Perspectives on the Face

by Cohen, M. Michael

• ISBN13: 9780195300406
• ISBN10: 0195300408
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-06
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

"This book explores the face from a number of perspectives: evolutionary, embryonic, developmental, postnatal, anatomic, physiologic, dysmorphic, genetic, surgical psychosocial, sociocultural, symbolic, and artistic. These are diverse fields, yet they are brought together here to help form an integrated understanding and appreciation of this fascinating subject. Like images seen in a kaleidoscope, faces are infinitely complex and beautiful. They are woven into our daily lives, our dreams, and our memories."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Introduction	3	(12)
What Is a Face?	3	(1)
The Face in the Life Cycle	4	(4)
Perspectives on the Face	8	(7)
Evolutionary Perspective	15	(21)
How Old Is Our Head?	15	(1)
Disrupted Head Development	15	(1)
Moving Toward Extinction	16	(1)
Head End vs. Rear End	17	(1)
Highly Conservative Genes in Evolution	18	(1)
Put a Head on It: Neural Crest and the Origin of Vertebrates	18	(1)
Jaws	19	(2)
The Skeleton in the Closet	21	(1)
Transformation of the Mammalian Skull	22	(1)
Comparison of Some Mammalian Skulls	23	(2)
Evolution of the Hominims	25	(4)
Molecular Correlates of Human Evolution	29	(2)
Evolution of Facial Muscles	31	(1)
Nonhuman Primate Faces	32	(1)
Variation of Some Human Facial Features	32	(4)
Embryonic, Developmental, and Postnatal Perspectives	36	(28)
Neurulation	36	(1)
Embryology of the Face	36	(4)
Pharyngeal Arches	40	(4)
Skeletal Development	44	(6)
Molecular Correlates of Craniofacial Embryology	50	(1)
Craniofacial Growth and Development	50	(8)
Facial Aging	58	(6)
Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives	64	(51)
The Skull	64	(1)
The Brain	65	(3)
Language and Speech	68	(1)
Cranial Nerves	69	(2)
Autonomic Nervous System	71	(2)
Reflexes	73	(1)
Vision	73	(10)
Audition	83	(6)
Balance	89	(1)
Olfaction	89	(5)
Gustation	94	(3)
Other Senses	97	(1)
Muscles of Facial Expression	98	(1)
Muscles of Mastication	99	(2)
Trigeminal Nerve	101	(2)
Salivary Glands	103	(2)
Dentition	105	(2)
Mastication, Deglutition, and Vomiting	107	(8)
Dysmorphic and Genetic Perspectives	115	(33)
Anomalies, Complex Anomalies, and Syndromes	115	(1)
Types of Anomalies	115	(1)
Interrelationships Between Types of Anomalies	116	(3)
Minor Anomalies and the Face	119	(2)
Evolution of Facial Phenotypes	121	(1)
Orofacial Clefting	121	(6)
Anencephaly	127	(1)
Holoprosencephaly	127	(2)
Craniosynostosis	129	(7)
Treacher Collins Syndrome	136	(1)
Cleidocranial Dysplasia	136	(2)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type 1	138	(1)
Asymmetric Dysmorphism	138	(2)
Vascular Tumors and Malformations	140	(8)
Surgical Perspective	148	(37)
Some Historical Vignettes	148	(3)
Evaluation for Surgical Correction	151	(4)
Four Types of Faces: Surgical Implications	155	(3)
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate	158	(4)
Craniofacial Surgery	162	(1)
Crouzon Syndrome	163	(1)
Apert Syndrome	163	(1)
Hypertelorism	163	(7)
Unilateral Coronal Synostosis	170	(1)
Orthognathic Surgery	170	(3)
Trauma	173	(1)
Tumors	173	(1)
Osteodistraction	173	(5)
The Outer Limits	178	(7)
Psychological Perspective	185	(36)
Information Derived from Faces	185	(1)
Face Processing and Recognition	185	(5)
Automated Systems of Face Recognition and Animation	190	(6)
Facial Expression	196	(5)
Gazing, Kissing, and Tongue Showing	201	(4)
Some Studies of Facial Psychology	205	(3)
Some Avoided Psychological Terms	208	(1)
Somatoform Disorders	209	(1)
Neurological and Behavioral Correlates of Minor Anomalies	210	(1)
Psychology of Surgical Reconstruction	211	(10)
Sociocultural and Symbolic Perspectives	221	(19)
Craniofacial Divination: Determination of Character	221	(5)
Cultural Alterations of the Skull and Dentition	226	(1)
Facial Adornment	226	(4)
Facial Masks	230	(3)
The Face in Symbolic Perspective	233	(4)
Idiomatic Expressions with Facial Components	237	(3)
Artistic Perspective	240	(15)
Physiognomic Likeness, Art, and Beauty	240	(1)
Theories of Facial Proportions	241	(2)
Drawing Faces	243	(1)
Children's Art	244	(2)
Caricatures	246	(1)
Cartoons	247	(1)
Portraiture	247	(3)
Surrealism, Sexual Symbolism, and the Face	250	(1)
Picasso as a Researcher and Experimentalist	250	(5)
Conclusion	255	(4)
Index	259