The Personality Puzzle

by Funder, David C.

• ISBN13: 9780393979961
• ISBN10: 0393979962
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

Widely applauded for its balance of classic and contemporary theories of personality psychology, The Personality Puzzle returns in a Third Edition. Preserving the features that have set The Personality Puzzle apart -- a sophisticated yet accessible approach, lively prose, and transparent analysis -- the new edition has been meticulously updated in light of current studies, including evolutionary and cultural theory and behavioral genetics. The Third Edition also introduces an engaging collection of artwork, featuring cartoons from The New Yorker and Gary Larson\'s The Far Side. Written by one of the most important scholars working in the discipline today, and priced significantly lower than its competitors, The Personality Puzzle remains the foremost text for courses in personality psychology.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	xix
1 The Study of the Person	3	(12)
The Goal of Personality Psychology	5	(6)
Mission: Impossible	5	(2)
Competitors or Complements?	7	(1)
Distinct Approaches versus the One Big Theory	8	(1)
On Advantages as Disadvantages, and Vice Versa	9	(2)
The Plan of This Book	11	(2)
Pigeonholing versus Appreciation of Individual Differences	13	(1)
Summary	13	(2)
PART I RESEARCH METHODS	15	(74)
2 Clues to Personality: The Basic Sources of Data	19	(32)
Data Are Clues	20	(1)
Four Kinds of Clues	21	(28)
Ask the Person Directly: S Data	22	(5)
Ask Somebody Who Knows: I Data	27	(9)
Life Outcomes: I Data	36	(3)
Watch What the Person Does: B Data	39	(9)
Mixed Types	48	(1)
Conclusion	49	(1)
Summary	50	(1)
3 Personality Psychology as Science: Research Methods	51	(40)
Psychology's Emphasis on Method	51	(1)
Scientific Education and Technical Training	52	(2)
Quality of Data	54	(10)
Reliability	54	(4)
Validity	58	(2)
Generalizability	60	(4)
Research Design	64	(10)
Case Method	65	(2)
An Experimental and a Correlational Study	67	(3)
Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods	70	(3)
Representative Design	73	(1)
Effect Sizes	74	(7)
Problems with Significance Testing	74	(2)
Correlations	76	(5)
Ethics	81	(5)
The Uses of Psychological Research	81	(2)
Truthfulness	83	(1)
Deception	84	(2)
Summary	86	(1)
Suggested Readings: Research Methods	87	(2)
PART II HOW PEOPLE DIFFER: THE TRAIT APPROACH	89	(118)
4 Personality Traits and Behavior	91	(22)
The Measurement of Individual Differences	92	(1)
People Are Inconsistent	93	(2)
The Person-Situation Debate	95	(14)
Predictability	97	(6)
Situationism	103	(4)
Are Person Perceptions Erroneous?	107	(2)
Conclusion	109	(2)
Persons and Situations	109	(1)
Individual Differences	110	(1)
Summary	111	(2)
5 Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing and Its Consequences	113	(26)
The Nature of Personality Assessment	113	(2)
The Business of Testing	115	(1)
Personality Tests	116	(18)
S-Data versus B-Data Personality Tests	117	(1)
Projective Tests	118	(3)
Objective Tests	121	(2)
Methods of Objective Test Construction	123	(11)
Purposes of Personality Testing	134	(4)
Summary	138	(1)
6 Personality Assessment II: Personality Judgment In Daily Life	139	(27)
Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality	139	(8)
Everybody Who Knows You	139	(5)
Self-judgments	144	(3)
The Accuracy of Personality Judgment	147	(17)
Criteria for Accuracy	148	(1)
Moderators of Accuracy	149	(9)
The Realistic Accuracy Model	158	(2)
Self-Knowledge	160	(4)
Conclusion	164	(1)
Summary	164	(2)
7 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior	166	(45)
The Many-Trait Approach	167	(10)
The California Q-Set	167	(2)
Delay of Gratification	169	(7)
Other Behaviors	176	(1)
The Single-Trait Approach	177	(16)
Authoritarianism	178	(8)
Conscientiousness	186	(2)
Self-Monitoring	188	(5)
The Essential-Trait Approach	193	(4)
Reducing the Many to a Few	193	(1)
The Big Five	194	(3)
Typological Approaches to Personality	197	(4)
Where Do Traits Come From? The Question of Development	201	(3)
Conclusion	204	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Suggested Readings: The Trait Approach	205	(2)
PART III THE MIND AND THE BODY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY	207	(72)
8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality	211	(33)
The Brain and Personality	212	(16)
Research Methods for Studying the Brain	214	(3)
The Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)	217	(3)
The Amygdala	220	(1)
The Frontal Lobes and Neocortex	221	(4)
The Lessons of Psychosurgery	225	(3)
Biochemistry and Personality	228	(13)
The Chemistry of the Mind	228	(2)
Neurotransmitters	230	(7)
Hormones	237	(4)
Biology, Cause, and Effect	241	(1)
Summary	242	(2)
9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory	244	(14)
Behavioral Genetics	245	(1)
Controversy	245	(1)
Calculating Heritabilities	246	(3)
What Heritabilities Tell You	249	(2)
Does the Family Matter?	251	(2)
Nature versus Nurture	253	(1)
How Genes Affect Personality	254	(2)
Gene-Environment Interactions	256	(2)
The Future of Behavioral Genetics	258	(1)
Evolutionary Theory	258	(12)
Sex Differences in Mating Behavior	260	(4)
Individual Differences	264	(1)
Objections and Responses	265	(5)
The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory	270	(1)
Will Biology Replace Psychology?	270	(2)
Putting It All Together: Sexual Orientation	272	(3)
Conclusion	275	(1)
Summary	276	(1)
Suggested Readings: Biological Approaches	277	(2)
PART IV THE HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH	279	(94)
10 Basics of Psychoanalysis	283	(32)
Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis	283	(4)
Psychic Determinism	283	(1)
Internal Structure	284	(1)
Psychic Conflict (and Compromise)	285	(1)
Mental Energy	286	(1)
Controversy	287	(1)
Freud Himself	288	(4)
Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death	292	(2)
Psychological Development: "Follow the Money"	294	(13)
Oral Stage	295	(3)
Anal Stage	298	(3)
Phallic Stage	301	(3)
Genital Stage	304	(2)
Moving through Stages	306	(1)
Thinking and Consciousness	307	(4)
Psychoanalytic Therapy	311	(2)
Summary	313	(2)
11 The Workings of the Unconscious Mind: Defenses and Slips	315	(29)
Anxiety	315	(4)
Anxiety from Psychic Conflict	316	(2)
Realistic Anxiety	318	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	319	(12)
Denial	319	(1)
Repression	320	(3)
Reaction Formation	323	(3)
Projection	326	(1)
Rationalization	327	(1)
Intellectualization	328	(1)
Displacement	329	(1)
Sublimation	330	(1)
The Expression of Impulse through Parapraxes and Humor	331	(7)
Parapraxes	331	(4)
Humor	335	(3)
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique	338	(3)
Lack of Parsimony	338	(1)
Case Study Method	339	(1)
Poor Definitions	339	(1)
Untestability	340	(1)
Sexism	340	(1)
Why Study Freud?	341	(2)
Summary	343	(1)
12 Psychoanalysis after Freud: The Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Empirical Evidence	344	(29)
Interpreting Freud	346	(1)
Latter-Day Issues and Theorists	347	(14)
Inferiority and Compensation: Adler	349	(1)
The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and Personality: Jung	350	(2)
Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Horney	352	(1)
Psychosocial Development: Erikson	353	(3)
Object Relations Theory: Klein and Winnicott	356	(5)
Where Have All the Neo-Freudian Theorists Gone?	361	(1)
Modern Psychoanalytic Research	361	(7)
Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses	362	(2)
Attachment and Romantic Love	364	(4)
Psychoanalysis in Perspective	368	(1)
Summary	369	(1)
Suggested Readings: Psychoanalysis	370	(3)
PART V EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS: HUMANISTIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY	373	(64)
13 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic Psychology	375	(27)
Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything	376	(1)
The Chemistry of Experience	377	(3)
Existentialism	380	(5)
Three Parts of Experience	380	(1)
"Thrown-ness" and Angst	381	(2)
Bad Faith	383	(1)
Authentic Existence	384	(1)
Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow	385	(5)
Self-Actualization: Rogers	386	(1)
The Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow	386	(2)
The Fully Functioning Person	388	(1)
Psychotherapy	389	(1)
Personal Constructs: Kelly	390	(5)
Construats and Reality	393	(2)
Flow: Csikszentmihalyi	395	(1)
Hardiness: Maddi	396	(2)
Positive Psychology	398	(1)
Conclusion	399	(2)
The Mystery of Experience	399	(1)
Understanding Others	400	(1)
Summary	401	(1)
14 Cultural Variation In Experience, Behavior, and Personality	402	(35)
Culture and Psychology	403	(1)
Cross-Cultural Universals versus Specificity	403	(1)
What Is Culture?	403	(1)
The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences	404	(4)
Possible Limits on Generalizability	404	(1)
Cross-Cultural Conflict	405	(2)
Varieties of Human Experience	407	(1)
Cultural Comparison	408	(3)
Deconstructionism	409	(1)
The Semiotic Subject	409	(1)
On Categorization	410	(1)
Characteristics of Cultures	411	(4)
Complexity	412	(1)
Tightness	412	(1)
Collectivism and Individualism	413	(2)
Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment	415	(11)
Personality Traits	416	(2)
Thinking	418	(1)
The Self	419	(6)
Values	425	(1)
The Question of Origin	426	(2)
The Deconstructionist Dodge	426	(1)
The Ecological Approach	427	(1)
Issues and Challenges of Cross-Cultural Research	428	(5)
Ethnocentrism	429	(1)
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias	430	(1)
Cultures and Values	431	(1)
Subcultures and Multiculturalism	431	(2)
Challenges for the Future	433	(1)
The Universal Human Condition	433	(2)
Summary	435	(1)
Suggested Readings: Experience and Awareness	436	(1)
PART VI THE PERSON AND THE SITUATION: LEARNING AN^ COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY	437
15 How the World Creates Who You Are: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory	441	(34)
Behaviorism	442	(17)
Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism	443	(2)
Three Kinds of Learning	445	(1)
Habituation	445	(1)
Classical Conditioning	446	(1)
Operant Conditioning	449	(4)
Punishment	453	(6)
Social Learning Theory	459	(13)
Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory	460	(5)
Rotter's Social Learning Theory	465	(2)
Bandura's Social Learning Theory	467	(5)
Contributions and Limitations of the Learning Approaches	472	(1)
Summary	473	(2)
16 The Cognitive System and the Personality System	475	(33)
Roots of the Cognitive Approach	475	(2)
Two Views of the Cognitive System	477	(25)
The Serial System	477	(1)
The Sensory-Perceptual Buffer	478	(1)
Short-Term Memory	483	(1)
Working Memory	485	(1)
From Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory	487	(1)
Long-Term Memory	488	(1)
Limitations of the Serial Model	498	(1)
The Parallel System	499	(3)
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)	502	(4)
Interactions among Systems	502	(1)
Cognitive Person Variables	503	(2)
If and Then	505	(1)
Conclusion	506	(1)
Summary	506	(2)
17 Cognitive Processes and Personality	508	(32)
Perceptual Processes	509	(4)
Priming and Chronic Accessibility	509	(2)
Rejection Sensitivity	511	(1)
Aggression	512	(1)
Self Processes	513	(7)
Assessing the Self Schema	513	(2)
Conscious and Nonconscious Self-Consciousness	515	(2)
Self-Efficacy and Self-Discrepancy	517	(1)
Self-Change	518	(1)
How Many Selves?	518	(2)
Motivational and Strategic Processes	520	(13)
Goals	520	(9)
Strategies	529	(4)
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST)	533	(3)
The Cognitive Approach and Its Intersections	536	(1)
Summary	537	(1)
Suggested Readings: The Person and the Situation: Learning and Cognitive Approaches to Personality	538	(2)
18 Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead	540
The Different Approaches	540	(7)
Which One Is Right?	541	(1)
The Order of Approaches	542	(1)
No Single Approach Accounts for Everything	543	(2)
Choosing a Basic Approach	545	(1)
Maintaining an Awareness of Alternative Approaches	545	(2)
The Future of Personality Psychology	547	(4)
Trait Approach	547	(1)
Biological Approach	548	(1)
Psychoanalysis	549	(1)
Humanistic Psychology	549	(1)
Cross-Cultural Psychology	550	(1)
The Cognitive Approach and the OBT	550	(1)
What Have We Learned?	551	(4)
Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation	552	(1)
The Biological Roots of Personality	553	(1)
The Unconscious Mind	553	(1)
Free Will and Responsibility	554	(1)
Behavior Change	554	(1)
Construals	555	(1)
The Quest for Understanding	555	(1)
Summary	556
Glossary	G-1
References	R-1
Acknowledgments and Photo Credits	C-1
Name Index	N-1
Subject Index	S-1