The Personality Puzzle

by Funder, David C.; Funder, David

• ISBN13: 9780393975413
• ISBN10: 039397541X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Author Biography

David C. Funder is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	xix
The Study of the Person	1	(10)
The Goal of Personality Psychology	2	(5)
Mission: Impossible	2	(1)
Competitors or Complements?	3	(2)
Distinct Approaches vs. the One Big Theory	5	(1)
On Advantages as Disadvantages, and Vice Versa	6	(1)
The Plan of This Book	7	(2)
Pigeonholing vs. Appreciation of Individual Differences	9	(1)
Summary	10	(1)
PART I RESEARCH METHODS	11	(58)
Clues to Personality: The Basic Sources of Data	13	(27)
Data Are Clues	13	(2)
Four Kinds of Clues	15	(22)
Ask the Person Directly: S Data	15	(5)
Ask Somebody Who Knows: I Data	20	(7)
Life Outcomes: L Data	27	(2)
Watch What the Person Does: B Data	29	(8)
Mixed Types	37	(1)
Conclusion	37	(1)
Summary	38	(2)
Personality Psychology as Science: Research Methods	40	(29)
Psychology's Emphasis on Method	40	(1)
Scientific Education and Technical Training	41	(1)
Quality of Data	42	(10)
Reliability	42	(3)
Validity	45	(2)
Generalizability	47	(5)
Correlational and Experimental Designs	52	(5)
An Experimental and a Correlational Study	52	(3)
Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods	55	(2)
Effect Sizes	57	(6)
Problems with Significance Testing	58	(1)
Correlations	59	(4)
Ethics	63	(4)
The Uses of Psychological Research	63	(1)
Truthfulness	64	(1)
Deception	65	(2)
Summary	67	(1)
Suggested Readings: Research Methods	67	(2)
PART II HOW PEOPLE DIFFER: THE TRAIT APPROACH	69	(108)
Personality Traits and Behavior	71	(18)
The Measurement of Individual Differences	72	(1)
People Are Inconsistent	73	(2)
The Person-Situation Debate	75	(12)
Predictability	76	(6)
Situationism	82	(4)
Are Person Perceptions Erroneous?	86	(1)
The Bottom Line	87	(1)
Summary	87	(2)
Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing and Its Consequences	89	(25)
The Nature of Personality Assessment	89	(2)
The Business of Testing	91	(1)
Personality Tests	92	(17)
Projective Tests	93	(3)
Objective Tests	96	(2)
Methods of Objective Test Construction	98	(11)
Purposes of Personality Testing	109	(4)
Testing to Categorize People	109	(3)
Other Uses of Testing	112	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Personality Assessment II: Personality Judgment in Daily Life	114	(24)
Consequences of Lay Judgments of Personality	114	(7)
Everybody Who Knows You	114	(5)
Self-judgements	119	(2)
The Accuracy of Lay Judgments of Personality	121	(11)
Criteria for Accuracy	122	(1)
Moderators of Accuracy	123	(9)
The Process of Accurate Judgment	132	(4)
The Lens Model and Accurate Personality Judgment	132	(1)
The Realistic Accuracy Model	133	(3)
The Views of Personality and Social Psychology	136	(1)
Conclusion	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior	138	(39)
The Many-Trait Approach	139	(10)
The California Q-set	139	(3)
Delay of Gratification	142	(6)
Other Behaviors	148	(1)
The Single-Trait Approach	149	(16)
Authoritarianism	150	(8)
Conscientiousness	158	(2)
Self-monitoring	160	(5)
The Essential-Trait Approach	165	(4)
Reducing the Many to a Few	166	(1)
The Big Five	166	(3)
Typological Approaches to Personality	169	(4)
Conclusion	173	(1)
Summary	173	(1)
Suggested Readings: The Trait Appraoch	174	(3)
PART III THE MIND AND THE BODY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY	177	(70)
Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Personality	181	(37)
The Anatomy and Function of the Brain	181	(6)
The Reptilian Brain	182	(1)
The Paleomammalian Brain	183	(1)
The Neomammalian Brain	184	(1)
Human and Animal Brains	185	(2)
Structures of the Human Brain	187	(9)
The Frontal Lobes	188	(3)
The Lessons of Psychosurgery	191	(2)
The Amygdala	193	(2)
The Cerebral Hemispheres	195	(1)
Functions of the Brain	196	(7)
Inhibition and Excitation: Eysenck	196	(3)
Approach and Inhibition: Gray	199	(2)
A Synthesis: Zuckerman	201	(1)
The Brain and Personality	202	(1)
The Biochemistry of Personality	203	(11)
Galen's Ancient Theory	203	(1)
Modern Research Complications	204	(1)
Neurotransmitters	205	(5)
Hormones	210	(4)
Conclusion	214	(2)
A Synthesis	214	(2)
Biology, Cause, and Effect	216	(1)
Summary	216	(2)
The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Theory	218	(29)
Behavioral Genetics	218	(12)
Calculating Heritabilities	219	(2)
What Heritabilities Tell You	221	(1)
Does the Family Matter?	222	(2)
Nature vs. Nurture	224	(2)
How Genes Affect Personality	226	(2)
Gene-Environment Interactions	228	(2)
The Future of Behavioral Genetics	230	(1)
Evolutionary Theory	230	(9)
Sex Differences in Mating Behavior	232	(3)
Objections and Responses	235	(4)
The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory	239	(1)
Will Biology Replace Psychology?	239	(2)
Putting It All Together: Sexual Orientation	241	(3)
Summary	244	(1)
Suggested Readings: Biological Approaches	245	(2)
PART IV THE HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH	247	(84)
Basics of Psychoanalysis	251	(32)
Psychoanalysis and Modern Life	251	(2)
Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis	253	(3)
Psychic Determinism	253	(1)
Internal Structure	254	(1)
Psychic Conflict	255	(1)
Mental Energy	255	(1)
The Controversial Nature of Psychoanalysis	256	(1)
Freud Himself	257	(2)
Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death	259	(2)
Psychological Development: ``Follow the Money''	261	(12)
Oral Stage	262	(4)
Anal Stage	266	(3)
Phallic Stage	269	(2)
Genital Stage	271	(2)
Moving through Stages	273	(1)
The Structure of the Mind	273	(4)
The Id	274	(1)
The Ego	274	(2)
The Supergo	276	(1)
Thinking and Consciousness	277	(3)
Psychoanalytic Therapy	280	(1)
Summary	281	(2)
The Workings of the Unconscious Mind: Defenses and Slips	283	(23)
Anxiety	284	(2)
Anxiety from Psychic Conflict	284	(1)
Realistic Anxiety	285	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	286	(12)
Denial	287	(1)
Repression	288	(2)
Reaction Formation	290	(2)
Projection	292	(1)
Rationalization	293	(1)
Intellectualization	294	(1)
Displacement	295	(2)
Sublimation	297	(1)
The Expression of Impulse through Parapraxes and Humor	298	(6)
Parapraxes	298	(3)
Humor	301	(3)
Parapraxes vs. Wit	304	(1)
Summary	304	(2)
Psychoanalysis after Freud	306	(25)
Modern Reactions to Freud	306	(4)
Maintaining the Theory Inviolate	307	(1)
Interpreting Freud	307	(2)
Replacing Freud	309	(1)
Neo-Freudian Issues and Theorists	310	(8)
Inferiority and Compensation: Adler	312	(1)
The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and Personality: Jung	312	(2)
Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Horney	314	(1)
Psychosocial Development: Erikson	315	(2)
Where Have All the Neo-Freudian Theorists Gone?	317	(1)
Modern Psychoanalytic Research	318	(7)
Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses	319	(2)
Attachment and Romantic Love	321	(4)
Psychoanalytic Theory: An Evaluation	325	(4)
Lack of Parsimony	326	(1)
Case Study Method	326	(1)
Poor Definitions	327	(1)
Untestability	327	(1)
Sexism	328	(1)
The Theory Is Valuable Anyway	328	(1)
Summary	329	(1)
Suggested Readings: Psychoanalysis	330	(1)
PART V EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS: HUMANISTIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY	331	(62)
Experience, Existence, and Free Will: The Phenomenological Approach	335	(28)
A Humanistic Psychology	335	(6)
Wilhelm Wundt's Phenomenology	336	(2)
Phenomenology, Humanism, and Existentialism	338	(1)
Awareness Is Everything	339	(1)
Free Will	340	(1)
Understanding Others	341	(1)
Existentialism	341	(5)
Three Parts of Experience	342	(1)
``Thrown-ness'' and Angst	343	(1)
Bad Faith	344	(1)
Authentic Existence	345	(1)
The Eastern Alternative: Zen Buddhism	346	(2)
The Modern Humanists	348	(9)
Existential Optimism: Rogers and Maslow	348	(3)
Personal Constructs: Kelly	351	(4)
Flow: Csikszentmihalyi	355	(2)
Humanistic Psychology Today	357	(2)
Conclusion	359	(3)
On Happiness	360	(1)
The Mystery of Experience	360	(1)
The Influence of the Phenomenological Approach	361	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality	363	(30)
The Importance of Cross-cultural Differences	364	(3)
Possible Limits on Generalizability	364	(1)
Cross-cultural Conflict	365	(1)
Varieties of Human Experience	366	(1)
Difficulties of Cross-cultural Research	367	(3)
Ethnocentrism	367	(2)
Outgroup Bias	369	(1)
Going Native and Other Hazards	369	(1)
Three Approaches to Cross-cultural Psychology	370	(14)
Ignoring Cross-cultural Issues	371	(1)
Deconstructionism	371	(5)
The Comparative Cultural Approach	376	(8)
The Question of Origin	384	(3)
The Deconstructionist Dodge	385	(1)
The Ecological Approach	385	(2)
Implications of Cultural Psychology	387	(4)
The Culture and the Individual	387	(1)
Cultures and Values	387	(1)
Process and Content	388	(1)
The Universal Human Condition	389	(2)
Summary	391	(1)
Suggested Readings: Experience and Awareness	392	(1)
PART VI LEARNING AND PERSONALITY: BEHAVIORISM AND THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES	393	(58)
How the World Creates Who You Are: Behaviorism and the View from Outside	397	(28)
Functional Analysis	398	(1)
The Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism	399	(4)
Empiricism	399	(1)
Associationism	399	(2)
Hedonism and Utilitarianism	401	(2)
Three Kinds of Learning	403	(14)
Habituation	403	(2)
Classical Conditioning	405	(6)
Operant Conditioning	411	(5)
Classical and Operant Conditioning Compared	416	(1)
Punishment	417	(6)
How to Punish	419	(2)
Dangers of Punishment	421	(2)
The Bottom Line	423	(1)
Contributions and Shortcomings of Behaviorism	423	(1)
Summary	424	(1)
Motivation, Thought, and Behavior: The Social Learning Theories	425	(26)
What Behaviorism Leaves Out	425	(1)
Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory	426	(8)
Motivation and Drives	428	(2)
Frustration and Aggression	430	(1)
Psychological Conflict	431	(2)
Defense Mechanisms	433	(1)
Rotter's Social Learning Theory	434	(6)
The Expectancy Value Theory of Decision Making	434	(4)
Adjustment and Maladjustment	438	(2)
Psychotherapy	440	(1)
Bandura's Social Learning Theory	440	(6)
Efficacy Expectations	441	(1)
Anxiety and Depression	442	(1)
Observational Learning	443	(1)
Reciprocal Determinism and the Self	444	(2)
Contributions and Limitations of the Learning Approaches	446	(2)
Summary	448	(1)
Suggested Readings: Learning and Personality	449	(2)
PART VII COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY: HOW THE WAY YOU THINK AFFECTS WHAT YOU DO	451	(70)
The Cognitive System and the Personality System	455	(26)
The Roots of the Cognitive Approach	455	(1)
The Cognitive System	456	(17)
The Serial System	457	(14)
The Parallel System	471	(2)
Two Views of the Personality System	473	(6)
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System(CAPS)	474	(2)
Cognitive-Experiential Self-theory (CEST)	476	(3)
The Promise of Integrating Cognition and Personality	479	(1)
Summary	480	(1)
Cognitive Processes and Personality	481	(27)
Perceptual Processes	481	(4)
Priming and Chronic Accessibility	482	(1)
Aggression	483	(1)
Rejection Sensitivity	484	(1)
Self Processes	485	(5)
The Self Schema	486	(1)
Consequences of the Self Schema	487	(2)
Many Selves or Just One?	489	(1)
Organizational Processes	490	(14)
Strategies	490	(4)
Goals	494	(10)
The Cognitive Approach and Its Intersections	504	(2)
Summary	506	(1)
Suggested Readings: Cognitive Approaches to Personality	507	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead	508	(13)
The Different Approaches	508	(6)
Which One Is Right?	509	(1)
The Order of Approaches	509	(2)
No Single Approach Accounts for Everything	511	(1)
Choosing a Basic Approach	512	(1)
Maintaining an Awareness of Alternative Approaches	513	(1)
Prospects for Integration	514	(1)
The Future of Personality Psychology	514	(4)
Further Development of the Cognitive Approach	515	(1)
Renewed Attention to Emotion and Experience	515	(1)
Biology	516	(1)
Cross-cultural Psychology	516	(1)
Integration of Personality, Social, and Cognitive Psychology	517	(1)
The Quest for Understanding	518	(1)
Summary	518	(3)
Glossary	521	(10)
References	531	(36)
Acknowledgments and Photo Credits	567	(2)
Name Index	569	(8)
Subject Index	577