Perspectives on Animal Behavior, 2nd Edition

by Judith Goodenough (Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst); Betty McGuire (Smith College, Northampton); Robert A. Wallace

• ISBN13: 9780471295020
• ISBN10: 0471295027
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book incorporates ecological and environmental principles while introducing readers to the scientific reasoning and methodology of animal behavior. The authors include classical studies but also incorporate current work to give readers an accessible overview of animal behavior.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
Four Questions About Animal Behavior	1	(1)
Animal Behavior as an Interdisciplinary Study	2	(2)
Hypothesis Testing	4	(3)
Part 1 Approaches to the Study Animal Behavior	7	(182)
History of the Study of Animal Behavior	9	(26)
The Beginnings	9	(2)
Intellectual Continuity in the Animal World	9	(1)
Darwin's Evolutionary Framework	10	(1)
Classical Ethology	11	(10)
The Approach: Evolutionary, Comparative, Descriptive, Field-Oriented	11	(2)
Classical Ethological Concepts	13	(8)
Comparative Psychology	21	(3)
The Approach: Physiological, Developmental, Quantitative, Laboratory-Oriented	21	(1)
Early Concepts of Comparative Psychology	21	(2)
The Roots of Physiological Psychology	23	(1)
The Nature/Nurture Controversy and Current Views	24	(6)
The Nature/Nurture Controversy	24	(5)
Contemporary Views on Nature and Nurture	29	(1)
Sociobiology/Behavioral Ecology	30	(5)
Genetic Analysis of Behavior	35	(28)
The Relationship Between Genes and Behavior	35	(4)
Basics of Gene Action	36	(1)
Examples of Links between Genes and Behaviors	36	(3)
Goals of Behavior Genetics	39	(1)
Experimental Methods That Demonstrate the Influence of Genes on Behavior	40	(4)
Inbreeding	40	(2)
Artificial Selection	42	(2)
Hybridization	44	(1)
Locating the Effects of Genes That Influence Behavior	44	(13)
Single-Gene Mutations	45	(2)
Mutation and Mosaic Analysis	47	(5)
Genetic Engineering	52	(5)
Mechanisms of Control	57	(2)
Aplysia Egg Laying	57	(1)
Nurturing in Mice	58	(1)
Retrospective	59	(4)
Natural Selection and Ecological Analysis of Behavior	63	(18)
Natural Selection	64	(2)
Genetic Variation	66	(3)
Existence of Variation	66	(1)
Sources of Variation	66
Factors That Preserve Genetic Variation	61	(8)
Natural Selection and Adaptation	69	(1)
The Maintenance of Nonadaptive Traits	70	(1)
The Search for Adaptiveness	71	(4)
The Comparative Approach	71	(3)
The Experimental Approach	74	(1)
Optimality	75	(1)
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies	76	(5)
Examples of Mixed ESSs	77	(4)
Learning	81	(20)
Learning and Adaptation	81	(5)
Definition of Learning	86	(1)
Habituation	86	(2)
The Adaptive Value of Habituation	87	(1)
Associative Learning	88	(4)
Classical Conditioning	88	(2)
Operant Conditioning	90	(2)
Animal Cognition and Learning Studies	92	(9)
Latent Learning	92	(1)
Insight Learning	92	(2)
Rule and Concept Learning	94	(1)
Social Learning	95	(3)
Memory of Past Experiences	98	(3)
Physiological Analysis--Nerve Cells and Behavior	101	(30)
Concepts from Cellular Neurobiology	102	(1)
Types of Neurons and Their Jobs	102	(1)
The Message of a Neuron	103	(3)
Ions, Membrane Permeability, and Behavior	106	(1)
Behavioral Change and Synaptic Transmission	106	(7)
The Structure of the Synapse	106	(2)
Aplysia Learning and Synaptic Change	108	(3)
Neuromodulators and Leech Feeding Behavior	111	(2)
Specializations for Perception of Biologically Relevant Stimuli--Sensory Processing	113	(5)
Stimulus Filtering in the Little Skate	114	(1)
Selective Processing of Visual Information in the Common Toad	115	(3)
Processing of Sensory Information for Sound Localization	118	(5)
Predators and Prey: The Neuroethology of Life-and-Death Struggles	118	(5)
Responding--Motor Systems	123	(8)
Neural Control in Motor Systems	123	(1)
Locust Flight	124	(7)
Physiological Analysis of Behavior--The Endocrine System	131	(26)
The Endocrine System	132	(2)
Definition of the Endocrine Gland and Hormone	132	(1)
Hormonal Versus Neural Communication	132	(1)
Types of Hormones and Their Modes of Action	133	(1)
How Hormones Influence Behavior	134	(7)
Effects on Sensation and Perception	134	(1)
Effects on Development and Activity of the Central Nervous System	135	(1)
Effects on Effector Mechanisms	135	(2)
Pulling It All Together--Hormonal Control of Metamorphosis and Ecdysis in Insects	137	(4)
Methods of Studying Hormone-Behavior Relationships	141	(3)
Interventional Studies	141	(2)
Correlational Studies	143	(1)
Organizational and Activational Effects of Hormones--Sexual Behavior: A Case in Point	144	(3)
Defining the Dichotomy	144	(1)
An Example--Sexual Behavior of the Norway Rat	144	(2)
Questioning the Dichotomy	146	(1)
The Dynamic Relationship Between Behavior and Hormones	147	(1)
Hormones and Adaptive Behavior	148	(3)
Environmental Interactions	148	(3)
Social Interactions	151	(1)
The Hormonal Basis of Selected Adaptive Behaviors	151	(6)
Mate Choice	151	(1)
Alternative Reproductive Strategies	152	(2)
Mating Systems	154	(1)
Helping in Florida Scrub Jays	155	(2)
The Development of Behavior	157	(32)
Causes of Behavioral Change During Development	158	(6)
Development of the Nervous System	158	(1)
Changes in Hormonal State	159	(1)
Changes in Non-Neural Morphology	160	(1)
Play Behavior	161	(3)
The Role of Genes and Environment in the Development of Bird Song	164	(7)
Genetic, Hormonal, and Neural Control of Song in the Zebra Finch	164	(1)
Role of Learning in Song Development in the White-Crowned Sparrow	165	(2)
Critical Periods in Song Learning	167	(1)
Own-species Bias in Song Learning	167	(1)
Choice of Tutor	167	(2)
Nonauditory Experience and Song Development in the Cowbird	169	(2)
Functional Significance of Song Learning	171	(1)
The Concept of Critical Periods	171	(12)
How Critical Period Was Defined	171	(1)
Timing of Critical Periods	172	(1)
Importance of Critical Periods in Behavioral Development and Some Examples	173	(10)
Developmental Homeostasis	183	(6)
Social Development in Rhesus Monkeys	184	(1)
Neurobehavioral Development in Amphibians	185	(4)
Part 2 Behavior of Individual Surviving in Environment	189	(174)
Biological Clocks	191	(26)
Rhythmic Behavior	192	(8)
Daily Rhythms	192	(2)
Lunar Day Rhythms	194	(1)
Semilunar Rhythms	194	(3)
Monthly Rhythms	197	(1)
Annual Rhythms	198	(2)
The Clock Versus the Hands of the Clock	200	(1)
Clock Properties	200	(3)
Persistence in Constant Conditions	201	(1)
Stability of Period Length	201	(1)
Entrainment by Environmental Cycles	202	(1)
Temperature Compensation	203	(1)
Advantages of Biological Clocks	203	(1)
Anticipation of Environmental Change	203	(1)
Synchronization of a Behavior with an Event That Cannot Be Sensed Directly	204	(1)
Continuous Measurement of Time	204	(1)
Adaptiveness of Biological Clocks	204	(1)
Organization of Circadian Clocks	205	(7)
Multiple Clocks	205	(1)
A Hierarchy of Clocks	206	(6)
The Molecular Basis of Selected Circadian Clocks	212	(5)
The Genetic Basis of the Clock Mechanism	212	(2)
Entrainment	214	(3)
Mechanisms of Orientation	217	(32)
Types of Orientation	218	(1)
Simple Orientation Responses	218	(2)
Long-Distance Orientation	220	(2)
Multiplicity of Orientation Cues	222	(1)
Visual Cues	222	(10)
Landmarks	222	(2)
The Sun	224	(5)
Star Compass	229	(1)
Polarized Light and Orientation	230	(2)
Magnetic Cues	232	(6)
Cues from the Earth's Magnetic Field	232	(2)
The Magnetic Compass	234	(2)
Is There a Magnetic Map?	236	(2)
Chemical Cues	238	(4)
Olfaction and Salmon Homing	238	(2)
Olfaction and Pigeon Homing	240	(2)
Sound Cues and Echolocation	242	(3)
Echolocation in Bats	243	(2)
Electrical Cues and Electrolocation	245	(4)
The Ecology and Evolution of Spatial Distribution	249	(16)
Natal Philopatry and Natal Dispersal	250	(3)
Costs and Benefits of Natal Philopatry Versus Natal Dispersal	250	(1)
Natal Philopatry and Natal Dispersal in Birds and Mammals--Some Hypotheses	251	(2)
Territoriality	253	(4)
The Ecology of Territoriality in Microtine Rodents	253	(4)
Migration	257	(8)
Costs of Migration	257	(2)
Benefits of Migration	259	(6)
Foraging	265	(24)
Obtaining Food	266	(11)
Filter Feeding	266	(1)
Plant Eating	266	(1)
Hunting	267	(10)
Optimal Foraging	277	(12)
Food Selection	278	(3)
Searching for Food	281	(4)
Constraints on Optimal Foraging--Predation and Competition	285	(4)
Antipredator Behavior	289	(28)
Crypsis	290	(9)
Avoiding Detection Through Color and Marking	291	(2)
Avoiding Detection Through Behavior	293	(5)
Other Functions of Color	298	(1)
Polymorphism as Defense	299	(3)
Warning Coloration	302	(1)
Batesian Mimicry	303	(1)
Diverting Coloration, Structures, and Behavior	304	(4)
Eyespots	305	(1)
False Heads	305	(1)
Autotomy	305	(2)
Feigning Injury or Death	307	(1)
Intimidation and Fighting Back	308	(1)
Enhancement of Body Size and Display of Weaponry	308	(1)
Chemical Repellents	309	(1)
Startle Mechanisms	309	(1)
Pronouncement of Vigilance	310	(2)
Group Defense	312	(5)
Alarm Signals	312	(1)
Improved Detection	312	(1)
Dilution Effect	313	(1)
Selfish Herd	314	(1)
Confusion Effect	314	(1)
Mobbing	315	(2)
Sexual Selection	317	(24)
Male Mating Costs Revisited	318	(1)
Intrasexual Selection--Competition for Mates	319	(9)
Adaptations That Help a Male Secure Copulations	319	(3)
Adaptations That Favor the Use of a Male's Sperm	322	(4)
Sexual Interference: Decreasing the Reproductive Success of Rival Males	326	(2)
Intersexual Competition-Mate Choice	328	(13)
Criteria by Which Females Choose Males	328	(4)
Origin and Maintenance of Mate Choice Preferences	332	(5)
Cryptic Female Choice	337	(1)
Consequences of Mate Choice for Female Fitness	337	(1)
Strategies of Female Mate Choice	337	(1)
Mate Choice by Males	338	(1)
Methodological Problems in the Study of Mate Choice	338	(3)
Parental Care and Mating Systems	341	(22)
Parental Care	341	(8)
Allocation of Parental Reproductive Resources	341	(2)
Providing the Care	343	(6)
Mating Systems	349	(14)
A Classification of Mating Systems	350	(1)
The Evolution of Mating Systems	351	(12)
Part 3 Behavior of Groups--Social Behavior	363	(110)
Sociality, Conflict, and Resolution	365	(18)
Living in Groups	365	(3)
Costs of Sociality	366	(1)
Benefits of Sociality	367	(1)
Dominance Hierarchies	368	(5)
Determinants of Dominance	370	(1)
Benefits of Dominance	371	(1)
Why Be Subordinate?	372	(1)
Territoriality	373	(2)
Home Ranges, Core Areas, and Territories	373	(1)
Costs and Benefits of Territoriality	373	(1)
Economics and Territoriality	374	(1)
Game Theory and Single Conflict Encounters	375	(8)
Hawks and Doves	376	(3)
Asymmetries and Conditional Strategies	379	(4)
Cooperation and Altruism	383	(38)
What Is Altruism?	383	(1)
Hypotheses for the Evolution of Altruism	384	(9)
Individual Selection	384	(1)
Kin Selection	384	(6)
Reciprocal Altruism	390	(3)
Parental Manipulation	393	(1)
Examples of Cooperation Among Animals	393	(24)
Alarm Calling	393	(4)
Cooperation in Acquiring a Mate	397	(2)
Cooperative Breeding and Helping	399	(10)
Eusociality	409	(8)
Conclusions	417	(4)
Maintaining Group Cohesion: Description and Functions of Communication andContact	421	(26)
Defining Communication	421	(2)
Channels for Communication	423	(7)
Vision	423	(1)
Audition	424	(1)
Chemical Senses	425	(2)
Touch	427	(1)
Substrate Vibrations	428	(1)
Electrical Fields	428	(2)
Functions of Communication	430	(12)
Recognition of Species	430	(1)
Mate Attraction	431	(1)
Courtship	431	(1)
Alarm	432	(2)
Agonistic Encounters	434	(1)
Recruitment	435	(7)
Maintenance of Social Bonds by Physical Contact	442	(5)
Maintaining Group Cohesion: The Evolution of Communication	447	(26)
Reasons for Communication	447	(2)
Sharing Information	447	(1)
Manipulating Others	448	(1)
Signals and Honesty	449	(4)
Factors Favoring Sender Honesty	450	(2)
Receiver Costs and Honesty	452	(1)
Ritualization	453	(6)
The Raw Material for Ritualization	453	(4)
The Ritualization Process	457	(1)
The Receiver's Precursors	458	(1)
Selective Forces Acting on the Form of the Signal	459	(6)
Species Characteristics	459	(2)
Environmental Characteristics	461	(4)
Language and Apes	465	(4)
Communication and Animal Cognition	469	(4)
Appendix Magnetoreception	473	(6)
Electroreceptors	473	(1)
Magnetite Deposits	474	(2)
Magnetoreception and Light	476	(1)
Two Magnetoreceptor Systems	477	(2)
References	479	(50)
Photo Credits	529	(2)
Permissions	531	(4)
Index	535