Pediatric Nursing : Caring for Children and Their Families

by Potts,Nicki L.

• ISBN13: 9781401897116
• ISBN10: 1401897118
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-14
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children and Their Families, Second Edition, is a dynamic and insightful presentation of caring for pediatric clients. The authors embrace a holistic and family-centered approach to the care and nurturing of children in all states along the health-illness continuum, from healthy growth and development milestones to illness states and chronic conditions. All nursing care is framed within a family context, underscoring the need to view the child not just as an individual, but as a member of a larger family unit. General nursing skills such as assessment, communication, and health promotion are presented within the pediatric framework, so nurses can approach children and their families with an authentic understanding of their conditions and needs.

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xv
Reviewers	p. xviii
Preface	p. xix
Acknowledgments	p. xxiv
About the Authors	p. xxv
How to Use This Text	p. xxvi
How to Use Studyware	p. xxxi
Pediatric Nursing in a Changing Society	p. 1
Overview of Pediatric Nursing	p. 3
Societal Trends Impacting Children	p. 4
Current Status of Children's Health	p. 9
Perspectives on Pediatric Nursing	p. 12
Standards of Care and Standards of Professional Performance	p. 19
Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century	p. 19
Legal and Ethical Issues	p. 25
Legal Considerations	p. 26
Informed Consent and Assent for Health Care	p. 26
Obtaining Informed Consent Under Special Circumstances	p. 28
Confidentiality	p. 29
Malpractice in the Pediatric Setting	p. 31
Legal Resources for Pediatric Nurses	p. 33
Concepts of Ethics	p. 34
Ethical Theories	p. 34
Ethical Principles	p. 35
Professional Codes of Ethics	p. 35
The Ethical Decision-Making Process	p. 36
Ethical Dilemmas	p. 36
Ethics Committees	p. 42
Future Implications for Pediatric Nursing	p. 43
The Child in Context of the Family	p. 49
Definition of the Family	p. 50
Theoretical Foundations of Family Nursing	p. 50
Family Assessment	p. 57
Family Structure	p. 61
Cultural Influences on the Family	p. 65
Parenting	p. 66
Special Parenting Situations	p. 70
Implications for Nursing	p. 77
Community and Home Health Nursing	p. 85
Community Health Nursing	p. 86
Home Health Nursing	p. 93
School Nursing	p. 109
History of School Nursing	p. 110
School Health Services	p. 112
Health Education and Promotion	p. 119
Psychological Services	p. 127
School Health Services Model	p. 128
School Nursing Today	p. 128
Growth and Development of Children	p. 139
Theoretical Approaches to the Growth and Development of Children	p. 141
Growth, Maturation, and Development	p. 142
Principles of Growth and Development	p. 142
Issues of Human Development	p. 144
Theories of Human Development	p. 146
Growth and Development of the Newborn	p. 171
Extrauterine Transition	p. 172
Physiological Development	p. 173
Psychosexual Development	p. 184
Cognitive Development	p. 185
Psychosocial Development	p. 185
Health Promotion and Maintenance	p. 186
Anticipatory Guidance	p. 186
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention	p. 190
Nurse's Role in Fostering Healthy Newborns	p. 190
The High-Risk Newborn	p. 192
Care of the High-Risk Newborn	p. 197
Growth and Development of the Infant	p. 201
Physiological Development	p. 202
Psychosexual Development	p. 205
Psychosocial Development	p. 205
Cognitive Development	p. 208
Health Promotion	p. 208
Growth and Development of the Toddler	p. 239
Physiological Development	p. 240
Psychosexual Development	p. 242
Psychosocial Development	p. 243
Cognitive Development	p. 244
Moral Development	p. 245
Health Promotion	p. 247
Nursing Management	p. 262
Growth and Development of the Preschooler	p. 267
Physiological Development	p. 268
Psychosexual Development	p. 269
Psychosocial Development	p. 271
Cognitive Development	p. 273
Moral and Spiritual Development	p. 275
Health Promotion	p. 275
Dental Health	p. 280
Safety and Injury Prevention	p. 280
Health Screenings	p. 281
Preparation for School	p. 282
Discipline and Limit Setting	p. 283
Growth and Development of the School-Age Child	p. 287
Physiological Development	p. 288
Psychosexual Development	p. 290
Psychosocial Development	p. 290
Cognitive Development	p. 291
Moral Development	p. 292
Health Promotion and Maintenance	p. 293
Nurse's Role in Fostering Healthy School-Age Children	p. 304
Growth and Development of the Adolescent	p. 309
Physiological Development	p. 310
Psychosexual Development	p. 315
Psychosocial Development	p. 317
Cognitive Development	p. 320
Moral Development	p. 323
Adolescents in Context	p. 324
Health Promotion	p. 337
Unique Considerations in Children	p. 357
Child and Family Communication	p. 359
The Communication Process	p. 360
Nonverbal Communication	p. 360
Nurse, Child, and Family Communication	p. 362
Developmental Factors Affecting Communication	p. 368
Cultural Impact on Communication	p. 372
Communicating with Children with Special Needs	p. 375
Pediatric Assessment	p. 381
Physical Growth	p. 381
Health History	p. 381
Nutritional Assessment	p. 383
Developmental Assessment	p. 387
Infectious Diseases	p. 415
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 416
Developmental Stages and the Risk of Infection	p. 417
Infectious Diseases in Day Care and School Settings	p. 420
Immunizations	p. 421
Nursing Management	p. 425
Future Directions	p. 441
Care of Children Who are Hospitalized	p. 451
History and Trends in Pediatrics and Pediatric Nursing	p. 452
Experiences of Children in Hospitals and Their Responses	p. 454
Alleviating the Anxieties of Children	p. 456
Major Factors in Support of Coping During Illness and Hospitalization	p. 456
Preparation of Children and Families for Hospitalization	p. 464
Care of Children During Admission to a Hospital	p. 464
Preparation of Children for Surgery	p. 465
Facilitating Coping with Experiences of Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures	p. 467
Considerations for Communicating with Children and Families	p. 469
Nursing Care and Guidance of Infants	p. 470
Nursing Care and Guidance of Toddlers	p. 471
Nursing Care and Guidance of Preschool Children	p. 473
Nursing Care and Guidance of School-Age Children	p. 475
Nursing Care and Guidance of Adolescents	p. 478
Expectations and Needs of Caregivers During Hospitalization of Children	p. 480
Children with Chronic Illness	p. 480
Emergency Care	p. 481
Pediatric Intensive Care Units	p. 481
Home Care	p. 481
Discharge and the After Effects of Hospitalization	p. 483
Preparation for Clinical Nursing in the Care of Children and Their Families	p. 483
Challenges in the Care of Children Who Are Hospitalized	p. 484
Chronic Conditions	p. 497
Dimensions of Childhood Chronic Conditions	p. 498
Living with Chronic Conditions	p. 499
Cultural Issues	p. 512
Societal Issues	p. 512
Nursing Management of Children with Chronic Conditions	p. 514
Pain Management	p. 521
Pain Physiology	p. 522
Gate Control Theory	p. 523
Pediatric Pain Research	p. 523
Child Development and Pain	p. 524
Pain Assessment	p. 526
Management of Acute Pain	p. 531
Chronic Pain	p. 539
Home Care of the Child in Pain	p. 541
Medication Administration	p. 547
Physiological Considerations	p. 548
Developmental Considerations	p. 550
Medication Administration	p. 551
Loss and Bereavement	p. 565
Situations Leading to Loss	p. 566
Children's Awareness of Death	p. 567
Grief and Bereavement	p. 568
Understanding How Children React to Loss	p. 570
Children's Responses to Death	p. 571
Disasters or Traumatic Events	p. 573
Reactions of Family to a Child with a Life-Threatening or Terminal Illness	p. 576
Decisions About Hospice	p. 578
Organ and Tissue Donation	p. 579
Autopsy	p. 579
Care for Nurses Working with Terminally Ill Children	p. 579
The Nurse and Terminally Ill Child	p. 580
Alterations in Nutrition and Elimination	p. 585
Fluid and Electrolyte Alterations	p. 587
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 588
Electrolyte Imbalances	p. 589
Acid-Base Balance and Imbalance	p. 591
Dehydration	p. 595
Acute Gastroenteritis	p. 599
Edema	p. 604
Burns	p. 605
Genitourinary Alterations	p. 623
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 624
Urinary Tract Infection	p. 625
Enuresis	p. 630
Structural Defects	p. 634
Acute Glomerulonephritis	p. 640
Nephrotic Syndrome	p. 641
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	p. 647
Renal Failure	p. 649
Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex	p. 654
Gastrointestinal Alterations	p. 661
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 662
Upper Gastrointestinal Alterations	p. 663
Lower Gastrointestinal Alterations	p. 673
Alterations in Motility	p. 677
Inflammatory Disorders	p. 681
Malabsorption Alterations	p. 691
Poisoning	p. 693
Lead Poisoning	p. 695
Hepatic Alterations	p. 695
Additional Gastrointestinal Disorders	p. 698
Alterations in Oxygen Transport	p. 705
Respiratory Alterations	p. 707
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 708
The Child with Respiratory Difficulty	p. 709
Common Acute Respiratory Alterations	p. 710
Common Chronic Respiratory Alterations	p. 723
Less Common Respiratory Alterations	p. 737
Additional Respiratory Alterations	p. 746
Prevention of Respiratory Alterations	p. 748
Cardiovascular Alterations	p. 753
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 754
Assessment of the Child with a Cardiovascular Alteration	p. 757
Congestive Heart Failure	p. 764
Congenital Heart Defects	p. 771
Acquired Heart Disease	p. 792
Hypertension	p. 798
Heart Transplantation	p. 800
Cardiac Arrhythmias	p. 802
Shock	p. 805
Psychosocial Issues for Children with Heart Disease	p. 809
Hematological Alterations	p. 817
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 818
Anemia	p. 819
Disorders of Coagulation	p. 836
Alterations in Protective Mechanisms	p. 853
Immunologic Alterations	p. 855
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 856
Rheumatological Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases	p. 857
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	p. 866
Allergic Reactions to Drugs	p. 876
Endocrine Alterations	p. 883
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 884
Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary	p. 886
Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary	p. 892
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland	p. 893
Disorders of the Adrenal Gland	p. 898
Disorders of the Pancreas	p. 900
Additional Endocrine Disorders	p. 914
Cellular Alterations	p. 919
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 919
Treatment Modalities	p. 921
Leukemia	p. 936
Brain Tumors	p. 942
Lymphomas	p. 946
Neuroblastoma	p. 948
Wilms' Tumor	p. 950
Bone Tumors	p. 952
Soft-Tissue Sarcoma	p. 954
Retinoblastoma	p. 955
Late Effects of Cancer Therapy	p. 955
Integumentary Alterations	p. 963
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 963
Bacterial Infections	p. 967
Fungal Infections	p. 969
Viral Infections	p. 974
Infestations	p. 978
Inflammatory Disorders	p. 982
Bites and Stings	p. 997
Sunburn	p. 1003
Additional Integumentary Disorders	p. 1007
Alterations in Sensorimotor Function	p. 1015
Sensory Alterations	p. 1017
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 1018
Speech and Language	p. 1018
Hearing Impairment	p. 1022
Vision Impairment	p. 1032
Neurological Alterations	p. 1053
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 1053
Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Altered Neurological Status	p. 1056
Diagnostics	p. 1056
General Nursing Issues	p. 1057
Seizures	p. 1058
Structural Abnormalities	p. 1067
Infections	p. 1079
Neurological Injuries	p. 1086
Cerebral Palsy	p. 1102
Headaches	p. 1106
Cognitive Alterations	p. 1113
Mental Retardation	p. 1113
Down Syndrome	p. 1121
Autism	p. 1125
Fragile X Syndrome	p. 1132
Additional Cognitive Alterations	p. 1133
Musculoskeletal Alterations	p. 1139
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 1140
Musculoskeletal Injuries	p. 1140
Infectious Disorders	p. 1156
Congenital Disorders	p. 1158
Growth-Related Disorders	p. 1164
Additional Musculoskeletal Disorders	p. 1174
Other Alterations to Children's Health	p. 1179
Psychosocial Alterations	p. 1181
Treatment Modalities	p. 1182
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 1183
Mood Disorders	p. 1186
Suicide	p. 1189
Anxiety Disorders	p. 1192
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	p. 1194
Substance Abuse	p. 1195
Eating Disorders	p. 1198
Failure to Thrive	p. 1202
Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 1207
Theoretical Approaches to Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 1208
Types of Child Abuse	p. 1211
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 1228
Legal Issues Related to Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 1229
Reporting Child Abuse	p. 1229
Calgary Family Assessment Model: Questions to Ask	p. 1235
The Friedman Family Assessment Model (Short Form)	p. 1237
Family Systems Stressor-Strength Inventory (FS[superscript 3]I)	p. 1239
Physical Growth Charts	p. 1252
Immunization Schedules	p. 1257
Recommended Daily Allowances	p. 1260
Denver II	p. 1265
Sexual Maturity Ratings (SMR)	p. 1268
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines	p. 1271
Common Laboratory Tests and Normal Values	p. 1276
Temperature Equivalents and Pediatric Weight Conversion	p. 1279
Common Nanda Nursing Diagnoses for Children and Their Families	p. 1281
Abbreviations	p. 1284
Glossary	p. 1289
Index	p. 1311
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