89	(1)
Testing for New Physics	90	(4)
S, T, U parameters	92	(1)
Constraining new physics scenarios	92	(2)
Concluding Remarks	94	(7)
Effective Field Theories	101	(92)
Ira Z. Rothstein
Lecture I: The Big Picture	105	(30)
A Toy Model	105	(10)
Matching On or Off the Mass Shell?	115	(1)
Non-Decoupling and Wess-Zumino Terms	116	(4)
Types of EFTs	120	(1)
EFT and Summing Logs	121	(4)
Heavy Quark Effective Theory	125	(3)
The Method of Regions	128	(2)
A Caveat About Scaleless Integrals	130	(1)
Power Counting	131	(1)
The End of Our Calculation	131	(1)
EFT and MS	132	(1)
The Force Law in Gauge Theories	133	(2)
Lecture II: Non-Relativistic Effective Theories	135	(27)
The Relevant Scales and the Free Action	135	(3)
Interactions	138	(1)
The Multipole Expansion and Ultra-Soft Modes	139	(3)
Soft Modes	142	(3)
Calculating Loops in NRQCD	145	(2)
Matching at Sublcading Orders in v	147	(2)
Matching at Subleading Orders in α	149	(4)
Summing Logs: The Velocity Renormalization Group (VRG)	153	(4)
The Lamb Shift in QED	157	(3)
States in the Effective Theory	160	(1)
Summary	161	(1)
Lecture III: Effective Theories and Extra Dimensions	162	(31)
UV Fixed Points: A Theory Can Be More Than Effective	163	(2)
Naive Dimensional Analysis	165	(1)
The Force Law in d Dimensional Yang Mills Theory	166	(4)
Grand Unification	170	(3)
Orbifolding	173	(4)
Classical Divergences as UV Ignorance	177	(1)
Effective Field Theory in Curved Space	178	(3)
Unification in AdS5	181	(12)
Bottom Quark Physics and the Heavy Quark Expansion	193	(52)
Michael Luke
Introduction	194	(1)
Precision Measurements and Flavour Physics	194	(9)
b Quarks as Probes of New Physics	198	(5)
From Quarks to Hadrons	203	(24)
Effective Field Theory	207	(1)
mW > μ > mb: Four-Fermi Theory Generalized	208	(5)
Semileptonic decay	213	(1)
Nonleptonic b → c decay	214	(1)
b → sγ decay	214	(2)
μ < mb: HQET	216	(5)
Inclusive Decays and the OPE	221	(6)
Applications	227	(12)
Inclusive Decays: Corrections to the Parton Model	227	(1)
Total decay widths	228	(1)
Differential widths and spectra	229	(2)
Vub and the shape function	231	(3)
Exclusive Decays and Symmetries	234	(1)
B → D*lv and Vcb	234	(3)
B → J/ψ Ks and sin 2β	237	(2)
Conclusions	239	(6)
The Top Quark, QCD and New Physics	245	(58)
Sally Dawson
Introduction	246	(1)
Who Needs a Top Quark?	247	(6)
Anomaly Cancellation	248	(1)
b Quark Properties	249	(2)
Precision Measurements	251	(2)
Top Quark Properties	253	(14)
Hadronic Production	253	(5)
Weak Interactions of Top	258	(1)
Top Quark Decay	259	(2)
W Helicity in Top Quark Decay	261	(2)
Top Production and Decay	263	(1)
Single Top Production	264	(1)
Measurements of Mt	264	(2)
Top Spin Correlations	266	(1)
The Top Quark as a QCD Laboratory	267	(18)
NLO QCD Corrections to e+e → tt	267	(2)
O (αs) Corrections to e+e → tt	269	(2)
Real Contributions	271	(4)
Threshold Scan in e+e → tt	275	(2)
tth Production in e+e and pp Collisions	277	(1)
tth at an e+e- Collider	278	(2)
pp → tth at NLO	280	(1)
Collinear Singularities and Phase Space Slicing	281	(2)
Mass Factorization	283	(2)
Heavy Top as Inspiration for Model Builders	285	(11)
EWSB and the Top Quark Mass	286	(3)
Supersymmetry and the Top Quark	289	(2)
mSUGRA	291	(3)
Charged Higgs Decays	294	(1)
The Top Squark	295	(1)
The Top Quark and Dynamical Symmetry Breaking	295	(1)
Conclusions	296	(7)
Tevatron Physics	303	(40)
John Womersley
PART II: TeV-Scale Physics Lecture Series
Non-perturbative Supersymmetry	343	(104)
John Terning
Holomorphy	345	(7)
Non-Renormalization Theorems	345	(2)
Wavefunction Renormalization	347	(1)
Integrating Out	347	(2)
The Holomorphic Gauge Coupling	349	(3)
Review of Anomalies and Instantons	352	(9)
Anomalies in the Path Integral	353	(3)
Gauge Anomalies	356	(2)
Review of Instantons	358	(1)
Instantons in Broken Gauge Theories	359	(2)
Gaugino Condensation	361	(2)
The Affleck-Dine-Seiberg Superpotential	363	(11)
Symmetry and Holomorphy	363	(3)
Consistency of WADS: Moduli Space	366	(2)
Consistency of WADS: Mass Perturbations	368	(3)
Generating WADS from Instantons	371	(2)
Generating WADS from Gaugino Condensation	373	(1)
Vacuum Structure	374	(1)
't Hooft's Anomaly Matching	374	(1)
Duality for SUSY QCD	375	(19)
The Classical Moduli Space for F ≥ N	376	(3)
The Quantum Moduli Space for F ≥ N	379	(1)
Infrared Fixed Points	380	(3)
An Aside on Superconformal Symmetry	383	(5)
Duality	388	(4)
Integrating out a flavor	392	(1)
Consistency	393	(1)
Confinement in SUSY QCD	394	(6)
F = N: Confinement with Chiral Symmetry Breaking	394	(3)
F = N: Consistency Checks	397	(3)
S-Confinement in SUSY QCD	400	(7)
F = N + 1: Confinement without Chiral Symmetry Breaking	400	(3)
Connection to theories with F > N + 1	403	(4)
Duality for SO(N)	407	(5)
The SO(N) Theories and Their Classical Moduli Spaces	407	(2)
The Dynamical Superpotential for F < N - 2	409	(1)
Duality	409	(1)
Some Special Cases	410	(2)
Sp(2N) and Chiral Theories	412	(2)
Duality for Sp(2N)	412	(2)
Why Chiral Gauge Theories are Interesting	414	(1)
S-Confinement	414	(3)
Deconfinement	417	(2)
Gauge Mediation	419	(6)
Messengers of SUSY breaking	419	(2)
RG Calculation of Soft Masses	421	(2)
Gauge Mediation and the μ Problem	423	(2)
Dynamical SUSY Breaking	425	(22)
A Rule of Thumb for SUSY Breaking	425	(1)
The 3-2 Model	425	(3)
The SU(5) Model	428	(2)
SUSY Breaking and Deformed Moduli Spaces	430	(2)
SUSY Breaking from Baryon Runaways	432	(3)
Direct Gauge Mediation	435	(2)
Single Sector Models	437	(10)
New Directions for New Dimensions: Kaluza-Klein Theory, Large Extra Dimensions and the Brane World	447	(102)
Keith R. Dienes
Extra spacetime dimensions: General properties and bounds	451	(30)
Original Kaluza-Klein idea	451	(4)
The compactification procedure: Mode expansions, Kaluza-Klein reductions, and low-energy signatures	455	(7)
Orbifold compactifications	462	(4)
Types of extra dimensions	466	(6)
Bounds on extra dimensions	472	(6)
Embedding 4D theories into extra dimensions	478	(3)
Large extra dimensions and the brane world	481	(22)
The Standard Paradigm for physics beyond the Standard Model: A quick review	482	(4)
Extra dimensions: Lowering the GUT scale	486	(5)
Extra dimensions: Lowering the Planck scale	491	(6)
Extra dimensions: Lowering the string scale	497	(1)
Extra dimensions: A unified picture for physics beyond the Standard Model?	498	(4)
Open questions	502	(1)
Extra dimensions in action: Applications to particle phenomenology	503	(21)
Proton decay	504	(4)
The fermion mass hierarchy	508	(3)
Neutrino oscillations	511	(8)
QCD axion phenomenology	519	(5)
Beyond the simple pictures: Lessons and warnings	524	(25)
Shape, not just volume	524	(10)
Strings, not just effective field theories	534	(8)
Curved, not just flat	542	(7)
New Ideas in Symmetry Breaking	549	(56)
Mariano Quiros
Introduction	550	(1)
Extra Dimensions and Symmetry Breaking	551	(9)
Compactification	552	(1)
Scherk-Schwarz mechanism	553	(2)
Orbifolds	555	(1)
Scherk-Schwarz in Orbifolds	556	(2)
Scherk-Schwarz as Hosotani breaking	558	(2)
Supersymmetry Breaking	560	(20)
Supersymmetry breaking by orbifolding	562	(1)
Vector multiplets	562	(3)
Hypermultiplets	565	(1)
Supersymmetry breaking by Scherk-Schwarz compactification	566	(1)
Bulk breaking	567	(3)
Brane breaking	570	(3)
Supersymmetry breaking by Hosotani mechanism	573	(3)
Super-Higgs effect	576	(1)
Radiative determination of the Scherk-Schwarz parameter	577	(1)
Brane assisted Scherk-Schwarz supersymmetry breaking	578	(2)
Gauge Symmetry Breaking	580	(25)
Gauge breaking by orbifolding	581	(2)
Rank preserving orbifold breaking	583	(3)
Rank lowering	586	(2)
Gauge breaking by the Hosotani mechanism	588	(4)
Top assisted electroweak breaking	592	(13)
Extra Dimensions and Branes	605	(98)
Csaba Csaki
Introduction	606	(1)
Large Extra Dimensions	607	(20)
Matching the higher dimensional theory to the 4D effective theory	608	(5)
What is a brane and how to write an effective theory for it?	613	(4)
Coupling of SM fields to the various graviton components	617	(6)
Phenomenology with large extra dimensions	623	(4)
Various Models with Flat Extra Dimensions	627	(25)
Split fermions, proton decay and flavor hierarchy	628	(5)
Mediation of supersymmetry breaking via extra dimensions (gaugino mediation)	633	(8)
Symmetry breaking via orbifolds	641	(11)
Warped Extra Dimensions	652	(18)
The Randall-Sundrum background	652	(7)
Gravity in the RS model	659	(6)
Intersecting branes, hierarchies with infinite extra dimensions	665	(5)
Phenomenology of Warped Extra Dimensions	670	(20)
The graviton spectrum and coupling in RS1	670	(3)
Radius stabilization	673	(9)
Localization of scalars and quasi-localization	682	(2)
SM Gauge fields in the bulk of RS1	684	(3)
AdS/CFT	687	(3)
Epilogue	690	(13)
PART III: Astroparticle Physics Lecture Series
Introduction to Cosmology	703	(94)
Mark Trodden
Sean M. Carroll
Introduction	705	(1)
Fundamentals of the Standard Cosmology	706	(13)
Homogeneity and Isotropy: The Robertson-Walker Metric	706	(3)
Dynamics: The Friedmann Equations	709	(5)
Flat Universes	714	(1)
Including Curvature	714	(2)
Horizons	716	(2)
Geometry, Destiny and Dark Energy	718	(1)
Our Universe Today and Dark Energy	719	(22)
Matter: Ordinary and Dark	719	(3)
Supernovae and the Accelerating Universe	722	(3)
The Cosmic Microwave Background	725	(5)
The Cosmological Constant Problem(s)	730	(6)
Dark Energy, or Worse?	736	(5)
Early Times in the Standard Cosmology	741	(30)
Describing Matter	742	(1)
Particles in Equilibrium	743	(5)
Thermal Relics	748	(2)
Vacuum displacement	750	(1)
Primordial Nucleosynthesis	751	(2)
Finite Temperature Phase Transitions	753	(3)
Topological Defects	756	(7)
Baryogenesis	763	(2)
Baryon Number Violation	765	(1)
B-violation in Grand Unified Theories	765	(1)
B-violation in the Electroweak Theory	765	(2)
CP Violation	767	(1)
Departure from Thermal Equilibrium	768	(1)
Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis	769	(1)
Affeck-Dine Baryogenesis	770	(1)
Inflation	771	(26)
The Flatness Problem	771	(1)
The Horizon Problem	772	(2)
Unwanted Relics	774	(1)
The General Idea of Inflation	775	(1)
Slowly-Rolling Scalar Fields	775	(3)
Attractor Solutions in Inflation	778	(1)
Solving the Problems of the Standard Cosmology	779	(1)
Vacuum Fluctuations and Perturbations	780	(3)
Reheating and Preheating	783	(1)
The Beginnings of Inflation	784	(13)
Dark Matter	797	(58)
Keith A. Olive
Lecture 1	798	(11)
Observational Evidence	799	(6)
Theory	805	(4)
Lecture 2	809	(17)
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis	809	(1)
Theory	809	(3)
Abundances	812	(2)
Candidates	814	(1)
Baryons	814	(5)
Neutrinos	819	(6)
Axions	825	(1)
Lecture 3: Supersymmetric Dark Matter	826	(29)
Parameters	827	(2)
Neutralinos	829	(1)
The Relic Density	830	(2)
Phenomenological and Cosmological Constraints	832	(7)
Detection	839	(16)
Gravitational Waves from the Early Universe	855
Alessandra Buonanno
Overview of gravitational-wave research	856	(1)
Key ideas underlying GW detectors	857	(1)
Production of relic gravitational waves: general features	858	(1)
Gravitational-wave spectrum	858	(3)
When gravitons decoupled: thermal spectrum?	861	(2)
Gravitational waves produced by casual mechanisms: typical frequencies	863	(1)
Phenomenological bounds	863	(1)
Big-bang nucleosynthesis bound	863	(1)
COBE bound	864	(1)
msec pulsar bound	865
Amplification of quantum vacuum fluctuations	865	(4)
Standard inflation	869	(1)
de Sitter inflation	870	(1)
Slow-roll inflation	871	(3)
Superstring-motivated cosmology	874	(1)
Pre--big-bang scenario	874	(3)
Bouncing-Universe scenarios	877	(2)
Non-standard equations of state in post--big-bang eras	879	(1)
Gravitational waves from cosmic strings	880	(1)
Gravitational waves from other mechanisms occurring in early Universe	881	(3)
Gravitational waves in brane world scenarios	884	(2)
Extraction of cosmological parameters from detection of GWs	886	(1)
Summary	887