Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times

by Tonry, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780195141252
• ISBN10: 0195141253
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-11-15
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This volume brings together a collection of articles on penal reform in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other English-speaking countries. Unique and wide-ranging, the volume provides material on penal policy development and research and presents an international, comparative focus. Written by leading national and international authorities, it offers some of the broadest efforts to characterize recent penal trends and to analyze their causes and consequences.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century	3	(1)
The Importance of Penal Policy	4	(2)
The Determinants of Penal Policy	6	(5)
The Transferability of Penal Policy	11	(3)
The Spread of Innovation	14	(3)
Penal Developments in America	17	(82)
The Punitiveness Story	17	(2)
The Sentencing Story	19	(1)
The Fragmentation Story	20	(1)
The United States	21	(44)
U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting	21	(10)
Michael Tonry
The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United States	31	(9)
Kevin R. Reitz
Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion	40	(5)
Katherine Beckett
The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995	45	(7)
Katherine Beckett
Bruce Western
Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?	52	(13)
Michael Tonry
Early State Guidelines Systems	65	(14)
Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997	65	(4)
Richard D. Van Wagenen
Ohio Guidelines Take Effect	69	(3)
Fritz Rauschenberg
Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines	72	(7)
Cynthia Kempinen
North Carolina	79	(20)
North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing	79	(5)
Ronald F. Wright
Sentencing Changes in North Carolina	84	(6)
Robin L. Lubitz
Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997	90	(9)
Ronald F. Wright
Penal Developments in Europe and Japan	99	(108)
Incarceration Rates across the World	101	(14)
Andre Kuhn
Scandinavia	115	(24)
Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark	115	(3)
Britta Kyvsgaard
Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden	118	(6)
Nils Jareborg
Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots	124	(5)
Paul Larsson
Sentencing and Punishment in Finland	129	(5)
Patrik Tornudd
Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy	134	(5)
Tapio Lappi-Seppala
Germany	139	(6)
Sentencing and Punishment in Germany	139	(6)
Hans-Jorg Albrecht
France	145	(11)
French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing	145	(11)
Annie Kensey
Pierre Toumier
Netherlands	156	(33)
Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands	156	(5)
Peter J. P. Tak
Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States	161	(8)
Peter J. P. Tak
Anton M. van Kalmthout
The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines	169	(6)
Gerrit Schurer
Reinier van Loon
New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands	175	(4)
Anton M. van Kalmthout
Peter J. P. Tak
Dutch Penal Policies Changing Direction	179	(10)
Josine Junger-Tas
Switzerland	189	(8)
Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000	189	(8)
Martin Killias
Marcelo F. Aebi
Andre Kuhn
Simone Ronez
Japan	197	(10)
Prison Population in Japan Stable for 30 Years	197	(10)
Koichi Hamai
Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries	207	(58)
Australia	209	(18)
Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s	209	(7)
Arie Freiberg
Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia	216	(5)
Arie Freiberg
Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia	221	(6)
Arie Freiberg
Canada	227	(12)
Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada	227	(5)
Julian V. Roberts
Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes	232	(7)
Jane B. Sprott
Anthony N. Doob
England/Wales	239	(21)
New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England	239	(3)
Andrew Ashworth
English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke	242	(3)
Rod Morgan
English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising	245	(8)
Michael Hough
Julian V. Roberts
Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn?	253	(4)
Rod Morgan
English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a Decade	257	(3)
Andrew Ashworth
Ireland	260	(5)
Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland	260	(5)
Ian O'Donell
References	265	(12)
Acknowledgments	277