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Judith Hale is president of the consulting firm Hale Associates. Their services include consultation on assessment, certification, evaluation, and integration of performance improvement systems with performance management. She is also the author of the Performance Consultant's Fieldbook, Performance-Based Evaluation. Performance-Based Management, and Outsourcing Training and Management all from Pfeiffer
Contents of the Website / xiii
Introduction / 1
Chapter 1 The Driver / 11
Why Organizations Certify / 11
Protecting the Public / 12
Reinforcing Professional Stature and Promoting Universal Standards / 13
Preparing People for Jobs Requiring Competence in Multiple Disciplines / 14
Protecting Jobs and Enhancing Professional Stature / 15
Improving Business Processes / 16
Establishing Professional Credibility and Influencing Academic Curricula / 18
Establishing Uniform Performance Standards / 18
Protecting the Brand Name / 19
Raising the Level of Core Competencies / 20
Success Measures / 21
Who to Involve / 21
The Players / 21
Target Audience / 22
Stakeholders / 22
Benefits of Certification / 25
Missteps and Oversights / 26
Tips / 27
Summary / 30
Where to Learn More / 31
Notes / 32
Chapter 2 The Business Case / 33
What Goes into a Business Case / 34
Hypotheses, Premises, and Best Guesses / 36
Metrics or Key Success Indicators / 37
Economic Metrics / 39
Noneconomic Metrics / 42
The Requirements / 43
Missteps and Oversights / 43
Tips / 44
Summary / 48
Where to Learn More / 50
Note / 51
Chapter 3 The Requirements / 53
Distinctions Among Eligibility, Qualification, and Certification / 53
Roles Certification Plays / 54
Gatekeeping or Screening / 54
Recognizing Demonstrated Performance / 57
Recognizing Different Levels of Accomplishment or Different Capabilities / 57
Typical Requirements for Certification / 58
Acceptance of a Code of Conduct / 61
Eligibility / 61
Education, Training, and Development / 65
Endorsements / 67
Experience / 67
External Credentials / 69
Tests / 69
Work Samples / 72
Work or Personnel Records / 72
Maintenance and Recertification / 73
Missteps and Oversights / 74
Tips / 74
Summary / 76
Where to Learn More / 77
Notes / 78
Chapter 4 The Standards / 79
Competencies, Standards, and Criteria / 81
Defi ning the Scope of the Effort / 85
The Job or Task Analysis / 89
Traditional Job/Task Analysis Methodologies / 89
Controlling Bias / 91
Sampling Error / 92
Design Error / 95
Administrative Error / 109
Design of the Credential / 111
Certification vs. Certificate / 111
The Elements / 114
Missteps and Oversights / 115
Tips / 116
Standards / 118
The Design / 119
Summary / 119
Procedures / 121
Focus Groups / 121
The NGT / 122
Outcome-Based Competency Session / 123
Delphi Study / 124
Where to Learn More / 125
Note / 126
Chapter 5 Assessment / 127
Definitions / 127
Rigor and Validity / 130
Sampling Error / 131
Under-Representation / 131
Extraneous Abilities / 132
Test Specifications / 133
Design Errors / 134
Administrative Error / 136
Types of Test Items / 137
Response-Supplied Items / 137
Response-Not-Supplied Items / 138
Computer-Based Testing / 141
Determining the Passing Score / 142
Informed Judgment Method / 143
Contrasting Group Method / 143
Conjectural (Angoff-Nedelsky) Method / 145
Issues in Assessment and Testing / 146
Opportunity to Learn / 146
Adequate Time and Resources / 147
Face Validity / 147
Documentation / 148
Missteps and Oversights / 148
Tips / 149
Summary / 155
Where to Learn More / 161
Chapter 6 Governance and Administration / 163
Responsibilities of the Governance Board / 163
Candidate Rights / 165
Disclosure / 165
Appeals and Exemptions / 167
Preparation and Remediation / 169
Ethics / 170
Fees and Compensation / 170
Test Administration / 174
Responsibilities of the Program Administrator / 175
Establishing Administrative Support Systems / 176
Analyzing Test Items / 177
Missteps and Oversights / 178
Tips / 179
Summary / 187
Where to Learn More / 190
Notes / 191
Chapter 7 Recertification and Maintenance / 193
Stability of Enabling Knowledge / 194
Distinguishing Between Knowledge Atrophy and Knowledge Evolution / 195
Defining the Purpose of Recertification or Maintenance / 198
Redoing the Job/Task Analysis / 199
Timing the Requirement / 200
Missteps and Oversights / 201
Tips / 201
Summary / 203
Where to Learn More / 205
Chapter 8 Implementation / 207
The Marketing Strategy / 208
Defining the Market / 209
Branding the Credential / 210
Launching the Credential / 211
Rolling Out the Credential and Penetrating a Market / 212
Developing and Executing a Communication Plan / 213
Developing Effective Program Materials / 214
Celebrating Success / 215
Missteps and Oversights / 216
Tips / 217
Summary / 220
Where to Learn More / 220
Chapter 9 Going Global / 221
Distinctions Among National, International, Global, and Multi-National Programs / 221
Why Go Global or International? / 224
Determining Reciprocity, Equivalency, and Exemptions / 225
Safeguarding Against Fraud or Misrepresentation / 226
Cultural Issues / 227
Language and Translation / 227
Missteps and Oversights / 229
Tips / 230
Summary / 230
Where to Learn More / 233
Note / 233
Chapter 10 Evaluation / 235
Developing an Evaluation Strategy / 235
Defining Evaluation Processes / 236
Determining What to Measure / 237
Determining Where to Start / 238
Being Clear About Your Purpose / 242
Developing an Agenda / 244
Presenting Your Data / 244
Missteps and Oversights / 246
Tips / 247
Summary / 248
Where to Learn More / 251
Index / 253
About the Author / 269
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