Personality Contemporary Theory and Research

by Derlega, Valerian J.; Winstead, Barbara A.; Jones, Warren H.

• ISBN13: 9780830414222
• ISBN10: 0830414223
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

PERSONALITY: CONTEMPORARY THEORY AND RESEARCH is intended for undergraduate students studying the topic of personality. Its two major sections discuss the fundamental issues of personality, tracing the origins of the field in modern research, and examining the topics studied by contemporary psychologists. The origins of personality in heredity, the structure of the brain, gender, and childhood are probed. Other sections of the book look at the manifestations and effects of personality in morality, sex roles, aggression, and relationship with others. All of these topics have broader relevance to other areas of psychology, as they focus on the age-old question of defining what makes a person an individual.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	xv
PART ONE BASIC ISSUES IN PERSONALITY	3	(194)
Chapter 1 The Scientific Study of Personality	3	(24)
MARK R. LEARY
Personality: A Definition	4	(2)
Personality Is Enduring
Personality Is Intrapersonal
Personality Involves Behavioral Consistency
Fundamental Questions in Personality Psychology	6	(5)
Individual Differences
Psychological Universals
ACTIVITY BOX: Personality and Common Sense	11	(1)
Approaches to Personality Research	12	(4)
The Early Psychiatrists
Scientific Psychology
Personality Theories	16	(2)
How Important Is Personality?	18	(3)
The Strength of the Situation
Individual Differences in Responsivity to the Situation
Traitedness
Domains of Personality Psychology	21	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Answers to Activity Box Quiz	23	(1)
Suggested Readings	24	(1)
Scientific Journals	24	(1)
References	24	(3)
Chapter 2 Personality Measurement	27	(39)
STEPHEN R. BRIGGS
What Is the Question?	28	(2)
What to Measure?	30	(4)
Measuring Variables
Measuring Concepts
The OSS Assessment Project
ACTIVITY BOX: Measuring Conscientiousness	34	(3)
How to Measure?	37	(2)
The OSS Assessment Procedures
What Measures to Use?	39	(13)
The Various Pieces
Putting the Pieces Together
Classifying Methods for Measuring Personality
How Good Is the Measure?	52	(4)
Reliability
Validity
Why Measure That Trait?	56	(5)
Why Measure Personality Traits?	61	(1)
Summary	62	(2)
Suggested Readings	64	(1)
References	64	(2)
Chapter 3 Heredity	66	(35)
DAVID C. ROWE
History	67	(1)
Francis Galton: Founder of Behavioral Genetics	68	(3)
Modern Behavioral Genetics: Foundations	71	(7)
Single Gene versus Polygenic Traits
Apportioning Trait Variation
Shared versus Nonshared Heredity
Shared (or Common) and Nonshared Environment
Discovering the Sizes of Genetic and Environmental Effects
Modern Behavioral Genetics: Findings and Implications	78	(5)
Normal (Nonintellectual) Personality Traits
Intellectual Traits
ACTIVITY BOX: Family Correlations for Authoritarianism	83	(8)
Abnormal Traits
How Heredity Can Be Disguised in Environmental Concepts	91	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Genetics	92	(3)
Postscript	95	(2)
Summary	97	(1)
Suggested Readings	97	(1)
References	98	(3)
Chapter 4 Biological Bases of Personality	101	(25)
RICHARD J. DAVIDSON
Conceptual Issues in the Study of the Biological Bases of Personality	102	(4)
Three Approaches to the Use of Biological Measures in the Study of Personality
Correlate or Substrate?
Does Substrate Imply Cause?
Methodological Considerations in the Study of the Biological Bases of Personality	106	(7)
Psychometric Considerations
Resting or Task-Related Measures?
Some Commonly Used Physiological Measures in the Study of Personality
An Empirical Example of the Biological Approach to Personality: Cerebral Asymmetry and Affective Style	113	(7)
Individual Differences in Anterior Asymmetry and Affective Reactivity
ACTIVITY BOX: Measuring Your Hemisphericity	120	(2)
Summary	122	(1)
Suggested Readings	122	(1)
References	122	(4)
Chapter 5 Personality Development	126	(36)
PATRICIA L. WATERS
JONATHAN M. CHEEK
Overview of Major Theories	127	(2)
Freud and the Psychoanalytic Tradition	129	(5)
The Tripartite Structure of the Mind
The Psychosexual Stages
Defense Mechanisms
Attachment Research-A Neoanalytic Perspective	134	(5)
Internal Working Models
The Continuity of Internal Working Models
Attachment and Intimacy
ACTIVITY BOX: Measuring Adult Attachment Patterns	139	(2)
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory	141	(3)
Rogers and Humanistic Psychology	144	(5)
The Fully Functioning Person
Contemporary Research Applications
The Biosocial and Sociocultural Tradition	149	(7)
Adlerian Individual Psychology
Sullivan's Interpersonal Approach-Peer Influences
The Sociocultural Approach of Honey
Future Directions: Toward a Transactional Theory of Personality Development	156	(1)
Summary	156	(2)
Suggested Readings	158	(1)
References	158	(4)
Chapter 6 Motives	162	(35)
DAN P. McADAMS
Four Traditions in the Study of Human Motivation	163	(6)
Optimism: People Are (Basically) "Good"
Pessimism: People Are Mostly "Bad" (and Often Miserable)
Neutrality: People Are "Blank"
Diversity: People Are "Many Things"
Body versus Mind in Human Motivation	169	(7)
Body: Drive, Reward, Emotion
Mind: Expectancies, Attributions, Conscious Goals
Individual Differences in Three Social Motives	176	(2)
Wanting to Do Better: The Achievement Motive
ACTIVITY BOX: Scoring Stories for Power and Intimacy Motives	178	(11)
Wanting to Have Impact: The Power Motive
Wanting to Be Close: The Intimacy Motive
Summary	189	(1)
Suggested Readings	190	(1)
References	190	(7)
PART TWO TOPICS IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH	197	(376)
Chapter 7 The Psychological Unconscious	197	(32)
MICHAEL NASH
Organizing Our Ideas about the Unconscious	199	(1)
The Question
Defining the Psychological Unconscious
What We Are Not Talking About
A Pragmatic Approach to the Question	200	(2)
The Unconscious as the Unnoticed
The Unconscious as the Noticed But Uncomprehended
The Unconscious as a Retained But Unavailable Memory of an Actual Event
The Unconscious as Personal Fiction That "Feels Like" a Memory of an Actual Event
The Unconscious as the Unnoticed	202	(4)
"Blind Sight": Organic and Hysteric
Preferring Things That We Never Noticed
Responding Emotionally to Something Unnoticed
The Unconscious as the Noticed But Uncomprehended	206	(2)
ACTIVITY BOX: Chevreul's Pendulum Illusion	208	(1)
The Unconscious as a Retained But Unavailable Memory of an Actual Event	209	(3)
Notes on the Nature of Memory
When We Implicitly "Know" But Explicitly "Don't Know"
Repression Proper
The Unconscious as Personal Fiction That "Feels Like" a Memory of an Actual Event	212	(2)
Embedding Inaccurate Information in Memories
Creating Complete Memories for Events That Never Happened
Summary of Unconscious Influence	214	(1)
On Exhuming Unconscious Memories: Hypnotic Age Regression	215	(10)
Study 1: Operationalizing Our Ideas and Testing Them
Study 2: Replicating and Extending Our Findings
Study 3: The Wake-Up Call
Summary	225	(1)
Suggested Readings	226	(1)
References	226	(3)
Chapter 8 Personal Efficacy	229	(28)
JAMES E. MADDUX
Concepts Related to Personal Efficacy and Self-Efficacy	231	(7)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Locus of Control
Hardiness
Learned Resourcefulness
Probability of Success
Expectancy-Value Theory
Response Expenctancy Theory
Causal Attributions
Efficacy Motivations
Basic Principles of Self-Efficacy Theory	238	(5)
Basic Components
Sources of Self-Efficacy
Pathways of Influence on Behavior
Self-Efficacy, Psychological Adjustment, and Health	243	(2)
ACTIVITY BOX: How to Increase Self-Efficacy Theory	245	(4)
Representative Research on Self-Efficacy Theory	249	(4)
Self-Efficacy and Health Behavior
Self-Efficacy and Social Anxiety
Summary	253	(1)
Suggested Readings	254	(1)
References	254	(3)
Chapter 9 Sex and Gender	257	(25)
BARBARA A. WINSTEAD
VALERIAN J. DERLEGA
RHODA K. UNGER
Differentiating Sex and Gender	258	(1)
Sex as a Subject Variable	259	(4)
Limitations to the Use of Sex as a Subject Variable	263	(2)
Gender as Masculinity and Femininity	265	(7)
Initial Research Attempts to Conceptualize Gender
Challenges to the Early Models of Gender
The Concept of Gender Schema
Gender as Composed of Multiple Factors
ACTIVITY BOX: Endorsement or Rejection of Gender Roles	272	(4)
Sex as a Social Category	276	(2)
Summary	278	(1)
Suggested Readings	279	(1)
References	280	(2)
Chapter 10 Personality and Control	282	(25)
JERRY M. BURGER
The Impact of Perceived Personal Control	284	(5)
Positive Aspects of Perceived Control
Negative Aspects of Perceived Control
Finding Control in Uncontrollable Situations
Individual Differences in Perceived Control: Locus of Control	289	(2)
Individual Differences in Motivation for Control: Desire for Control	291	(2)
ACTIVITY BOX: The Desirability of Control Scale	293	(9)
Social Behavior
Achievement
Well-Being and Adjustment
Information Processing
Summary	302	(1)
Suggested Readings	303	(1)
References	303	(4)
Chapter 11 Self-Awareness and Self-Consciousness	307	(32)
MARK H. DAVIS
STEPHEN L. FRANZOI
Past and Present Concepts Related to Private Self-Awareness	309	(1)
Past and Present Concepts Related to Public Self-Awareness	310	(2)
Current Self-Awareness and Self-Consciousness Theories	312	(2)
Self-Awareness versus Self-Consciousness
The Self-Consciousness Scale
ACTIVITY BOX: How Do You Score on the Self-Consciousness Scale?	314	(19)
Wicklund's Approach: Objective Self-Awareness
Buss's Approach: Self-Consciousness Theory
Carver and Scheier's Approach: A Control Theory Model
Self-Awareness: Beneficial or Detrimental?
Concluding Remarks
Summary	333	(2)
Suggested Readings	335	(1)
References	335	(4)
Chapter 12 Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Identity	339	(37)
ROY F. BAUMEISTER
Definitions	340	(2)
Self-Concept: Your Idea(s) about Yourself
Self-Esteem: How You Evaluate Yourself
Identity: Who You Are
Self-Concept	342	(7)
Formation of the Self-Concept
Pursuit of Self-Knowledge
Spontaneous Self-Concept
Self-Schemas
Possible Selves
Self-Concept Change
Self-Esteem	349	(2)
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
ACTIVITY BOX: Measuring Your Self-Esteem	351	(11)
Roots of Self-Esteem
Why Care about Self-Esteem?
Is High Self-Esteem a Good Thing?
Social Motives
Plasticity
Emotion and Coping
Prejudice
Maintaining Self-Esteem
Identity	362	(6)
Structure and Functions of Identity
Identity Crises
Summary	368	(2)
Suggested Readings	370	(1)
References	371	(5)
Chapter 13 Moral Character	376	(29)
NICHOLAS EMLER
Moral Character: The Fall and Rise of a Concept	377	(9)
The Psychology of Moral Character-An Historical Introduction
Rule Breaking: The Reality of Individual Differences
Discovering and Accounting for Moral Character	386	(8)
The Consistency of Conduct
Explaining Individual Differences in Character: How Well Do Existing Theories Do?
The Visibility of Conduct and the Nature of Society
ACTIVITY BOX: Deviance and Attitudes Toward Authority: Self-Concept and Reputation	394	(3)
Thoughts on Pinning Down Explanations	397	(4)
Summary	401	(1)
Suggested Readings	402	(1)
References	402	(3)
Chapter 14 Emotion	405	(27)
ROWLAND S. MILLER
The Nature of Emotion	406	(1)
The Universality of Emotion	407	(1)
The Evolution of Emotion	408	(2)
Individuality in Emotional Experience	410	(1)
Individual Origins of Emotional Experience	411	(5)
Brain Activity
Temperament
Attachment Style
Socialization
Individual Differences in Emotional Experience	416	(4)
Affect Intensity
Emotional Intelligence
Emotions and Psychopathology
Personality in Action: The Case of Embarrassability	420	(2)
Witnessing Others' Predicaments
ACTIVITY BOX: Assess Your Own Embarrassability-The Embarrassability Scale	422	(3)
Tracking Ordinary Embarrassments
The Nature of Embarrassability
Emotions in Personality	425	(1)
Summary	426	(1)
Suggested Readings	427	(1)
References	427	(5)
Chapter 15 Personality and Human Sexuality	432	(26)
SUSAN S. HENDRICK
CLYDE HENDRICK
Research on Personality and Sexuality	434	(12)
Sex Researchers
Sociocultural Influences
Interpersonal Influences
Personality Variables and Sexuality
Gender and Sexuality
Sexual Preference
Other Sexual Issues
Conclusions
The Study of Sexual Attitudes	446	(2)
Measurement of Sexual Attitudes
Sexual Attitudes Scale
Sexual Attitudes and Related Constructs
ACTIVITY BOX: Sexual Attitudes Scale	448	(6)
Gender Differences Revisited
Integrating Sex with Love
Summary	454	(1)
Suggested Readings	454	(1)
References	455	(3)
Chapter 16 Aggression	458	(31)
DEBORAH R. RICHARDSON
What Is Aggression?	459	(2)
Measurement of Aggression	461	(3)
Asking about Aggression with Questionnaires
Watching Aggression in the Laboratory
Theories of Aggression	464	(4)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspective
Frustration-Aggression
Negative Affect and Aggression
Arousal and Aggression
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Personality Processes and Aggression
Contemporary Research	468	(4)
Individual Differences: The Example of Gender
ACTIVITY BOX: Conflict Response Questionnaire	472	(6)
Aggression-Related Personal Characteristics
Personality Traits
Consistency of Aggressive Behavior
Identification of Violent Individuals
Perspective Taking as an Inhibitor of Aggression	478	(6)
Asking about Perspective Taking and Aggression
Manipulating Perspective Taking in an Experiment
Perspective Taking as a Cognitive Inhibitor
Beyond Inhibition: Perspective Taking and Nonaggressive Responding
Summary	484	(1)
Suggested Readings	485	(1)
References	486	(3)
Chapter 17 Stress and Illness	489	(25)
KATHLEEN A. LAWLER
KEITH A. KLINE
HEIDI L. HARRIMAN
KRISTINE M. KELLY
Models of Stress	490	(8)
The Environmental Stress Perspective
Response-Based Views of Stress
Transactional Model of Stress
ACTIVITY BOX 1: Do You Perceive Your Life as Stressful? The Perceived Stress Scale	498	(4)
Person Variables in the Stress-Illness Relationship	502	(5)
Hostility
Hardiness
Optimism
ACTIVITY BOX 2: Test Your Optimism-The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)	507	(2)
Social and Cultural Contexts of Stress	509	(1)
Summary	510	(1)
Suggested Readings	511	(1)
References	511	(3)
Chapter 18 Personality and Relationships	514	(27)
WARREN H. JONES
LAURIE L. COUCH
The Psychology of Relationships	516	(9)
Definition
Relevance of Relationships to the Study of Personality
Relationship Development and Processes
Issues in Studying Relationships
The Psychology of Trust	525	(9)
Global Trust
Relational Trust
Divergent Perspectives on Trust
ACTIVITY BOX: Network Trust	534	(1)
Concluding Remarks	535	(2)
Summary	537	(1)
Suggested Readings	538	(1)
References	538	(3)
Chapter 19 Disorders of Personality: Diseases or Individual Differences?	541	(32)
JAMES E. MADDUX
CLARE E. MUNDELL
Abnormality, Maladaptiveness, and Disorder	544	(3)
A Brief History of the Concept of Disordered Personality	547	(1)
What Is a Personality Disorder?	548	(2)
Major Features of Disordered Personality	550	(4)
Causes of Personality Disorders	554	(1)
Treatment of Personality Disorders	555	(1)
Problems with the Official View of Personality Disorder	555	(8)
Distinction Between Normal Personality and Personality Disorders
Distinction Between Axis I and Axis II Disorders
Distinctions among the Personality Disorders
Dimensional Models: An Alternative to Categories	563	(2)
The DSM Revisited	565	(1)
ACTIVITY BOX: When Do Differences Become Disorders?	566	(2)
Summary	568	(1)
Suggested Readings	569	(1)
References	570	(3)
Contributors	573	(2)
Author Index	575	(14)
Subject Index	589