Personality Psychology : Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature

by Larsen, Randy; Buss, David

• ISBN13: 9780073531908
• ISBN10: 0073531901
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-11-29
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

Organizing content into six domains of personality functioning (dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive/experiential, social and cultural, and adjustment), this text interweaves contemporary research with classic and modern theories within the context of each of the domains. This unique framework encourages students to view the "whole person" as the sum of influences and effects of each of the domains of personality functioning. The second edition includes the latest research, as well as a restructuring of material, and continues to bring the subject to life by incorporating a vivid, four-color design.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xv
Preface	xvii
Introduction
Introduction to Personality Psychology	2	(22)
Personality Defined	4	(7)
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits	6	(1)
And Mechanisms	7	(1)
Within the Individual	8	(1)
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring	8	(1)
And That Influence	9	(1)
His or Her Interactions with	9	(1)
And Adaptations to	10	(1)
The Environment	10	(1)
Three Levels of Personality Analysis	11	(2)
Human Nature	11	(1)
Individual and Group Differences	12	(1)
Individual Uniqueness	13	(1)
A Fissure in the Field	13	(2)
Grand Theories of Personality	13	(1)
Contemporary Research in Personality	14	(1)
Six Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature	15	(5)
Dispositional Domain	16	(1)
Biological Domain	16	(1)
Intrapsychic Domain	17	(1)
Cognitive-Experiential Domain	17	(1)
Social and Cultural Domain	18	(1)
Adjustment Domain	19	(1)
The Role of Personality Theory	20	(1)
Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories	21	(1)
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality?	22	(1)
Key Terms	23	(1)
Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design	24	(36)
Sources of Personality Data	26	(15)
Self-Report Data (S-Data)	26	(4)
Observer-Report Data (O-Data)	30	(2)
Test-Data (T-Data)	32	(6)
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)	38	(1)
Issues in Personality Assessment	39	(2)
Evaluation of Personality Measures	41	(3)
Reliability	41	(1)
Validity	42	(1)
Generalizability	43	(1)
Research Designs in Personality	44	(10)
Experimental Methods	44	(3)
Correlational Studies	47	(4)
Case Studies	51	(2)
When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs	53	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	54	(1)
Key Terms	55	(5)
PART I The Dispositional Domain
Traits and Trait Taxonomies	60	(34)
What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations	62	(2)
Traits as Internal Causal Properties	62	(1)
Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries	63	(1)
The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits---An Illustration of the Descriptive Summary Formulation	64	(3)
Act Frequency Research Program	64	(2)
Critique of the Act Frequency Formulation	66	(1)
Identification of the Most Important Traits	67	(5)
Lexical Approach	67	(2)
Statistical Approach	69	(1)
Theoretical Approach	70	(2)
Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important Traits	72	(1)
Taxonomies of Personality	72	(19)
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality	72	(5)
Cattell's Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System	77	(2)
Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality	79	(3)
Five-Factor Model	82	(9)
Summary and Evaluation	91	(2)
Key Terms	93	(1)
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology	94	(42)
Theoretical Issues	97	(11)
Meaningful Differences between Individuals	97	(1)
Consistency over Time	98	(2)
Consistency across Situations	100	(1)
Person-Situation Interaction	101	(6)
Aggregation	107	(1)
Measurement Issues	108	(10)
Carelessness	109	(1)
Faking on Questionnaires	110	(1)
Response Sets	110	(6)
Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test Interpretations	116	(2)
Personality and Prediction	118	(15)
Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace	118	(1)
Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment Settings	119	(5)
Personnel Selection---Choosing the Right Person for the Job	124	(1)
Selection in Business Settings---The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)	125	(5)
Selection in Business Settings---The Hogan Personality Inventory	130	(3)
Summary and Evaluation	133	(2)
Key Terms	135	(1)
Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence	136	(36)
Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Change, and Coherence	138	(3)
What Is Personality Development?	138	(1)
Rank Order Stability	138	(1)
Mean Level Stability	139	(1)
Personality Coherence	139	(2)
Personality Change	141	(1)
Three Levels of Analysis	141	(2)
Population Level	142	(1)
Group Differences Level	142	(1)
Individual Differences Level	143	(1)
Personality Stability over Time	143	(10)
Stability of Temperament during Infancy	143	(2)
Stability during Childhood	145	(3)
Rank Order Stability in Adulthood	148	(2)
Mean Level Stability in Adulthood	150	(3)
Personality Change	153	(7)
Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Adulthood	153	(1)
Flexibility and Impulsivity	154	(1)
Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition	154	(1)
Sensation Seeking	154	(1)
Femininity	155	(2)
Competence	157	(1)
Independence and Traditional Roles	157	(2)
Personality Changes across Cohorts: Women's Assertiveness in Response to Changes in Social Status and Roles	159	(1)
Personality Coherence over Time: The Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes	160	(6)
Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce	161	(1)
Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance	162	(1)
Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out	162	(1)
Health and Longevity	163	(1)
Prediction of Personality Change	164	(2)
Summary and Evaluation	166	(1)
Key Terms	167	(5)
PART II The Biological Domain
Genetics and Personality	172	(32)
The Human Genome	174	(1)
Controversy about Genes and Personality	175	(1)
Goals of Behavioral Genetics	176	(1)
What Is Heritability?	177	(3)
Misconceptions about Heritability	178	(1)
Nature-Nurture Debate Clarified	179	(1)
Behavioral Genetic Methods	180	(6)
Selective Breeding---Studies of Humans' Best Friend	180	(1)
Family Studies	181	(1)
Twin Studies	182	(2)
Adoption Studies	184	(2)
Major Findings from Behavioral Genetic Research	186	(7)
Personality Traits	186	(2)
Attitudes and Preferences	188	(3)
Drinking and Smoking	191	(1)
Marriage	192	(1)
Shared versus Nonshared Environmental Influences: A Riddle	193	(2)
Genes and the Environment	195	(3)
Genotype-Environment Interaction	195	(1)
Genotype-Environment Correlation	196	(2)
Molecular Genetics	198	(1)
Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values	199	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	200	(3)
Key Terms	203	(1)
Physiological Approaches to Personality	204	(38)
A Physiological Approach to Personality	209	(1)
Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Personality Research	210	(3)
Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance)	210	(1)
Cardiovascular Activity	211	(1)
Brain Activity	212	(1)
Other Measures	213	(1)
Physiologically Based Theories of Personality	213	(28)
Extraversion---Introversion	214	(6)
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment	220	(3)
Sensation Seeking	223	(6)
Neurotransmitters and Personality	229	(2)
Morningness-Eveningness	231	(5)
Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style	236	(5)
Summary and Evaluation	241	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality	242	(42)
Evolution and National Selection	244	(5)
Natural Selection	244	(1)
Sexual Selection	245	(1)
Genes and Inclusive Fitness	246	(1)
Products of the Evolutionary Process	247	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology	249	(3)
Premises of Evolutionary Psychology	249	(1)
Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses	250	(2)
Human Nature	252	(7)
Need to Belong	253	(1)
Helping and Altruism	254	(3)
Universal Emotions	257	(2)
Sex Differences	259	(11)
Sex Differences in Aggression	260	(2)
Sex Differences in Jealousy	262	(4)
Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety	266	(1)
Sex Differences in Mate Preferences	267	(3)
Individual Differences	270	(5)
Environmental Triggers of Individual Differences	271	(1)
Heritable Individual Differences Contingent on Other Traits	272	(1)
Frequency-Dependent Strategic Individual Differences	272	(3)
The Big Five and Evolutionarily Relevant Adaptive Problems	275	(1)
Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology	276	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	277	(2)
Key Terms	279	(5)
PART III The Intrapsychic Domain
Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality	284	(36)
Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography	287	(1)
Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory	288	(6)
Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression	289	(1)
Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don't Know Why We Do What We Do	289	(2)
One of Freud's Famous Students: Carl Gustav Jung	291	(1)
Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by Chance	292	(2)
Structure of Personality	294	(4)
Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy	295	(1)
Ego: Executive of Personality	296	(1)
Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Ideals	297	(1)
Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego	297	(1)
Dynamics of Personality	298	(8)
Types of Anxiety	298	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	299	(7)
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development	306	(3)
Personality and Psychoanalysis	309	(6)
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious	310	(3)
The Process of Psychoanalysis	313	(2)
Why Is Psychoanalysis Important?	315	(1)
Evaluation of Freud's Contributions	315	(3)
Summary and Evaluation	318	(1)
Key Terms	319	(1)
Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues	320	(30)
The Neo-Analytic Movement	323	(8)
Repression and Contemporary Research on Memory	323	(6)
Contemporary Views on the Unconscious	329	(2)
Ego Psychology	331	(10)
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development	332	(6)
Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation of Psychoanalysis	338	(1)
Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Narcissism	339	(2)
Object Relations Theory	341	(7)
Early Childhood Attachment	342	(2)
Adult Relationships	344	(4)
Summary and Evaluation	348	(1)
Key Terms	349	(1)
Motives and Personality	350	(40)
Basic Concepts	352	(8)
Need	354	(2)
Press	356	(1)
Apperception and the TAT	356	(4)
The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power, and Intimacy	360	(10)
Need for Achievement	360	(5)
Need for Power	365	(3)
Need for Intimacy	368	(2)
Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize	370	(14)
Maslow's Contributions	371	(6)
Rogers's Contributions	377	(7)
Summary and Evaluation	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(5)
PART IV The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
Cognitive Topics in Personality	390	(32)
Personality Revealed through Perception	395	(7)
Field Dependence	395	(4)
Pain Tolerance and Sensory Reducing-Augmenting	399	(3)
Personality Revealed through Interpretation	402	(9)
Kelly's Personal Construct Theory	402	(2)
Locus of Control	404	(3)
Learned Helplessness	407	(4)
Personality Revealed through Goals	411	(5)
Personal Projects Analysis	411	(1)
Cognitive Social Learning Theory	412	(4)
Intelligence	416	(3)
Summary and Evaluation	419	(2)
Key Terms	421	(1)
Emotion and Personality	422	(40)
Issues in Emotion Research	425	(4)
Emotional States versus Emotional Traits	425	(1)
Categorical versus Dimensional Approach to Emotion	425	(4)
Content versus Style of Emotional Life	429	(31)
Content of Emotional Life	429	(25)
Style of Emotional Life	454	(4)
Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life	458	(2)
Summary and Evaluation	460	(1)
Key Terms	461	(1)
Approaches to the Self	462	(32)
Descriptive Component of the Self: Self-Concept	466	(5)
Development of the Self-Concept	466	(3)
Self-Schemata: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, and Undesired Selves	469	(2)
Evaluative Component of the Self: Self-Esteem	471	(11)
Evaluation of Oneself	471	(1)
Research on Self-Esteem	472	(10)
Social Component of the Self: Social Identity	482	(6)
The Nature of Identity	482	(1)
Identity Development	483	(2)
Identity Crises	485	(3)
Summary and Evaluation	488	(1)
Key Terms	489	(5)
PART V The Social and Cultural Domain
Personality and Social Interaction	494	(28)
Selection	496	(10)
Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner	497	(2)
Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar	499	(2)
Do People Get the Mates They Want?	501	(2)
Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples	503	(1)
Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations	504	(1)
Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations	505	(1)
Evocation	506	(5)
Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility	506	(1)
Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners	507	(4)
Evocation through Expectancy Confirmation	511	(1)
Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics	511	(7)
A Taxonomy of 11 Tactics of Manipulation	512	(4)
Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation	516	(1)
Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation	516	(2)
Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction	518	(2)
Summary and Evaluation	520	(1)
Key Terms	521	(1)
Sex, Gender, and Personality	522	(30)
The Science and Politics of Studying Sex and Gender	524	(4)
History of the Study of Sex Differences	525	(1)
Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the Sex Differences?	526	(1)
Minimalists and Maximalists	527	(1)
Sex Differences in Personality	528	(9)
Temperament in Children	528	(1)
Five-Factor Model	529	(4)
Basic Emotions: Frequency and Intensity	533	(1)
Other Dimensions of Personality	534	(3)
Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny, and Sex Roles	537	(7)
The Search for Androgyny	538	(4)
Gender Stereotypes	542	(2)
Theories of Sex Differences	544	(6)
Socialization and Social Roles	544	(2)
Hormonal Theories	546	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology Theory	548	(1)
An Integrated Theoretical Perspective	549	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	550	(1)
Key Terms	551	(1)
Culture and Personality	552	(34)
Cultural Violations: An Illustration	554	(1)
What Is Cultural Personality Psychology?	555	(1)
Three Major Approaches to Culture	555	(26)
Evoked Culture	556	(3)
Transmitted Culture	559	(13)
Cultural Universals	572	(9)
Summary and Evaluation	581	(2)
Key Terms	583	(3)
PART VI The Adjustment Domain
Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health	586	(34)
Models of the Personality-Illness Connection	589	(4)
The Concept of Stress	593	(7)
Stress Response	594	(1)
Major Life Events	595	(2)
Daily Hassles	597	(1)
Varieties of Stress	598	(1)
Primary and Secondary Appraisal	599	(1)
Coping Strategies and Styles	600	(12)
Attributional Style	600	(4)
Optimism and Physical Well-Being	604	(3)
Management of Emotions	607	(3)
Disclosure	610	(2)
Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Disease	612	(6)
Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Type A Behavior Pattern	615	(3)
How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Type A Behavior	618	(1)
Summary and Evaluation	618	(1)
Key Terms	619	(1)
Disorders of Personality	620	(40)
The Building Blocks of Personality Disorders	622	(2)
The Concept of Disorder	624	(4)
What Is Abnormal?	624	(1)
What Is a Personality Disorder?	625	(3)
Specific Personality Disorders	628	(25)
The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being Unpredictable, Violent, or Emotional	628	(12)
The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of Being Different	640	(6)
The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being Nervous, Fearful, or Distressed	646	(7)
Prevalence of Personality Disorders	653	(1)
Gender Differences in Personality Disorders	654	(1)
Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders	654	(1)
Causes of Personality Disorders	655	(3)
Summary and Evaluation	658	(1)
Key Terms	659	(1)
Conclusion
Summary and Future Directions	660	(12)
Current Status of the Field	662	(1)
Domains of Knowledge: Where We've Been, Where We're Going	663	(8)
Dispositional Domain	663	(1)
Biological Domain	664	(3)
Intrapsychic Domain	667	(1)
Cognitive/Experiential Domain	668	(1)
Social and Cultural Domain	669	(1)
Adjustment Domain	670	(1)
Integration: Personality in the New Millennium	671	(1)
Glossary	672	(31)
References	703	(36)
Credits	739	(2)
Name Index	741	(9)
Subject Index	750