Periphyton : Ecology, Exploitation, and Management

by M. E. Azim; M. C. J. Verdegem; A. A. van Dam; M. C. M. Beveridge

• ISBN13: 9780851990965
• ISBN10: 0851990967
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-16
• Publisher: Cab Intl

Summary

The first comprehensive monograph on periphyton, this book contains contributions by scientists fromaround the globe. Multi-disciplinary in nature, it covers both basic and applied aspects of periphyton,and is applicable worldwide in natural, extensive and intensive managed systems.Periphyton, as described in this book, refers to the entire complex of attached aquatic biota on submergedsubstrates, including associated non-attached organisms and detritus. Thus the periphyton communitycomprises bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, zooplankton and other invertebrates. Periphyton is importantfor various reasons: as a major contributor to carbon fixation and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems;as an important source of food in aquatic systems; as an indicator of environmental change. It can alsobe managed to improve water quality in lakes and reservoirs; it can greatly increase aquaculture production;it can be used in waste water treatment.The book provides an international review of periphyton ecology, exploitation and management. Theecology part focuses on periphyton structure and function in natural systems. The exploitation part coversits nutritive qualities and utilization by organisms, particularly in aquaculture. The final part considersthe use of periphyton for increasing aquatic production and its effects on water quality and animal healthin culture systems. This book will help scientists and entrepreneurs further understand the ecology andproduction of aquatic systems and venture into new and promising areas.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
About the Editors	xvii
Contributors	xix
Periphyton and Aquatic Production: an Introduction	1	(14)
M.E. Azim
M.C.M. Beveridge
A.A. van Dam
M.C.J. Verdegem
Definition and Synonyms	1	(1)
Contribution of Periphyton to Aquatic Productivity	2	(1)
Status of World Aquaculture: Systems, Production and Trends	2	(2)
Aquacultural Ecology	4	(1)
The Role of Periphyton in Aquaculture Ponds	5	(2)
Phytoplankton-based food web	5	(1)
Periphyton-based food web: the periphyton loop	6	(1)
Detritus-based food web	6	(1)
Fish yields	7	(1)
Periphyton-based Aquaculture: an Overview	7	(1)
Outline/Structure of the Book	8	(7)
References	11	(4)
Part I Ecology
Periphyton Structure, Diversity and Colonization	15	(20)
M.E. Azim
T. Asaeda
Introduction	15	(1)
Morphological Structure	15	(2)
Biochemical Composition	17	(2)
Taxonomic Composition and Diversity	19	(4)
Colonization Process	23	(4)
Sloughing and Recolonization	27	(8)
Acknowledgements	29	(1)
References	29	(6)
Periphyton Dynamics and Influencing Factors	35	(16)
J.E. Vermaat
Introduction	35	(1)
Patterns in Time: Colonization, Attachment, Growth, Dislodgement and Seasonality	36	(1)
Constituents of Periphyton Mass	37	(3)
Primary Abiotic Factors	40	(3)
Light and temperature	40	(1)
Nutrients	41	(1)
Dissolved inorganic carbon	42	(1)
Biotic Interactions	43	(1)
Substrate specificity: host-periphyton interactions	43	(1)
Grazing	43	(1)
Patterns in Space: From mm to km Scale	44	(1)
Modelling Periphyton Dynamics	45	(6)
References	45	(6)
Periphyton in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Food Webs	51	(20)
R.G. Wetzel
Periphyton as a Critical Metabolic Component of Aquatic Ecosystems	51	(1)
Fluxes of Organic Matter and Energy in Aquatic Ecosystems	52	(1)
Structure and Couplings among Periphytic Organisms	53	(2)
Productivity of Periphyton Communities: Growth Regulation and Habitat Variables	55	(5)
Recycling: the Key to Nutrient Fluxes and Maximizing Productivity of Periphyton	60	(3)
Modulation of Periphyton by Light Availability	63	(1)
Modulation of Periphyton by Mortality and Losses -- What Do They Mean to Higher Trophic Levels?	64	(1)
Potential Effects of Global Changes in Climate and Related Environmental Conditions	65	(6)
References	66	(5)
Periphyton in Freshwater Lakes and Wetlands	71	(20)
L.G. Goldsborough
R.L. McDougal
A.K. North
Introduction	71	(2)
Primary Production	73	(2)
Nutrients	75	(2)
Light	77	(1)
Hydrodynamics	78	(1)
Herbivory	78	(1)
Periphyton--Macrophyte Interactions	79	(2)
Periphyton in Lentic Freshwater Food Webs	81	(1)
Conclusions	82	(9)
Acknowledgements	82	(1)
References	83	(8)
Part II Exploitation
Utilization of Periphyton for Fish Production in Ponds: a Systems Ecology Perspective	91	(22)
A.A. van Dam
M.C.J. Verdegem
Introduction	91	(1)
Experimental Reference: Bangladesh	92	(1)
Model 1: Phytoplankton-based Fish Production in Ponds	92	(3)
Model 2: Adding the Periphyton Loop	95	(2)
Model Construction and Implementation	97	(1)
Results	98	(4)
Discussion	102	(11)
References	109	(4)
Adaptations to Feeding in Herbivorous Fish (Cyprinidae and Cichlidae)	113	(28)
F.A. Sibbing
F. Witte
Introduction	113	(2)
Plants as food	113	(2)
Herbivorous fish	115	(1)
Feeding Modes for Cropping Periphyton	115	(1)
Structure and Function of the Feeding Apparatus in Fish	116	(1)
The fish head as construction for feeding	116	(1)
Feeding Mechanisms in Herbivorous Fish	117	(1)
Foraging on Algae and Plants	118	(3)
Search and detection	118	(1)
Intake or cropping	118	(3)
Processing Algae and Plants	121	(10)
Selection and retention	121	(4)
Food transport towards chewing cavity and oesophagus	125	(1)
Pharyngeal mastication	125	(5)
Digestion	130	(1)
Allometry in Feeding Structures and Diet Shifts	131	(1)
Periphyton Feeders among Cyprinids	132	(1)
Periphyton Feeders among Cichlids	132	(2)
Conclusions and Perspectives	134	(7)
Acknowledgements	135	(1)
References	135	(6)
Traditional Brush Park Fisheries in Natural Waters	141	(18)
R.L. Welcomme
Introduction	141	(1)
Nature of Brush Parks	141	(3)
Construction	141	(1)
Form	141	(1)
Types of wood and vegetation used	142	(2)
Location	144	(1)
Distribution	144	(1)
Area	144	(1)
Ecology of Brush Parks	144	(2)
Trophic Status	144	(1)
Periphyton	144	(2)
Decay	146	(1)
Associated organisms	146	(1)
Reproduction	146	(1)
Operation	146	(2)
Supply of food	146	(1)
Density of planting	146	(1)
Fishing	147	(1)
Method	147	(1)
Frequency	148	(1)
Species caught	148	(1)
Yield	148	(1)
Management	148	(4)
Feeding	148	(2)
Frequency of fishing	150	(1)
Social and economic aspects	151	(1)
Environmental Impacts	152	(1)
Removal of fish	152	(1)
Deforestation	152	(1)
Siltation	153	(1)
Models of Management	153	(1)
Parks with non-breeding fish populations	153	(1)
Parks with breeding populations	153	(1)
Evaluation	154	(1)
Management Strategies	155	(4)
Excessive removal of fish and risks of parks contributing to overfishing	155	(1)
Conflict between gears	155	(1)
Deforestation	155	(1)
Siltation	155	(1)
Social problems	155	(1)
Financial	156	(1)
Acknowledgements	156	(1)
References	156	(3)
Periphyton as Biological Indicators in Managed Aquatic Ecosystems	159	(20)
S. Sabater
W. Admiraal
Introduction	159	(1)
Periphyton as Receptors of Physical, Chemical and Biological Disturbances	160	(2)
Effects of toxicants and occurrence of nuisance organisms	161	(1)
Light attenuation and excess	162	(1)
Structural and Functional Responses of Periphyton to Disturbance	162	(4)
Using Periphyton for Monitoring Managed Aquatic Systems	166	(13)
Use of pigments as monitoring tools	166	(1)
Periphyton/biofilm growth forms	167	(1)
Species consortia	168	(2)
Monitoring the productivity of photosynthetic periphyton	170	(1)
Acknowledgements	171	(1)
References	171	(8)
Part III Management
Effect of Periphyton on Water Quality	179	(12)
A. Milstein
Introduction	179	(1)
Water Quality in Periphyton-based Aquaculture Ponds	180	(11)
Periphyton--environment relationships in the absence of grazing pressure by cultured organisms	181	(2)
Periphyton--environment--cultured organisms relationships	183	(5)
References	188	(3)
Similarities between Microbial and Periphytic Biofilms in Aquaculture Systems	191	(16)
M.C.J. Verdegem
E.H. Eding
V. Sereti
R.N. Munubi
R.A. Santacruz-Reyes
A.A. van Dam
Introduction	191	(1)
Structure of Biofilms and Periphyton Mats	192	(1)
Ammonia Removal	192	(5)
Biofilms	192	(1)
Periphyton mats	193	(4)
Solid Removal and Detachment	197	(1)
Oxygen Consumption	198	(2)
Biofilms	198	(1)
Periphyton mats	199	(1)
Biofilm and Periphyton-based Recirculating Aquaculture Systems	200	(7)
The concept of algal turf scrubbers	200	(1)
Periphyton-based recirculating aquaculture systems	201	(1)
References	202	(5)
Periphyton-based Pond Polyculture	207	(16)
M.E. Azim
M.A. Wahab
Introduction	207	(1)
Polyculture System	207	(1)
Suitable Fish Species for Polyculture	208	(1)
History of Polyculture	208	(2)
Development of Periphyton-based Polyculture Technology	210	(4)
Indian major carp polyculture	210	(1)
Selection of fish species by monoculture trials	210	(2)
Two-species polyculture	212	(1)
Three-species polyculture	213	(1)
Tilapia--freshwater prawn polyculture	214	(1)
Intensification of Periphyton-based Polyculture	214	(1)
Possible Mechanisms for Enhanced Fish Production in Periphyton-based Systems	215	(3)
Provision of additional food and shelter	215	(1)
Opportunity for higher nutrient efficiency	215	(1)
Better environment through improved water quality	216	(1)
Optimize the synergistic effects	217	(1)
Applicability of the Periphyton Technology and its Socio-economic Impacts	218	(5)
Acknowledgements	218	(1)
References	219	(4)
Research on Periphyton-based Aquaculture in India	223	(14)
P. Keshavanath
B. Gangadhar
Introduction	223	(1)
Periphyton and Plankton Productivity	224	(1)
Fish Production	225	(8)
Substrate evaluation studies	225	(2)
Studies with substrates and supplemental feed	227	(4)
Stocking density and production	231	(1)
Use of substrates in nursery rearing	232	(1)
Biofilm in Fish Health	233	(1)
Water Quality in Substrate-based Systems	233	(1)
Digestibility of Periphyton	233	(1)
Economics of Substrate-based Fish Culture	234	(1)
Conclusions	235	(2)
References	235	(2)
Periphyton-based Cage Aquaculture	237	(10)
S.M.H. Huchette
M.C.M. Beveridge
Cage Aquaculture -- an Overview	237	(1)
Biofouling	238	(1)
Periphyton-based Cage Aquaculture	239	(1)
Discussion	240	(7)
References	244	(3)
Utility of Added Substrates in Shrimp Culture	247	(22)
J.H. Tidwell
D. Bratvold
Introduction	247	(1)
Marine Shrimp	247	(7)
Marine shrimp nursery systems	248	(1)
Marine shrimp juvenile culture systems	249	(5)
Conclusions	254	(1)
Freshwater Prawns	254	(15)
Natural history	255	(1)
Importance of natural foods	255	(5)
Concept of added substrate	260	(1)
Recent developments	261	(4)
Conclusions	265	(1)
References	265	(4)
Importance of Periphyton in Abalone Culture	269	(16)
T. Kawamura
R.D. Roberts
H. Takami
Introduction	269	(1)
Life History of Abalone	270	(1)
Growth Forms and Community Succession in Marine Benthic Diatoms	270	(2)
Abalone Larval Settlement	272	(2)
Effects of diatom films (periphyton) on the settlement of larval abalone	272	(1)
Other settlement methods	273	(1)
Pre-grazed plates	273	(1)
Ulvella lens	273	(1)
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)	273	(1)
Bacteria	274	(1)
Crustose coralline algae (CCA)	274	(1)
Nutrition of Young Abalone	274	(4)
Phases of nutrition in abalone	274	(1)
Phase 1: larval development	274	(1)
Phase 2: initial post-larval development	274	(1)
Phase 3: growth of post-larvae from -400 to -700 μm SL	275	(1)
Factors controlling diatom ingestion by small abalone	275	(1)
Phase 4: post-larvae from 0.7 mm to several millimetres SL	276	(1)
Phase 5: transition to macroalgal or manufactured diets	276	(1)
Other food sources	277	(1)
Practical Application of Periphyton to Abalone Culture	278	(2)
Key diatom species for abalone hatcheries	278	(1)
The effectiveness and limitations of the pre-grazed plate method	278	(2)
Use of GABA with diatoms for triggering settlement	280	(1)
Other food sources	280	(1)
Concluding Remarks	280	(5)
References	280	(5)
Periphyton-based Aquaculture in Asia: Livelihoods and Sustainability	285	(14)
S.W. Bunting
M. Karim
M.A. Wahab
Introduction	285	(1)
Research Outcomes	286	(9)
Knowledge and assets influencing uptake	287	(2)
Putting vulnerability in context	289	(1)
Conflicts associated with uptake	289	(1)
Environmental impacts	290	(1)
Livelihood outcomes	290	(1)
Broader issues influencing uptake and adoption	291	(1)
Attributing outcomes to periphyton-based aquaculture	291	(1)
Substrate selection	292	(1)
Substrate management	293	(2)
Social capital	295	(1)
Conclusions	295	(4)
Acknowledgement	296	(1)
References	297	(2)
Periphyton Ecology, Exploitation and Management: Knowledge Gaps and Directions for Future Research	299	(12)
M.C.J. Verdegem
A.A. van Dam
M.E. Azim
M.C.M. Beveridge
Introduction	299	(1)
Ecology	299	(2)
The role of periphyton in natural systems	299	(1)
Periphyton structure and new monitoring techniques	300	(1)
Optimal grazing pressure	301	(1)
Exploitation	301	(2)
Abilities to harvest and assimilate periphyton	301	(1)
Nutritive quality of periphyton	302	(1)
Regeneration capacity of periphyton under grazing pressure	302	(1)
Management	303	(8)
Increased production from periphyton-based production studies	303	(1)
Polyculture	304	(1)
Water quality	304	(1)
Health and well-being	305	(1)
Disseminating periphyton technology	306	(1)
Periphyton-based aquaculture: an ecological approach	307	(1)
References	307	(4)
Index	311