Pediatric Neurology: A Color Handbook

by Bale Jr.; James F.

• ISBN13: 9781840761344
• ISBN10: 1840761342
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2011-12-15
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The past 40 years have seen remarkable advances in pediatric neurology and in many interfacing disciplines, especially medical imaging, genetics and infectious diseases. Yet the fundamentals of neurological examination and history remain essential in the accurate diagnosis of conditions affecting the child's nervous system. This book begins with a detailed discussion of neurological examination techniques. It covers the basic formulation of differential diagnoses and management using neuroradiology, electrophysiology, genetic and metabolic testing, including sampling cerebrospinal fluids, which is essential in the diagnosis and management of infectious conditions. This second section follows a problem-based approach that takes into account how diseases present in the real world. It employs practical, symptom- and sign-based strategies for virtually all conditions encountered by the practitioner. Throughout the authors emphasize patterns of disease and how recognizing them can be the first step to successful management of a child with a neurological problem. The text concludes with a detailed discussion of neurological emergencies, keeping in mind that such conditions often present first to someone other than to a pediatric neurologist. The book will be of interest to pediatric neurologists, pediatricians, primary care physicians, and emergency physicians in training and practice.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. 5
Core Concepts
The pediatric neurological examination	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
What is the lesion?	p. 10
Where is the lesion?	p. 11
Adaptation of the neurological examination to the child	p. 12
Mental status: examining the cortex	p. 13
Cranial nerves	p. 16
Coordination	p. 24
Sensory examination	p. 26
Motor examination	p. 26
Conclusions	p. 32
Neuroimaging	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Patient safety and preparation for imaging	p. 34
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	p. 34
Computed tomography (CT)	p. 39
Cranial ultrasound imaging	p. 40
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)	p. 40
Nuclear medicine brain imaging	p. 41
Catheter angiography	p. 42
Electrophysiological evaluation of Infants, children, and adolescents	p. 43
Introduction	p. 44
Electroencephalography	p. 44
Recognizable EEG abnormalities in children	p. 50
Video-EEG monitoring	p. 55
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials	p. 55
Visual evoked potentials	p. 55
Electromyography and nerve conduction studies	p. 56
Polysomnography	p. 57
Electronystagmography and balance testing	p. 58
Electroretinography	p. 58
Cerebrospinal fluid	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
CSF production	p. 60
CSF pressure	p. 60
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)	p. 60
CSF content	p. 63
Specialized diagnostic testing of CSF samples	p. 64
Genetic evaluation	p. 67
Introduction	p. 68
Human genetics: a primer	p. 69
Diagnostic tools	p. 72
Future directions	p. 74
Newborn screening and metabolic testing	p. 75
Newborn screening	p. 76
Abnormal results on a newborn screen	p. 76
Inborn errors of metabolism	p. 76
Inborn errors in newborns	p. 77
Laboratory screening	p. 77
Imaging	p. 78
Later clinical presentations	p. 80
A Problem-Based Approach to Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Disorders of development	p. 83
Introduction	p. 84
Motor delay	p. 84
Global developmental delay	p. 88
Developmental regression	p. 88
Management of developmental delay	p. 88
Disorders of behavior and cognition	p. 91
Introduction	p. 92
Disorders of attention	p. 92
Neurobehavioral toxicity of antiepileptic drugs	p. 92
Disorders of cognition	p. 94
Learning disability	p. 96
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and related conditions	p. 97
Organic brain disorders of childhood	p. 98
Conversion disorders	p. 99
Disorders of language and hearing	p. 101
Introduction	p. 102
Language disorders	p. 102
Epileptic causes	p. 105
Other causes	p. 105
Hearing disorders	p. 110
Conditions associated with hearing loss	p. 112
Disorders of head size and shape	p. 115
Introduction	p. 116
Macrocephaly	p. 118
Microcephaly	p. 122
Misshapen heads	p. 126
Disorders of cranial nerves	p. 131
Introduction	p. 132
Cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)	p. 132
Cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve)	p. 133
Cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor nerve)	p. 140
Cranial nerve 4 (trochlear nerve)	p. 143
Cranial nerve 5 (trigeminal nerve)	p. 143
Cranial nerve 6 (abducens nerve)	p. 144
Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)	p. 145
Cranial nerve 8 (acoustic nerve)	p. 147
Cranial nerves 9 and 10 (glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves)	p. 148
Cranial nerve 11 (spinal accessory nerve)	p. 149
Cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal nerve)	p. 149
Disorders of peripheral nerves	p. 151
Introduction	p. 152
Neonatal brachial plexopathy	p. 152
Brachial plexopathy of children or adolescents	p. 154
Lumbosacral plexopathy	p. 154
Sacral neuropathy	p. 155
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy	p. 156
Guillain-Barré syndrome	p. 158
Complex regional pain syndrome	p. 159
Inherited peripheral neuropathy	p. 160
Critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy	p. 160
Miscellaneous causes of peripheral neuropathy	p. 160
Disorders of gait and balance	p. 161
Introduction	p. 162
Evaluation	p. 162
Patterns of presentation	p. 166
Disorders of sleep	p. 173
Introduction	p. 174
Normal sleep of infants, children, and adolescents	p. 174
Common sleep disorders	p. 177
Parasomnias	p. 178
Neonatal sleep myoclonus	p. 179
Narcolepsy	p. 180
Delayed sleep-phase syndrome	p. 180
Advanced sleep-phase syndrome	p. 180
Disorders of the newborn	p. 181
Introduction	p. 182
Assessing the neonate	p. 182
Neuroimaging of the newborn	p. 184
EEG in the newborn	p. 186
EMG in the newborn	p. 186
Specific conditions	p. 187
Acute focal deficits	p. 199
Introduction	p. 200
Acute arm or leg weakness	p. 200
Acute facial weakness	p. 204
Acute visual loss	p. 205
Acute double vision (diplopia)	p. 206
The dysmorphic child	p. 209
Introduction	p. 210
The hypotonic infant	p. 212
The neonate with encephalopathy or seizures	p. 215
The child with seizures	p. 219
The child with language impairment	p. 222
The child with global developmental delay	p. 223
The child with deafness	p. 227
The child with a stroke	p. 227
The child with neurological signs or symptoms and birth marks	p. 228
The infant with a neural tube defect	p. 238
Headaches	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Migraine	p. 242
Migraine variants	p. 245
Chronic daily headaches	p. 245
Other headache syndromes	p. 246
Hypotonia and weakness	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
The hypotonic infant	p. 254
Selected disorders in infants	p. 256
Weakness in children and adolescents	p. 261
Selected disorders in children and adolescents	p. 262
Infections of the nervous system	p. 269
Introduction	p. 270
Bacterial meningitis	p. 270
Viral meningitis	p. 275
Congenital infection	p. 280
Lyme disease	p. 284
Cat-scratch disease	p. 285
Neurocysticercosis	p. 285
Cerebral malaria	p. 286
HIV/AIDS	p. 288
Movement disorders	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Stereotypy	p. 292
Tremor	p. 293
Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome	p. 294
Chorea	p. 296
Dystonia	p. 298
Myoclonus	p. 299
Hypokinetic movement disorders in childhood	p. 299
Seizures and other paroxysmal disorders	p. 301
Introduction	p. 302
Cardiac arrhythmia	p. 302
Nonepileptic events	p. 304
Seizures and epilepsy	p. 306
Specific seizure types and pediatric epilepsy syndromes	p. 306
Management of seizures	p. 310
Management of children with epilepsy	p. 312
Pediatric neurological emergencies	p. 313
Introduction	p. 314
Seizures	p. 314
Status epilepticus	p. 314
Alterations of consciousness	p. 317
Acute CNS injury	p. 322
Acute neuromuscular weakness	p. 329
Acute poisonings	p. 330
Hypertensive encephalopathy	p. 332
Abbreviations	p. 333
Further reading and bibliography	p. 335
Index	p. 342
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.